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Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 26 November 2024 | Viewed by 10916

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Marek Stawowy

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Department of Air Transport Engineering and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St., 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: information quality; uncertainty modeling; neural networks; intelligent transportation systems; image processing; reliability; exploitation; maintenance
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Dr. Adam Rosiński

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Guest Editor

Department of Air Transport Engineering and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St., 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: intelligent transportation systems; electronics (analog and digital) and issues related to reliability; exploitation, diagnostics, and design of electronic security systems (intrusion detection, video surveillance systems, access control systems, fire alarm systems, voice evacuation systems, monitoring systems, and systems integration), with a special regard for their use in transport
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Dr. Zbigniew Kasprzyk

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Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St., 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
Interests: telecommunication systems; digital technology; optoelectronics; modeling of transport telematics device functions; analysis of operating systems; fiber optic communications channel (measurement and modernization of these systems); reliability analysis of solutions networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of Energies entitled “Modelling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems and ICT Systems”.

Increasing the level of security of power systems and ICT systems is possible through the use of solutions that improve their reliability and quality. This increment can be achieved by increasing the reliability and quality of system components and/or by using appropriate reliability structures (including redundancy). The first solution makes it possible to reduce the possibility of failure or to achieve a low level of quality system components. The second one leads to tolerating the system's expansion, enabling damage to give higher reliability. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether the quality of this system will be higher.

Observations of using power systems and ICT systems allow us to conclude that proper functioning depends not only on the reliability of the components that make up the system but also on the effective management of the operation process and system quality management. Modeling in this area makes it possible to improve the reliability, operational, and quality indicators, thus increasing the security level of the functions performed by power systems and ICT systems. Properly designed transport systems improve the driving style of vehicles, eco-driving, and overall energy efficiency, and detect breakdowns and plan service works. Cost reduction is the biggest problem for carriers, and it is directly related to energy efficiency.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to explore research avenues related to both quality modeling and reliability analysis, and modeling of the operation process of power systems and ICT systems. Articles related to risk analysis, cybersecurity issues, and improving the process of designing power systems and ICT systems are also welcome.

Dr. Marek Stawowy
Dr. Adam Rosiński
Dr. Zbigniew Kasprzyk
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

power supply systems
ICT systems
quality modelling
reliability modelling
exploitation process modelling
maintenance
telematics
intelligent transport systems (ITS)
logistics
transport safety
smart infrastructure

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

23 pages, 4645 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Demand for LNG in Poland

by Ewelina Orysiak and Mykhaylo Shuper

Energies 2024, 17(17), 4414; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174414 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1261

Abstract

This study was aimed at improving the energy efficiency of the distribution of liquefied natural gas (LNG) as shipping fuel in the southern Baltic Sea. The objective of this study was to determine the demand for LNG for maritime shipping by analyzing the distribution of the resource from the water side (ship-to-ship). LNG was chosen due to the location of the LNG terminal in Świnoujście within the analyzed water area, where a problem has arisen in the southern part of the Baltic Sea regarding fuel supply for vessels due to the lack of developed infrastructure along the coast. An analysis was conducted to optimize the size of the LNG fleet and infrastructure facilities. Seeking compliance with Annex VI to the MARPOL 73/78 Convention, adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), shipowners see potential in the switch from conventional fuels to LNG. As one of the alternative solutions, it will contribute to reducing harmful emissions. Determination of the LNG distribution volume requires the identification of LNG storage facility locations, specifying the number of LNG-powered ships (broken down by type) and the number of LNG bunkering ships. The first part of this study contains a detailed analysis of the number of sea-going ships that provide services in the southern part of the Baltic Sea and the world’s number of LNG bunkering ships. The database contains a set of the characteristics required to determine the optimal demand for LNG, where LNG bunkering vessels are capable of supplying fuel within the shortest possible time and covering the shortest possible distance to LNG-powered ships. The characteristics include the type of ship, requested LNG volume, the speed of LNG bunkering ships, the distance between LNG facilities, and the loading rate (the volume of fuel received per time unit). Based on the collected data, the volume of LNG distribution was determined using MATLAB R2019a software. The remainder of this study contains a description of the conducted research and results of an analysis of the traffic density in the Baltic Sea. The results were obtained on the basis of data from the Statistical Yearbook of Maritime Economy and IALA IWRAP Mk2 2020 software. The number of LNG-powered ships and number of LNG bunkering ships were specified, and the demand for LNG for the area under analysis was determined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 8044 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Power and Energy Losses in Medium-Voltage Power Grids as a Function of Current Asymmetry—An Example from Poland

