Two Billion Years of Sex

A special issue of Biomolecules (ISSN 2218-273X). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 1237

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Institute for Applied Ecology (IAE), University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
Interests: sex determination; sex chromosome evolution; population genetics; speciation; biodiversity

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
Interests: sex determination; sex chromosomes; comparative genomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Sexual reproduction and the division of individuals into separate sexes is ancient. It is not unreasonable to expect, therefore, that the mechanisms controlling sex be ancient too. The determinants of sex are extremely diverse across the tree of life. Despite decades of research, the control of sexual fate, the mechanisms behind evolutionary transitions in sex determination, and the turnover of sex chromosomes remain pivotal questions in evolutionary biology.

Evolutionary transitions in sex determination and turnover and the evolution of sex chromosomes are mostly frequently studied in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, and each taxon has cogent arguments for their inclusion as an ideal model. For example, the conserved systems found within mammals and birds make these groups ideal for understanding the function of sex-determining genes, and the extreme lability of sex determination in reptiles and fish makes this group ideal for understanding the evolutionary transitions in sex-determining systems. However, taxonomic biases exist in terms of the model organisms used to understand the evolution of sex. Even within these well-studied groups, large knowledge gaps remain. Understanding sex and the mechanisms and drivers behind the multiple evolutionary turnovers observed requires investigation at deeper phylogenetic scales, going back to its inception nearly 2 billion years ago.

The purpose of this issue is to provide a taxonomically broad examination of sex, sex determination and sex chromosome turnover.

Dr. Peta Leanne Hill
Prof. Dr. Tariq Ezaz
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • sex chromosomes
  • sex determination
  • separate sexes
  • mating types
  • XY
  • ZW

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

14 pages, 3676 KiB  
Article
Creating Meiotic Recombination-Regulating DNA Sites by SpEDIT in Fission Yeast Reveals Inefficiencies, Target-Site Duplications, and Ectopic Insertions
by Reine U. Protacio, Seth Dixon, Mari K. Davidson and Wayne P. Wahls
Biomolecules 2024, 14(8), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom14081016 - 16 Aug 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Recombination hotspot-activating DNA sites (e.g., M26, CCAAT, Oligo-C) and their binding proteins (e.g., Atf1-Pcr1 heterodimer; Php2-Php3-Php5 complex, Rst2, Prdm9) regulate the distribution of Spo11 (Rec12)-initiated meiotic recombination. We sought to create 14 different candidate regulatory DNA sites via bp substitutions [...] Read more.
Recombination hotspot-activating DNA sites (e.g., M26, CCAAT, Oligo-C) and their binding proteins (e.g., Atf1-Pcr1 heterodimer; Php2-Php3-Php5 complex, Rst2, Prdm9) regulate the distribution of Spo11 (Rec12)-initiated meiotic recombination. We sought to create 14 different candidate regulatory DNA sites via bp substitutions in the ade6 gene of Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We used a fission yeast-optimized CRISPR-Cas9 system (SpEDIT) and 196 bp-long dsDNA templates with centrally located bp substitutions designed to ablate the genomic PAM site, create specific 15 bp-long DNA sequences, and introduce a stop codon. After co-transformation with a plasmid that encoded both the guide RNA and Cas9 enzyme, about one-third of colonies had a phenotype diagnostic for DNA sequence changes at ade6. PCR diagnostics and DNA sequencing revealed a diverse collection of alterations at the target locus, including: (A) complete or (B) partial template-directed substitutions; (C) non-homologous end joinings; (D) duplications; (E) bp mutations, and (F) insertions of ectopic DNA. We concluded that SpEDIT can be used successfully to generate a diverse collection of DNA sequence elements within a reporter gene of interest. However, its utility is complicated by low efficiency, incomplete template-directed repair events, and undesired alterations to the target locus. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Two Billion Years of Sex)
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