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Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: 3rd Edition
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Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: 3rd Edition

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Diagnosis and Prognosis".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 7705

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Akito Maeshima

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1981 Tsujido, Kamoda, Kawagoe 350-8550, Saitama, Japan
Interests: nephrology; acute kidney injury; regenerative medicine; renal stem/progenitor cell; biomarker; activin-follistatin system
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are a worldwide public health problem, with ;increasing incidence and prevalence, high costs and poor outcomes. To overcome this problem, it is indispensable for us to explore or establish early detection methods/techniques and better treatment options for various kidney diseases such as primary/secondary glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, nephrotic syndrome, acute kidney injury, diabetic nephropathy/diabetic kidney disease, chronic renal failure, renal fibrosis and polycystic kidney disease.

Biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels and/or urinalysis are generally used for the early detection of kidney diseases. Kidney biopsy samples enable us to perform a histological diagnosis of kidney diseases. However, serum/urinary biomarkers, techniques and approaches for the early diagnosis of kidney diseases, the evaluation of kidney disease activity and renal prognosis are still lacking.

This Special Issue offers an open-access forum that aims to bring together a collection of original research and review articles addressing novel biomarkers, techniques and approaches that will be valuable and helpful for the diagnosis or analysis of kidney diseases, assessment of kidney disease activity, and renal prognosis.

We hope that this Special Issue will help us in the diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of kidney diseases in the clinical setting, and will provide essential and insightful clues to further our understanding of the development and progression of kidney diseases.

Prof. Dr. Akito Maeshima
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • primary/secondary glomerulonephritis
  • rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
  • nephrotic syndrome
  • acute kidney injury
  • chronic kidney disease
  • diabetic nephropathy/diabetic kidney disease
  • chronic renal failure
  • kidney transplantation
  • renal fibrosis
  • polycystic kidney

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 8426 KiB  
Article
Renal Function Preservation in Purely Off-Clamp Sutureless Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Initial Experience and Technique
by Antonio Franco, Sara Riolo, Giorgia Tema, Alessio Guidotti, Aldo Brassetti, Umberto Anceschi, Alfredo Maria Bove, Simone D’Annunzio, Mariaconsiglia Ferriero, Riccardo Mastroianni, Leonardo Misuraca, Salvatore Guaglianone, Gabriele Tuderti, Costantino Leonardo, Antonio Cicione, Leslie Claire Licari, Eugenio Bologna, Rocco Simone Flammia, Antonio Nacchia, Alberto Trucchi, Riccardo Lombardo, Giorgio Franco, Andrea Tubaro, Giuseppe Simone and Cosimo De Nunzioadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Diagnostics 2024, 14(15), 1579; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14151579 - 23 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 827
Abstract
The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a sutureless off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (sl-oc RAPN), particularly its impact on renal function. A multicenter study was conducted from April 2021 to June 2022. Patients diagnosed with a renal [...] Read more.
The aim of our study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a sutureless off-clamp robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (sl-oc RAPN), particularly its impact on renal function. A multicenter study was conducted from April 2021 to June 2022. Patients diagnosed with a renal mass of >2 cm and a PADUA score of ≤6 consecutively underwent an sl-oc RAPN procedure. Tumor features, patients characteristics, and intraoperative outcomes were assessed. An evaluation of renal function was performed preoperatively, and again at 1 and 3 months after surgery by measuring the creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels. The renal function of the two separate kidneys was assessed by a sequential renal scintigraphy performed before and at least 30 days after surgery. A total of 21 patients underwent an sl-oc RAPN. The median age was 64 years (IQR 52/70), the median tumor diameter was 40 mm (IQR 29/45), and the median PADUA score was 4 (3.5/5). The intraoperative outcomes included operative time (OT), 90 (IQR 74/100) min; estimated blood loss (EBL), 150 (IQR 50/300) mL; and perioperative complications, CD > 3 1(5%); only two patients presented positive surgical margins in their final histology (2/21, 10%). Compared to the preoperative value, a decrease in renal function was highlighted with a statistically significant median decrease of 10 mL/min (p < 0.01). The renal scintigraphy showed an overall decrease in renal function compared to the preoperative value, with a range in the operated kidney that varied from 0 to 15 mL/s and from 0% to 40%, with a median value of 4 mL/s and 12%. sl-oc RAPN is a safe procedure, with a minimal impact on kidney function alteration. This technique has proven effective in preserving renal function and maintaining optimal oncological outcomes with limited complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: 3rd Edition)
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9 pages, 812 KiB  
Article
Real-Life Experience on the Effect of SGLT2 Inhibitors vs. Finerenone vs. Combination on Albuminuria in Chronic Kidney Disease
by Mohamad Hanouneh, Dustin Le, Bernard G. Jaar, Christina Tamargo and C. Elena Cervantes
Diagnostics 2024, 14(13), 1357; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14131357 - 26 Jun 2024
Viewed by 3646
Abstract
Background: There have been several recent advances in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including the use of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). There are very few data reporting the outcomes of these [...] Read more.
Background: There have been several recent advances in the care of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), including the use of sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs). There are very few data reporting the outcomes of these treatments in real-world experience. The aim of this retrospective study is to report the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors, finerenone, and their combination in CKD patients in our community-based setting. Methods: Ninety-eight patients with CKD with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between 25 and 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2 and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g were included. Patients were divided into three groups: two monotherapy groups of SGLT2 inhibitors or finerenone and a third combination group of therapy with SGLT2 inhibitors for the first 4 months and SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone subsequently. The primary outcomes were the timing and percentage of patients achieving a >50% reduction in UACR from baseline. Results: Group 1 comprised 52 patients on SGLT2i, group 2 had 22 patients on finerenone, and group 3 had 24 patients on combination therapy. The baseline median UACR and mean eGFR were 513 mg/g and 47.9 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in group 1, 548.0 mg/g and 50.5 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in group 2, and 800 mg/g and 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 in group 3. At baseline, 71 (72.4%) patients were on the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), and 78 (79.5%) patients had type 2 diabetes. After 8 months of follow-up, a >50% decrease in albuminuria was achieved in 96% of patients in group 3, compared to 50% in group 1 and 59% in group 2 (p-values were <0.01 and <0.01, respectively). There was a statistically but not clinically significant change in mean potassium levels in group 2 (+0.4 mmol/L) compared to either group 1 (0.0 mmol/L with p-value: <0.01) or group 3 (−0.01 mmol/L with p-value: <0.01). However, there was no difference in potassium levels when comparing groups 1 and 3. At the end of the follow-up, the average difference in eGFR was −3.4 (8.8), −5.3(10.1), and −7.8 (11.2) mL/min per 1.73 m2 in groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively, without a statistically significant difference between groups. Conclusions: In this real-world experience in our community setting, the combination of SGLT2 inhibitors and finerenone in our adult patients with CKD was associated with a very significant and clinically relevant reduction in UACR, without an increased risk of hyperkalemia. Combination therapy of SGLT2 inhibitor and finerenone regarding background use of ACEi/ARB is feasible and should be encouraged for further albuminuria reductions in CKD patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 2123 KiB  
Article
Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitor Combined with Conventional Diuretics Ameliorate Body Fluid Retention without Excessive Plasma Volume Reduction
by Maki Asakura-Kinoshita, Takahiro Masuda, Kentaro Oka, Ken Ohara, Marina Miura, Masato Morinari, Kyohei Misawa, Yasuharu Miyazawa, Tetsu Akimoto, Kazuyuki Shimada and Daisuke Nagata
Diagnostics 2024, 14(11), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14111194 - 5 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1596
Abstract
We previously reported that sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert sustained fluid homeostatic actions through compensatory increases in osmotic diuresis-induced vasopressin secretion and fluid intake. However, SGLT2 inhibitors alone do not produce durable amelioration of fluid retention. In this study, we examined the [...] Read more.
We previously reported that sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors exert sustained fluid homeostatic actions through compensatory increases in osmotic diuresis-induced vasopressin secretion and fluid intake. However, SGLT2 inhibitors alone do not produce durable amelioration of fluid retention. In this study, we examined the comparative effects of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin (SGLT2i group, n = 53) and the combined use of dapagliflozin and conventional diuretics, including loop diuretics and/or thiazides (SGLT2i + diuretic group, n = 23), on serum copeptin, a stable, sensitive, and simple surrogate marker of vasopressin release and body fluid status. After six months of treatment, the change in copeptin was significantly lower in the SGLT2i + diuretic group than in the SGLT2i group (−1.4 ± 31.5% vs. 31.5 ± 56.3%, p = 0.0153). The change in the estimated plasma volume calculated using the Strauss formula was not significantly different between the two groups. Contrastingly, changes in interstitial fluid, extracellular water, intracellular water, and total body water were significantly lower in the SGLT2i + diuretic group than in the SGLT2i group. Changes in renin, aldosterone, and absolute epinephrine levels were not significantly different between the two groups. In conclusion, the combined use of the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin and conventional diuretics inhibited the increase in copeptin levels and remarkably ameliorated fluid retention without excessively reducing plasma volume and activating the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: 3rd Edition)
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Review