by Grzegorz Hołdyński, Zbigniew Skibko and Wojciech Walendziuk

Energies 2024, 17(15), 3706; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153706 - 27 Jul 2024

Viewed by 750

Abstract

In connection with the growing requirements regarding the quality and continuity of energy supply and the dynamic development of renewable energy sources, the need for a thorough analysis of factors affecting power and energy losses and the effectiveness of the MV network increases. One of the biggest challenges in managing power networks is the problem of load asymmetry. Load asymmetry can lead to numerous adverse phenomena, such as increased power losses, deterioration of the quality of energy supplied, and an increased risk of network failure. Despite various research on this issue, there is still a need for a more accurate understanding of mechanisms leading to the development of methods of minimizing these phenomena. The relationships describing power losses in lines and power transformers are widely known. However, most published analyzes assume the same load on each phase. If the asymmetrical load of the line already appears, such analysis is not based on the data of actual lines and applies to a homogeneous line with equal load along its entire length. Therefore, the authors decided to modify the method of calculating power losses so that they can be determined in a branched line loaded in many points, with knowledge of the current flowing into the line, its length, and the number of acceptances. This method allows for the determination of power losses in an innovative way, taking into account line load asymmetry. The use of relationships commonly available in the literature to determine power losses leads to errors of 5.54% (compared to the actual, measured losses). Taking into account both the asymmetry and multi-point loading in the method proposed by the authors allows us to limit this error to 3.91%. To estimate the impact of asymmetry on power losses in lines and power transformers, the authors performed field tests in the selected medium voltage power network. The increase in power losses determined on their basis caused by the asymmetry of the load currents obtained values from 0.03% to 4.78%. Using generally known methods of reducing asymmetry, these losses can be avoided, and therefore the energy transmission costs may be reduced, and the greenhouse gas emissions might be lowered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 4735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model of Electric Locomotive Simulator Cabin Excitations

by Andrzej Chudzikiewicz, Ignacy Góra, Juraj Gerlici, Seweryn Koziak, Andrzej Krzyszkowski and Anna Stelmach

Energies 2024, 17(12), 2999; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17122999 - 18 Jun 2024

Viewed by 772

Abstract

Striving to increase the speed of rail vehicles and thus improve the comfort of traveling passengers at the same time, undertakes activities in the sphere of ensuring an appropriate level of safety of rail, passenger, and freight transport. One of the elements of activities in this area is the training of train drivers. Until recently, this training consisted of a theoretical and practical part on the vehicle, alongside an experienced train driver. Considering the increasing level of automation of railway traffic control systems and locomotive equipment, as well as training costs and requirements related to the introduction of TSI, it is becoming an increasingly common requirement to conduct practical training on railway vehicle traffic simulators, while the conditions in the simulator cabin and the trainee’s feelings should correspond to the actual driving conditions. A locomotive driving simulator is a system consisting of a cabin of a suitable type of locomotive or EMU, mapped in 1:1 scale, coupled with a motion excitation system and computer programs connected together forming the software of the cab visualization and dynamics system. The basic program simulating the dynamics and kinematics of the cabin’s motion is a program containing a motion dynamics model that generates signals forcing the movement of the exciters on which the cabin’s platform is mounted. The correct operation of the simulation model depends on the created mathematical model, which can be built in several ways. This article presents the issue of building a mathematical model describing the dynamics of the rail vehicle motion, which can then be used in the simulation model of the simulator cabin motion. Two ways of proceeding in the process of approaching the construction of a mathematical model of rail vehicle motion dynamics will be presented, with the possibility of later use in creating a simulation model of the motion of the locomotive simulator cabin. One of the possible routes was used in the past in the construction of the EP09 locomotive simulator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power System State Estimation Based on Fusion of PMU and SCADA Data

