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Diagnostics
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Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases
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Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases

A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Imaging and Theranostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2021) | Viewed by 55859

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Masataka Kikuyama

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Disease Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22, Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
Interests: imaging diagnosis of early-stage pancreatic cancer; including carcinoma in situ; imaging diagnosis of biliary diseases
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The gallbladder is a small organ, but gallbladder diseases are various, such as stone, polyp, tumor, inflammation, and adenomyomatosis. Especially, polyp and adenomyomatosis are important diseases which need to be differentiated from cancer because they are not subjects for surgical treatment, while cancer should be diagnosed strictly without delay because the prognosis is as poor as pancreatic cancer if it becomes advanced. Recently, diagnostic methods for gallbladder diseases have advanced. In addition to conventional ultrasonography (US), computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), procedures related to contrast-enhanced US, diffusion-weighted MRI, endoscopic ultrasonography, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography have been adopted to contribute to the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases.

We hereby invite researchers to submit up-to-date original research articles, short communications, and comprehensive review articles on the topic highlighted in this Special Issue—“Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases”

Dr. Masataka Kikuyama
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gallbladder 
  • diagnosis 
  • ultrasonography 
  • computed tomography
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • endoscopic ultrasonography 
  • endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 847 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Pre-Procedural Imaging and Cystic Duct Cholangiography on Endoscopic Transpapillary Gallbladder Drainage in Acute Cholecystitis
by Junya Sato, Kazunari Nakahara, Yosuke Michikawa, Ryo Morita, Keigo Suetani, Akihiro Sekine, Yosuke Igarashi, Shinjiro Kobayashi, Takehito Otsubo and Fumio Itoh
Diagnostics 2021, 11(7), 1286; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11071286 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4117
Abstract
Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) for acute cholecystitis is challenging. We evaluated the influence of pre-procedural imaging and cystic duct cholangiography on ETGBD. Patients who underwent ETGBD for acute cholecystitis were retrospectively examined. The rate of gallbladder contrast on cholangiography, the accuracy of [...] Read more.
Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ETGBD) for acute cholecystitis is challenging. We evaluated the influence of pre-procedural imaging and cystic duct cholangiography on ETGBD. Patients who underwent ETGBD for acute cholecystitis were retrospectively examined. The rate of gallbladder contrast on cholangiography, the accuracy of cystic duct direction and location by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), and the relationship between pre-procedural imaging and the technical success of ETGBD were investigated. A total of 145 patients were enrolled in this study. Gallbladder contrast on cholangiography was observed in 29 patients. The accuracy of cystic duct direction and location (proximal or distal, right or left, and cranial or caudal) by CT were, respectively, 79%, 60%, and 58% by CT and 68%, 55%, and 58% by MRCP. Patients showing gallbladder contrast on cholangiography underwent ETGBD with a significantly shorter procedure time and a lower rate of cystic duct injury. No other factors affecting procedure time, technical success, and cystic duct injury were identified. Pre-procedural evaluation of cystic duct direction and location by CT or MRCP was difficult in patients with acute cholecystitis. Patients who showed gallbladder contrast on cholangiography showed a shorter procedure time and a lower rate of cystic duct injury. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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8 pages, 3324 KiB  
Article
Detectability on Plain CT Is an Effective Discriminator between Carcinoma and Benign Disorder for a Polyp >10 mm in the Gallbladder
by Tatsunori Satoh, Masataka Kikuyama, Keiko Sasaki, Hirotoshi Ishiwatari, Shinya Kawaguchi, Junya Sato, Junichi Kaneko and Hiroyuki Matsubayashi
Diagnostics 2021, 11(3), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030388 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4689
Abstract
An appropriate diagnosis is required to avoid unnecessary surgery for gallbladder cholesterol polyps (GChPs) and to appropriately treat pedunculated gallbladder carcinomas (GCs). Generally, polyps >10 mm are regarded as surgical candidates. We retrospectively evaluated plain and contrast-enhanced (CE) computed tomography (CT) findings and [...] Read more.
An appropriate diagnosis is required to avoid unnecessary surgery for gallbladder cholesterol polyps (GChPs) and to appropriately treat pedunculated gallbladder carcinomas (GCs). Generally, polyps >10 mm are regarded as surgical candidates. We retrospectively evaluated plain and contrast-enhanced (CE) computed tomography (CT) findings and histopathological features of 11 early GCs and 10 GChPs sized 10–30 mm to differentiate between GC and GChP >10 mm and determine their histopathological background. Patient characteristics, including polyp size, did not significantly differ between groups. All GCs and GChPs were detected on CE-CT; GCs were detected more often than GChPs on plain CT (73% vs. 9%; p < 0.01). Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and diagnostic accuracy for GCs were 73%, 90%, 89%, 75%, and 81%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, lesion detectability on plain CT was independently associated with GCs (odds ratio, 27.1; p = 0.044). Histopathologically, GChPs consisted of adipose tissue. Although larger vessel areas in GCs than in GChPs was not significant (52,737 μm2 vs. 31,906 μm2; p = 0.51), cell densities were significantly greater in GCs (0.015/μm2 vs. 0.0080/μm2; p < 0.01). Among GPs larger than 10 mm, plain CT could contribute to differentiating GCs from GChPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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Review

