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Energies, Volume 18, Issue 2 (January-2 2025) – 227 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) are critical for monitoring and data collection in large-scale dynamic environments. Energy autonomy of sensor nodes is crucial for their sustained operation. This paper surveys state-of-the-art technologies in on-demand energy provisioning for large-scale WRSNs. We explore energy harvesting techniques, storage solutions, and management strategies tailored to resource-constrained environments. The survey categorizes literature based on energy sources and discusses advances in storage. We also investigate management techniques that balance consumption and harvesting to optimize network performance. This paper identifies opportunities and challenges in energy provisioning for WRSNs and provides insights for future innovations in sustainable sensor networks, which are critical for smart city solutions. View this paper
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25 pages, 3829 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Energy-Efficient Solutions for a Single-Family House Based on the 4E Idea in Poland
by Piotr Ciuman, Jan Kaczmarczyk and Dorota Winnicka-Jasłowska
Energies 2025, 18(2), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020449 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 490
Abstract
The paper analyses multi-variant energy simulations carried out in IDA ICE 4.8 software for a newly designed single-family building within the framework of the 4E Idea. This idea assumes the use of energy-saving, ecological, ergonomic, and economic solutions in construction and building operation. [...] Read more.
The paper analyses multi-variant energy simulations carried out in IDA ICE 4.8 software for a newly designed single-family building within the framework of the 4E Idea. This idea assumes the use of energy-saving, ecological, ergonomic, and economic solutions in construction and building operation. Energy simulations were conducted to evaluate the annual energy-saving potential of the developed architectural house concept, which incorporates ergonomic analyses and cost-effective construction solutions. Analyses were conducted to optimise the non-renewable primary energy index by selecting mechanical ventilation system (CAV or VAV) with heat recovery; the configuration of photovoltaic module installation in terms of their location and orientation; the exposure and type of solar thermal collectors (flat and vacuum); and the use of two types of heat pumps (air- and ground-source). The most favourable energy performance of the building was achieved with an HVAC system equipped with a VAV mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery, an on-grid photovoltaic installation, vacuum solar thermal collectors, and a ground-source heat pump with a horizontal heat exchanger. This configuration resulted in a primary energy index value of 2 kWh/m2/year. The results of the analyses carried out for the 4E building concept may serve as a reference point for future energy-efficient building designs aspiring to meet higher standards of sustainable development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Energy Performance Modelling and Simulation)
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20 pages, 123864 KiB  
Article
Numerical Study on the Characteristics of Hydrogen Leakage, Diffusion and Ventilation in Ships
by Chang-Yong Lee and Sang-Kyun Park
Energies 2025, 18(2), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020448 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 473
Abstract
Hydrogen is a promising environmentally friendly fuel with the potential for zero-carbon emissions, particularly in maritime applications. However, owing to its wide flammability range (4–75%), significant safety concerns persist. In confined spaces, hydrogen leaks can lead to explosions, posing a risk to both [...] Read more.
Hydrogen is a promising environmentally friendly fuel with the potential for zero-carbon emissions, particularly in maritime applications. However, owing to its wide flammability range (4–75%), significant safety concerns persist. In confined spaces, hydrogen leaks can lead to explosions, posing a risk to both lives and assets. This study conducts a numerical analysis to investigate hydrogen flow within hydrogen storage rooms aboard ships, with the goal of developing efficient ventilation strategies. Through simulations performed using ANSYS-CFX, this research evaluates hydrogen diffusion, stratification, and ventilation performance. A vertex angle of 120° at the ceiling demonstrated superior ventilation efficiency compared to that at 177°, while air inlets positioned on side-wall floors or mid-sections proved more effective than those located near the ceiling. The most efficient ventilation occurred at a velocity of 1.82 m/s, achieving 20 air exchanges per hour. These findings provide valuable insights for the design of safer hydrogen vessel operations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)
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15 pages, 3554 KiB  
Article
Development of Hydrogen Fuel Cell–Battery Hybrid Multicopter System Thermal Management and Power Management System Based on AMESim
by JiHyun Choi, Hyun-Jong Park and Jaeyoung Han
Energies 2025, 18(2), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020447 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is gaining attention as a solution to urban population growth and air pollution. Hydrogen fuel cells are applied to overcome the limitations of battery-based UAM, utilizing a PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell) with batteries in a hybrid system [...] Read more.