by Jiaming Zhu, Wengen Gao, Yunfei Li, Xinxin Guo, Guoqing Zhang and Wanjun Sun

Energies 2024, 17(11), 2609; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17112609 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel hybrid filtering algorithm that leverages the advantages of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) to address state estimation challenges in power systems. The primary objective is to integrate the benefits of PMU measurements into the design of traditional power system dynamic estimators. It is noteworthy that PMUs and Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems typically operate at different sampling rates in power system estimation, necessitating synchronization during the filtering process. To address this issue, the paper employs a predictive interpolation method for SCADA measurements within the framework of the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) algorithm. This approach achieves more accurate estimates, closer to real observation data, by averaging the KL distribution. The algorithm is particularly well-suited for state estimation tasks in power systems that combine traditional and PMU measurements. Extensive simulations were conducted on the IEEE-14 and IEEE-30 test systems, and the results demonstrate that the fused estimator outperforms individual estimators in terms of estimation accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 3740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Determinant of Time in the Logistical Process of Wind Farm Planning

by Norbert Chamier-Gliszczynski, Joanna Alicja Dyczkowska, Waldemar Woźniak, Marcin Olkiewicz and Roman Stryjski

Energies 2024, 17(6), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061293 - 7 Mar 2024

Viewed by 751

Abstract

Planning logistical processes supports the managerial processes of an enterprise, including investments such as wind farm construction. The aim of the article is to analyze and assess the time determinant in the logistical process of wind farm planning. The research method involves the analysis of a case study on the investment planning of a wind farm (WF) in Poland from 2008 to 2020. The Critical Path Method (CPM) was applied to the planning and scheduling of projects and logistical planning processes at WF Barwice. As a result of the research efforts, which included the identification of stages, time frames, critical paths, and construction conditions, the outcome is a concept for optimizing the logistical process of wind farm planning. The main problem associated with the planning of this investment was the analysis and evaluation of the environmental factors that would impact upon a positive assessment of the construction of WF Barwice. The outcome is the optimization of the time determinant in the logistical process of wind farm planning from 14 years to 10; however, legal, administrative, and environmental constraints have influenced the achieved result. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 2313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Compatibility of Induction Motors in Industrial Grids Containing Synchronous Generators

by Yuriy Varetsky and Michal Gajdzica

Energies 2024, 17(5), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051066 - 23 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1090

Abstract

Starting an induction motor causes voltage sag in the industrial grid that may disturb the operation of grid equipment. Direct-on-line starting is the simplest and most cost-effective method for starting induction motors, but also the most problematic. Large industries often use internal power plants with synchronous generators and starting powerful motors may impact the generator operations. The synchronous generators could be operated with the automatic or manual mode of voltage control. As the operation experience proves, the generator voltage control mode has a significant impact on the transient behaviours in the industrial power grid when starting a large induction motor. This article presents a case study of the synchronous generator tripping within a true medium-voltage industrial grid during the direct-on-line starting of a large induction motor driving the feed water pump. An analysis of the generator protection logs after the tripping showed that the synchronous generator was controlled in manual mode and its protection relay settings were exceeded. The transients initiated by induction motor starts were studied for possible configurations and operating conditions of the grid using a model developed on the Matlab/Simulink Software platform. The simulations have shown that concern about starting large motors in industrial grids containing internal synchronous generators needs to be solved considering the grid configurations and the coordination of generator protection and control devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 5952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling the Reliability of Logistics Flows in a Complex Production System

by Bożena Zwolińska and Jakub Wiercioch

Energies 2023, 16(24), 8071; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16248071 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1304