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15 pages, 4915 KiB  
Review
Precursor Lesions of Gallbladder Carcinoma: Disease Concept, Pathology, and Genetics
by Yuki Fukumura, Lu Rong, Yifare Maimaitiaili, Toshio Fujisawa, Hiroyuki Isayama, Jun Nakahodo, Masataka Kikuyama and Takashi Yao
Diagnostics 2022, 12(2), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12020341 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 7647
Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma is important. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization’s tumor classification of the digestive system indicates three types of preinvasive neoplasm of the gallbladder: pyloric gland adenoma (PGA), biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), and intracholecystic [...] Read more.
Understanding the pathogenesis and carcinogenesis of gallbladder adenocarcinoma is important. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization’s tumor classification of the digestive system indicates three types of preinvasive neoplasm of the gallbladder: pyloric gland adenoma (PGA), biliary intraepithelial neoplasia (BilIN), and intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN). New terminologies have also been introduced, such as intracholecystic papillary-tubular neoplasm, gastric pyloric, simple mucinous type, and intracholecystic tubular non-mucinous neoplasm (ICTN). Pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM) poses a markedly high risk for bile duct carcinoma, which was analyzed and investigated mainly by Asian researchers in the past; however, recent studies have clarified a similar significance of biliary carcinogenesis in Western countries as well. In this study, we reviewed and summarized information on three gallbladder neoplastic precursors, PGA, BilIN, and ICPN, and gallbladder lesions in patients with PBM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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15 pages, 9667 KiB  
Review
The Role of Endoscopic Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Gallbladder Lesions
by Senju Hashimoto, Kazunori Nakaoka, Naoto Kawabe, Teiji Kuzuya, Kohei Funasaka, Mitsuo Nagasaka, Yoshihito Nakagawa, Ryoji Miyahara, Tomoyuki Shibata and Yoshiki Hirooka
Diagnostics 2021, 11(10), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11101789 - 28 Sep 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3586
Abstract
Gallbladder (GB) diseases represent various lesions including gallstones, cholesterol polyps, adenomyomatosis, and GB carcinoma. This review aims to summarize the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the diagnosis of GB lesions. EUS provides high-resolution images that can improve the diagnosis of GB polypoid [...] Read more.
Gallbladder (GB) diseases represent various lesions including gallstones, cholesterol polyps, adenomyomatosis, and GB carcinoma. This review aims to summarize the role of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in the diagnosis of GB lesions. EUS provides high-resolution images that can improve the diagnosis of GB polypoid lesions, GB wall thickness, and GB carcinoma staging. Contrast-enhancing agents may be useful for the differential diagnosis of GB lesions, but the evidence of their effectiveness is still limited. Thus, further studies are required in this area to establish its usefulness. EUS combined with fine-needle aspiration has played an increasing role in providing a histological diagnosis of GB tumors in addition to GB wall thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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15 pages, 2366 KiB  
Review
The Current Approach to the Diagnosis and Classification of Mirizzi Syndrome
by Jakub Klekowski, Aleksandra Piekarska, Marta Góral, Marta Kozula and Mariusz Chabowski
Diagnostics 2021, 11(9), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091660 - 10 Sep 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 8507
Abstract
Mirizzi syndrome occurs in up to 6% of patients with cholecystolithiasis. It is generally caused by external compression of the common hepatic duct by a gallstone impacted in the neck of the gallbladder or the cystic duct, which can lead to fistulisation. The [...] Read more.
Mirizzi syndrome occurs in up to 6% of patients with cholecystolithiasis. It is generally caused by external compression of the common hepatic duct by a gallstone impacted in the neck of the gallbladder or the cystic duct, which can lead to fistulisation. The aim of this review was to highlight the proposed classifications for Mirizzi syndrome (MS) and to provide an update on modern approaches to the diagnosis of this disease. We conducted research on various internet databases and the total number of records was 993, but after a gradual process of elimination our final review consisted of 21 articles. According to the literature, the Cesendes classification is the most commonly used, but many new suggestions have appeared. Our review shows that the ultrasonography (US) is the most frequently used method of initial diagnosis, despite still having only average sensitivity. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are good methods and are similarly effective, but only the latter can be simultaneously therapeutic. Some modern methods show very high sensitivity, but are not so commonly administered. Mirizzi syndrome is still a diagnostic challenge, despite the advancement of the available tools. Preoperative diagnosis is crucial to avoid complications during treatment. New research may bring a unification of classifications and diagnostic algorithms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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12 pages, 7965 KiB  