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is gaining attention as a solution to urban population growth and air pollution. Hydrogen fuel cells are applied to overcome the limitations of battery-based UAM, utilizing a PEMFC (Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell) with batteries in a hybrid system to enhance responsiveness. Power management improves efficiency through effective power distribution under varying loads, while thermal management maintains optimal stack temperatures to prevent degradation. This study developed a hydrogen fuel cell–battery hybrid multicopter system using AMESim, consisting of a 138 kW fuel cell stack, 60 kW battery, DC–DC converters, and thrust motors. A rule-based power management system was implemented to define power distribution strategies based on SOC and load demand. The system’s operating range was designed to allocate power according to battery SOC and load variations. For an initial SOC of 45%, the power management system distributed power for flight, and the results showed that the state machine control system reduced hydrogen consumption by 5.85% and parasitic energy by 1.63% compared to the rule-based system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Intelligent Operation and Maintenance and Key Technology of New Energy Vehicles)
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21 pages, 1391 KiB  
Article
Empirically Validated Method to Simulate Electric Minibus Taxi Efficiency Using Tracking Data
by Chris Joseph Abraham , Stephan Lacock , Armand André du Plessis and Marthinus Johannes Booysen
Energies 2025, 18(2), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020446 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 483
Abstract
Simulation is a cornerstone of planning and facilitating the transition towards electric mobility in sub-Saharan Africa’s informal public transport. The primary objective of this study is to validate and refine the electro-kinetic model used to simulate electric versions of the sector’s minibuses. A [...] Read more.
Simulation is a cornerstone of planning and facilitating the transition towards electric mobility in sub-Saharan Africa’s informal public transport. The primary objective of this study is to validate and refine the electro-kinetic model used to simulate electric versions of the sector’s minibuses. A systematic simulation methodology is also developed to correct the simulation parameters and improve the high-frequency GPS data used with the model. A retrofitted electric minibus was used to capture high-frequency GPS mobility data and power draw from the battery. The method incorporates key refinements such as corrections for gross vehicle mass, elevation and speed smoothing, radial drag, hill-climb forces, and the calibration of propulsion and regenerative braking parameters. The refined simulation demonstrates improved alignment with measured power draw and trip energy usage, reducing error margins and enhancing model reliability. Factors such as trip characteristics and environmental conditions, including wind resistance, are identified as potential contributors to observed discrepancies. These findings highlight the importance of precise data handling and model calibration for accurate energy simulation and decision making in the transition to electric public transport. This work provides a robust framework for future studies and practical implementations, offering insights into the technical and operational challenges of electrifying informal public transport systems in resource-constrained regions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Electromobility and Electric Propulsion)
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19 pages, 2556 KiB  
Article
Estimating a Non-Linear Economic Model for a Small-Scale Pyrolysis Unit
by Alok Dhaundiyal, András Máté Betovics and Laszlo Toth
Energies 2025, 18(2), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020445 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
This article used control theory to derive a non-linear exergoeconomic model for a bench-scale pyrolysis unit. A combination of an autoregressive model with an exogenous input model was involved to investigate the energy system. The economic prospects of the unit were also examined [...] Read more.
This article used control theory to derive a non-linear exergoeconomic model for a bench-scale pyrolysis unit. A combination of an autoregressive model with an exogenous input model was involved to investigate the energy system. The economic prospects of the unit were also examined by assigning the cost to the exergy content of the energy stream. The analysis covered the detailed evaluation of the design and performance of an updraft system. Thermally processed pine waste was used as a feedstock for the reactor. The developed model fits well with the validation data extracted through the experimental findings. The exergy cost flow rate of processed pine waste was estimated to be 0.027 ¢/s−1. The exergoeconomic factor was the highest for pyrolysis oil and charcoal generated as the end products of the thermal decomposition of processed pine waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J: Thermal Management)
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39 pages, 17694 KiB  
Review
Coal Gangue Utilization: Applications, Challenges, and Sustainable Development Strategies
by Yinghui Sun, Bohao Bai, Xu Yang, Shujun Zhu, Jilin Tian, Zhuozhi Wang, Li Xu, Lianfei Xu and Boxiong Shen
Energies 2025, 18(2), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020444 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 532
Abstract
Coal gangue is a kind of typical by-product emitted during the coal mining and washing process. With the increase in coal resource utilization, a large amount of coal gangue was not reasonably utilized, causing environmental pollution and resource waste. The main purpose of [...] Read more.
Coal gangue is a kind of typical by-product emitted during the coal mining and washing process. With the increase in coal resource utilization, a large amount of coal gangue was not reasonably utilized, causing environmental pollution and resource waste. The main purpose of this article is to introduce the surface structural features and compositional characteristics of coal gangue and to summarize the utilization of coal gangue in the fields of building materials, energy production, agricultural utilization, and high-value-added areas such as catalysts and adsorbents. Secondly, this review discussed the environmental challenges and technical difficulties derived from the process of coal gangue utilization and how to solve these problems through innovative methods and technological improvements. Finally, the article proposed the development direction and strategies for the future resource utilization of coal gangue, emphasizing the importance of coal gangue as a sustainable resource and its significant role in achieving a circular economy for reducing environmental pollution. By analyzing the potentiality of coal gangue for resource utilization systematically, this article aims to provide valuable references and insights for researchers and decision-makers in related fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Technologies and Energy Savings: Low Emissions and High Efficiency)
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23 pages, 4257 KiB  
Article
Characterisation of Harmonic Resonance Phenomenon of Multi-Parallel PV Inverter Systems: Modelling and Analysis
by Kasun Peiris, Sean Elphick, Jason David and Duane Robinson
Energies 2025, 18(2), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020443 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Solar PV inverters require output filters to reduce unwanted harmonics in their output, where LCL filters are a more economical choice than larger inductance-only filters. A drawback of these filters is that they can introduce power quality disturbances, especially at higher frequencies (above [...] Read more.
