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Climate Change Adaptation Costs and Finance
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Climate Change Adaptation Costs and Finance

A special issue of Climate (ISSN 2225-1154).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2025 | Viewed by 11965

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Riccardo Boero

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Environmental Impacts and Sustainability Department, NILU – Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
Interests: climate change adaptation; weather and climate extremes; input-output; computable general equilibrium; circular economy; environmental services appropriation; social determinants of economic welfare

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Climate change and the associated increase in the frequency and magnitude of extreme events constitute the hardest and longest-standing challenge to human wellbeing faced by societies across the globe. Adapting to climate change means mitigating natural hazards through multiple material and intangible investments, which bear a significant cost and require dealing with unique uncertainties. Scientific knowledge about the costs of adaptation and about the financing of actions to support adaptation is today extremely limited at any scale, significantly reducing our capability to support stakeholders making these crucial decisions. This Special Issue thus aims at supporting climate policies by outlining the scientific state of the art on adaptation costs and adaptation funding mechanisms.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following:

  • Assessments of adaptation costs in specific industries;
  • Case studies of adaptation actions, costs, and funding strategies in local communities;
  • Cost function analyses of adaptation actions;
  • Cost of nature-based investments in adaptation;
  • Ecosystem services appropriation for adaptation;
  • Urban vs. rural adaptation costs;
  • Evaluations of UN adaptation fund tools and results;
  • Cost/benefit analyses of climate finance tools;
  • Bottlenecks and credit crunching for adaptation;
  • Financial costs of adaptation;
  • Market failures and missing markets in climate finance;
  • Public vs. private funding mechanisms for adaptation;
  • Mechanism design in climate finance;
  • Systems science and complexity science approaches to adaptation;
  • Methodologies and reviews for all of the above.

I look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Riccardo Boero
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Climate is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • adaptation
  • cost assessment
  • cost function analysis
  • climate investment
  • climate finance
  • financial mechanism

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 4639 KiB  
Article
Diversity of Food Insecurity Coping Strategies among Livestock Farmers in Northern Cape Province of South Africa
by Yonas T. Bahta and Joseph P. Musara
Climate 2023, 11(4), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli11040082 - 6 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2560
Abstract
Small-scale livestock farmers in the drylands of South Africa are highly exposed to agricultural drought-related food insecurity. Research has used descriptive analyses and missed the need to index the diversity of coping strategies used for managing agricultural drought-induced food insecurity. This study was [...] Read more.
Small-scale livestock farmers in the drylands of South Africa are highly exposed to agricultural drought-related food insecurity. Research has used descriptive analyses and missed the need to index the diversity of coping strategies used for managing agricultural drought-induced food insecurity. This study was conducted to bridge this gap using a two-step procedure. Initially, the study identified the farmers’ coping strategies and food security status. A coping strategy diversity index was computed using the Shannon–Weiner method and its relationship with the food security status was determined. Secondly, the determinants of the coping strategy diversity index were explored using an ordered logit regression model after testing for the proportional odds assumption. A mixed methods approach was utilized and a standardized questionnaire was administered to 217 smallholder livestock farmers in the Northern Cape province of South Africa. The household food insecurity mean score (8.429 ± 7.105) from the household food insecurity scale (HFIAS) was significantly related to a higher diversity of coping strategies. Similar results were reported for the household food insecurity access prevalence (HFIAP) status. The different forms of support (e.g., cash, food, training and assets) had a significant (p < 0.05) and positive effect on the coping strategy diversity index among the households. Education, access to credit and insurance facilities and the frequency of droughts significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the diversity of coping strategies under drought conditions. The utilization of cash reserves and investment stocks also significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the extent of coping strategy diversity. The study recommended strengthening the functional and technical capacity pillars of dealing with agricultural drought through strategic partnerships between the government and livestock value chain players. This collaboration should target affordable credit lines tailor-made for farmers to cope with agricultural drought. If well-coordinated, these interventions should reduce food insecurity prevalence, especially during drought conditions among vulnerable smallholder livestock farmers. Lessons from this study could also inform future research on the effectiveness of the current agricultural drought coping strategies while expanding the diversity clusters over space and time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Adaptation Costs and Finance)
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20 pages, 7779 KiB  
Article
Unraveling the Multiple Drivers of Greening-Browning and Leaf Area Variability in a Socioeconomically Sensitive Drought-Prone Region
by K. Bageshree, Abhishek and Tsuyoshi Kinouchi
Climate 2022, 10(5), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10050070 - 18 May 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3053
Abstract
The complex attribution of climatic, hydrologic, and anthropogenic drivers to vegetation and agricultural production and their consequential societal impacts are not well understood, especially in socioeconomically sensitive states like Maharashtra, India. Here, we analyzed trends and variability in the MODIS leaf area index [...] Read more.
The complex attribution of climatic, hydrologic, and anthropogenic drivers to vegetation and agricultural production and their consequential societal impacts are not well understood, especially in socioeconomically sensitive states like Maharashtra, India. Here, we analyzed trends and variability in the MODIS leaf area index (LAI) time series, along with spatiotemporal patterns in precipitation, groundwater storage, agriculture statistics, and irrigation infrastructure, to identify their influences on the vegetation response and discuss their implications for farmers. The state showed greening in all biomes except forests, with a net gain of 17.478 × 103 km2 of leaf area during 2003–2019, where more than 70% of the trend in LAI is represented in croplands. Maximum greening was observed in irrigated croplands, attributable to increased crop productivity, whereas inadequate irrigation facilities with erratic rainfall patterns and droughts were primarily responsible for cropland browning. We discerned the dynamics and variability of vegetation response by incorporating a spectrum of synergistic feedbacks from multiple confounding drivers and found that uneven distribution of water availability across the administrative divisions governed the quantitative distinction in leaf area change. Despite the observed greening trends, the state witnessed a high number of farmer suicides related to droughts and agriculture failures hampering their socioeconomic security; therefore, improved irrigation infrastructure and comprehensive policy interventions are crucial for abatement of farmer distress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Adaptation Costs and Finance)
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Review