Review
The Role of EUS and EUS-FNA in Differentiating Benign and Malignant Gallbladder Lesions
by Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Akihiro Ohba, Yuta Maruki and Takuji Okusaka
Diagnostics 2021, 11(9), 1586; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11091586 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3622
Abstract
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has greater spatial resolution than other diagnostic imaging modalities. In addition, if gallbladder lesions are found and gallbladder cancer is suspected, EUS is an indispensable modality, enabling detailed tests for invasion depth evaluation using the Doppler mode and ultrasound agents. [...] Read more.
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has greater spatial resolution than other diagnostic imaging modalities. In addition, if gallbladder lesions are found and gallbladder cancer is suspected, EUS is an indispensable modality, enabling detailed tests for invasion depth evaluation using the Doppler mode and ultrasound agents. Furthermore, for gallbladder lesions, EUS fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) can be used to differentiate benign and malignant forms of conditions, such as xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and collect evidence before chemotherapy. EUS-FNA is also useful for highly precise and specific diagnoses. However, the prevention of bile leakage, an accidental symptom, is highly important. Advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies facilitate the application of multiple parallel sequencing to EUS-FNA samples. Several biomarkers are expected to stratify treatment for gallbladder cancer; however, NGS can unveil potential predictive genomic biomarkers for the treatment response. It is believed that NGS may be feasible with samples obtained using EUS-FNA, further increasing the demand for EUS-FNA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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16 pages, 4867 KiB  
Review
Clinical and Image Characteristics of IgG4-Related Sclerosing Cholecystitis
by Masaki Kuwatani and Naoya Sakamoto
Diagnostics 2021, 11(8), 1358; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081358 - 28 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2491
Abstract
Since autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) was established as a new disease entity, sclerosing change with abundant immunoglobulin-4 (IgG4)-positive plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis are main pathological features in IgG4-related diseases. Regarding IgG4-related sclerosing cholecystitis (IgG4-CC), which is occasionally associated with AIP cases [...] Read more.
Since autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) was established as a new disease entity, sclerosing change with abundant immunoglobulin-4 (IgG4)-positive plasma cells, storiform fibrosis, and obliterative phlebitis are main pathological features in IgG4-related diseases. Regarding IgG4-related sclerosing cholecystitis (IgG4-CC), which is occasionally associated with AIP cases and is rarely isolated, there are no diagnostic criteria and insufficient perceptions of the image findings. Although there have been some reports on IgG4-CC, differentiation between IgG4-CC and gallbladder cancer is very difficult in some cases with a localized lesion. In this review, we especially focused on image findings of IgG4-CC and summarized its image features for diagnostic assistance. The ultrasonography and CT findings of IgG4-CC could be classified into diffuse and localized types. Based on these findings, the presence of wall thickening with an intact or smooth mucosal layer, followed by a homogenously thickened outer layer, would be a helpful morphological finding to distinguish IgG4-CC from gallbladder cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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10 pages, 466 KiB  
Review
Management of Porcelain Gallbladder, Its Risk Factors, and Complications: A Review
by Masaya Morimoto, Takahiro Matsuo and Nobuyoshi Mori
Diagnostics 2021, 11(6), 1073; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11061073 - 10 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 9896
Abstract
The porcelain gallbladder condition describes gallbladder calcification. While gallbladder calcification is believed to increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer, recent reports have shown that the malignancy risk is much lower than previously reported. Symptomatic patients with porcelain gallbladder should be recommended for [...] Read more.