Abstract

This paper analyses the disruptions occurring in a production system determining the operating states of a single machine. A system with a convergent production character, in which both single flows (streams) and multi-stream flows occur, was considered. In this paper, a two-level formalisation of the production system (PS) was made according to complex systems theory. The continuity analysis was performed at the operational level (manufacturing machine level). The definition of the kth survival value and the quasi-coherence property defined on chains of synchronous relations were used to determine the impact of interruption of the processed material flow on uninterrupted machine operation. The developed methodology is presented in terms of shaping the energy efficiency of technical objects with the highest power demand (the furnace of an automatic paint shop and the furnace of a glass tempering line were taken into consideration). The proposed methodology is used to optimise energy consumption in complex production structures. The model presented is utilitarian in nature—it can be applied to any technical system where there is randomness of task execution times and randomness of unplanned events. This paper considers the case in which two mutually independent random variables determining the duration of correct operation

T_{P}

and the duration of breakdown

T_{B}

are determined by a given distribution: Gaussian and Gamma family distributions (including combinations of exponential and Erlang distributions). A formalised methodology is also developed to determine the stability of system operation, as well as to assess the potential risk for arbitrary system evaluation parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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24 pages, 5358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of the Energy Efficiency Mathematical Model to Diagnose Photovoltaic Micro-Systems

by Wiktor Olchowik, Marcin Bednarek, Tadeusz Dąbrowski and Adam Rosiński

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6746; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186746 - 21 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1100

Abstract

The intensive development of photovoltaic (PV) micro-systems contributes to increased interest in energy efficiency and diagnosing the condition of such solutions. Optimizing system energy efficiency and servicing costs are particularly noteworthy among the numerous issues associated with this topic. This research paper addresses the easy and reliable diagnosis of PV system malfunctions. It discusses the original PV system energy efficiency simulation model with proprietary methods for determining total solar irradiance on the plane of cells installed at any inclination angle and azimuth, as well as PV cell temperature and efficiency as a function of solar irradiance. Based on this simulation model, the authors developed procedures for the remote diagnosis of PV micro-systems. Verification tests covered two independent PV systems over the period from April 2022 to May 2023. The obtained results confirm the high credibility level of both the adopted energy efficiency simulation model and the proposed method for diagnosing PV system functional status. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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27 pages, 4318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of Energy Consumption in Urban Logistics Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Selected Means of Transport

by Anna Kwasiborska, Anna Stelmach and Izabela Jabłońska

Energies 2023, 16(18), 6467; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186467 - 7 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1781

Abstract

Cities are moving towards sustainable development, which consists of tasks and challenges to improve the quality of life, and minimize energy consumption. The concept of sustainable mobility includes the choice of means of transport other than the car for all journeys, especially short distances, and for the delivery of goods. Due to the growing populations of cities, lack of free space, and high costs of building infrastructure for traditional means of transport, cities are looking for modern solutions that allow for the cheap, fast, and green transportation of people and goods. Urban air mobility is the answer to these problems, and uses eVTOL (electric vertical take-off and landing) aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicle systems (UAVs). The article’s main purpose is to present an energy efficiency analysis using UAVs and electric scooters in the transport of takeaway food, which is a solution that fits into the zero-emission transport policy. The article presents the following research problem: which type of electric transport (scooters/UAVs) shows a lower demand for electric energy when delivering food from restaurants to individual customers? The analysis method was applied using the D’Andrea, Dorling, Figliozzi, Kirchstein, and Tseng energy models. The completed calculations were used to perform a comparative analysis of energy consumption for three adopted scenarios related to energy consumption by drones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modeling of Quality, Reliability and Exploitation for Power Supply Systems - 2nd Edition)

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