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20 pages, 653 KiB  
Review
An AI-Enhanced Systematic Review of Climate Adaptation Costs: Approaches and Advancements, 2010–2021
by Riccardo Boero
Climate 2024, 12(8), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12080116 - 7 Aug 2024
Viewed by 1545
Abstract
This study addresses the critical global challenge of climate adaptation by assessing the inadequacies in current methodologies for estimating adaptation costs. Broad assessments reveal a significant investment shortfall in adaptation strategies, highlighting the necessity for precise cost analysis to guide effective policy-making. By [...] Read more.
This study addresses the critical global challenge of climate adaptation by assessing the inadequacies in current methodologies for estimating adaptation costs. Broad assessments reveal a significant investment shortfall in adaptation strategies, highlighting the necessity for precise cost analysis to guide effective policy-making. By employing the PRISMA 2020 protocol and enhancing it with the prismAId tool, this review systematically analyzes the recent evolution of cost assessment methodologies using state-of-the-art generative AI. The AI-enhanced approach facilitates rapid and replicable research extensions. The analysis reveals a significant geographical and sectoral disparity in research on climate adaptation costs, with notable underrepresentation of crucial areas and sectors that are most vulnerable to climate impacts. The study also highlights a predominant reliance on secondary data and a lack of comprehensive uncertainty quantification in economic assessments, suggesting an urgent need for methodological enhancements. It concludes that extending analyses beyond merely verifying that benefits exceed costs is crucial for supporting effective climate adaptation. By assessing the profitability of adaptation investments, it becomes possible to prioritize these investments not only against similar interventions but also across the broader spectrum of public spending. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Adaptation Costs and Finance)
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23 pages, 1140 KiB  
Review
Key Innovations in Financing Nature-Based Solutions for Coastal Adaptation
by Fausto Favero and Jochen Hinkel
Climate 2024, 12(4), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/cli12040053 - 9 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3712
Abstract
The implementation of nature-based solutions (NBSs) for coastal adaptation to climate change is limited by a well-documented lack of finance. Scholars agree that financial innovation represents a solution to this problem, particularly due to its potential for mobilising private investments. It remains unclear [...] Read more.
The implementation of nature-based solutions (NBSs) for coastal adaptation to climate change is limited by a well-documented lack of finance. Scholars agree that financial innovation represents a solution to this problem, particularly due to its potential for mobilising private investments. It remains unclear however how exactly innovative solutions address the specific barriers found in NBS implementation and, given the distinctive local characteristics of NBSs, to what extent successful innovations can be replicated in other locations. This study addresses this issue by reviewing the literature and case studies of innovative financial solutions currently implemented in NBS projects, highlighting which financial barriers these arrangements address and which contextual conditions affect their applicability. We find that there is no “low-hanging fruit” in upscaling finance in NBSs through financial innovation. Innovative solutions are nevertheless expected to become more accessible with the increase in NBS project sizes, the increased availability of data on NBS performance, and the establishment of supportive policy frameworks. The flow of finance into NBS projects can be further enhanced through the external support of both public (de-risking and regulation) and private actors (financial expertise). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change Adaptation Costs and Finance)
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