The porcelain gallbladder condition describes gallbladder calcification. While gallbladder calcification is believed to increase the risk of developing gallbladder cancer, recent reports have shown that the malignancy risk is much lower than previously reported. Symptomatic patients with porcelain gallbladder should be recommended for cholecystectomy, but the management of asymptomatic patients is debatable. Based on recent evidence, prophylactic cholecystectomy is not routinely recommended in all patients with porcelain gallbladder. From the assessment of the current literature, there are three essential factors in the management of patients with porcelain gallbladder: (1) symptoms or complications of gallbladder disease, (2) calcification pattern and (3) patient age and comorbidities. Patients who do not undergo cholecystectomy should be educated about the symptoms of gallbladder diseases, and a thorough discussion is essential between patients and clinicians. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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20 pages, 9926 KiB  
Review
How Can We Manage Gallbladder Lesions by Transabdominal Ultrasound?
by Shinji Okaniwa
Diagnostics 2021, 11(5), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050784 - 26 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6932
Abstract
The most important role of ultrasound (US) in the management of gallbladder (GB) lesions is to detect lesions earlier and differentiate them from GB carcinoma (GBC). To avoid overlooking lesions, postural changes and high-frequency transducers with magnified images should be employed. GB lesions [...] Read more.
The most important role of ultrasound (US) in the management of gallbladder (GB) lesions is to detect lesions earlier and differentiate them from GB carcinoma (GBC). To avoid overlooking lesions, postural changes and high-frequency transducers with magnified images should be employed. GB lesions are divided into polypoid lesions (GPLs) and wall thickening (GWT). For GPLs, classification into pedunculated and sessile types should be done first. This classification is useful not only for the differential diagnosis but also for the depth diagnosis, as pedunculated carcinomas are confined to the mucosa. Both rapid GB wall blood flow (GWBF) and the irregularity of color signal patterns on Doppler imaging, and heterogeneous enhancement in the venous phase on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) suggest GBC. Since GWT occurs in various conditions, subdividing into diffuse and focal forms is important. Unlike diffuse GWT, focal GWT is specific for GB and has a higher incidence of GBC. The discontinuity and irregularity of the innermost hyperechoic layer and irregular or disrupted GB wall layer structure suggest GBC. Rapid GWBF is also useful for the diagnosis of wall-thickened type GBC and pancreaticobiliary maljunction. Detailed B-mode evaluation using high-frequency transducers, combined with Doppler imaging and CEUS, enables a more accurate diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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Other

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13 pages, 1054 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer: A Systematic Review
by Georgios D. Koimtzis, Christopher G. Chalklin, Eliot Carrington-Windo, Mark Ramsden, Leandros Stefanopoulos and Christoforos S. Kosmidis
Diagnostics 2021, 11(8), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11081427 - 6 Aug 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2780
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. When diagnosed in an advanced stage it has a very poor prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis and thorough assessment of a suspicious gallbladder polyp is essential to improve survival rate. The aim of [...] Read more.
Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the biliary tract. When diagnosed in an advanced stage it has a very poor prognosis. Therefore, early diagnosis and thorough assessment of a suspicious gallbladder polyp is essential to improve survival rate. The aim of this systematic review is to assess the role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the management of gallbladder cancer. For that purpose, a systematic review was carried out in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus and Google Scholar databases between 1 July 2004 and 22 April 2021. Six studies with 283 patients in total were included. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of FNAC were 0.85 and 0.94, respectively, while the area under the calculated summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC curve (AUC) was 0.98. No complications were reported. Based on the high diagnostic performance of FNAC in the assessment of gallbladder masses, we suggest that every suspicious mass should be evaluated further with FNAC to facilitate the most appropriate management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Diagnosis of Gallbladder Diseases)
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