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19 pages, 301 KiB  
Review
Imaging in Renal Cell Carcinoma Detection
by Dixon Woon, Shane Qin, Abdullah Al-Khanaty, Marlon Perera and Nathan Lawrentschuk
Diagnostics 2024, 14(18), 2105; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics14182105 - 23 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1170
Abstract
Introduction: Imaging in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a constantly evolving landscape. The incidence of RCC has been rising over the years with the improvement in image quality and sensitivity in imaging modalities resulting in “incidentalomas” being detected. We aim to explore the [...] Read more.
Introduction: Imaging in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a constantly evolving landscape. The incidence of RCC has been rising over the years with the improvement in image quality and sensitivity in imaging modalities resulting in “incidentalomas” being detected. We aim to explore the latest advances in imaging for RCC. Methods: A literature search was conducted using Medline and Google Scholar, up to May 2024. For each subsection of the manuscript, a separate search was performed using a combination of the following key terms “renal cell carcinoma”, “renal mass”, “ultrasound”, “computed tomography”, “magnetic resonance imaging”, “18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT”, “prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT”, “technetium-99m sestamibi SPECT/CT”, “carbonic anhydrase IX”, “girentuximab”, and “radiomics”. Studies that were not in English were excluded. The reference lists of selected manuscripts were checked manually for eligible articles. Results: The main imaging modalities for RCC currently are ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Contrast-enhanced US (CEUS) has emerged as an alternative to CT or MRI for the characterisation of renal masses. Furthermore, there has been significant research in molecular imaging in recent years, including FDG PET, PSMA PET/CT, 99mTc-Sestamibi, and anti-carbonic anhydrase IX monoclonal antibodies/peptides. Radiomics and the use of AI in radiology is a growing area of interest. Conclusions: There will be significant change in the field of imaging in RCC as molecular imaging becomes increasingly popular, which reflects a shift in management to a more conservative approach, especially for small renal masses (SRMs). There is the hope that the improvement in imaging will result in less unnecessary invasive surgeries or biopsies being performed for benign or indolent renal lesions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Kidney Disease: Biomarkers, Diagnosis, and Prognosis: 3rd Edition)
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