Solar PV inverters require output filters to reduce unwanted harmonics in their output, where LCL filters are a more economical choice than larger inductance-only filters. A drawback of these filters is that they can introduce power quality disturbances, especially at higher frequencies (above 2 kHz). This paper investigates and characterises the resonance phenomenon introduced by different filter types, i.e., LC or LCL, and identifies their behavioural change when combined with multiple parallel grid-tied PV inverter systems. MATLAB/Simulink modelling aspects of PV inverter systems related to resonance phenomenon are presented, including establishing resonance at a specific frequency where potentially large variations in the parameter selection across manufacturers may exist. In addition, a method is developed to establish output filter frequency response through measurements, which is used to develop validated solar PV harmonic models for high-frequency analysis. The low-frequency harmonic models can be used up to the resonant frequency where the current flowing through the filter capacitor is insignificant compared to the current flowing into the electricity network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality and Hosting Capacity in the Microgrids)
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19 pages, 10041 KiB  
Article
A Master–Slave Game-Based Strategy for Trading and Allocation of Virtual Power Plants in the Electricity Spot Market
by Na Yang, Liuzhu Zhu, Bao Wang, Rong Fu, Ling Qi, Xin Jiang and Chengyang Sun
Energies 2025, 18(2), 442; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020442 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 499
Abstract
With the transformation of the energy structure, the integration of numerous small-scale, widely distributed renewable energy sources into the power grid has introduced operational safety challenges. To enhance the operational competitiveness, the virtual power plant (VPP) has emerged to aggregate and manage these [...] Read more.
With the transformation of the energy structure, the integration of numerous small-scale, widely distributed renewable energy sources into the power grid has introduced operational safety challenges. To enhance the operational competitiveness, the virtual power plant (VPP) has emerged to aggregate and manage these distributed energy resources (DERs). However, current research on the VPP’s frequency modulation performance and bidding strategy remains insufficient in the joint market of electrical energy and frequency modulation (FM) ancillary services, with inadequate coordination of internally distributed resources. To fully leverage the flexibility of VPPs and incentivize their participation in electricity market operations, this paper investigates game-based bidding strategies and internal distributed resources allocation methods for VPPs in the joint market for electrical energy and frequency ancillary services. Firstly, the regulatory performance indicators of VPPs participating in the joint market and develops the corresponding market-clearing model. Secondly, to address the competition among distributed resources within VPPs, a master-slave game approach is innovatively employed to optimize the VPP’s trading strategies. This method ensures the rational allocation of electricity consumption among distributed energy resources within the VPP and derives the optimized bidding prices and quantities for both the VPP and its internal members. Finally, the case study shows that the proposed trading strategy provides effective bidding strategies for distributed energy resources participating in the joint market for energy and frequency regulation ancillary services. It enhances the regulatory performance of VPPs in the energy-frequency regulation market, ensures the profitability of distributed energy resources, and contributes to the economically stable operation of the market. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction Optimization Between Integrated Energy Systems and Power Systems)
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25 pages, 6006 KiB  
Article
High-Order Engineering Fastest Controller and Its Application in Thermal Power Units
by Shangyao Shi, Jun Li, Yijia Huo, Ruiqi Li and Pengyun Chen
Energies 2025, 18(2), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020441 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
In the domain of industrial process control, the ubiquitous proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control paradigm, while foundational, is deemed insufficient amidst evolving complexities. In alignment with China’s strategic “dual-carbon” targets, extant thermal power installations are mandated to facilitate profound peak load navigation and expedited frequency [...] Read more.
In the domain of industrial process control, the ubiquitous proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control paradigm, while foundational, is deemed insufficient amidst evolving complexities. In alignment with China’s strategic “dual-carbon” targets, extant thermal power installations are mandated to facilitate profound peak load navigation and expedited frequency modulation services. The incumbent PID control schema is found wanting in this regard, precipitating the imperative for an innovative process control technology to supplant the conventional PID regimen. Power system engineers have consequently devised the engineering fastest controller (EFC), which has adeptly succeeded PID control in nascent applications, thereby meeting the stringent control exigencies for deep peak regulation and agile frequency modulation. Employing rigorous theoretical analysis and sophisticated simulation experiments, this investigation meticulously compares the performance attributes of high-order controllers (HOCs) with the EFC. The empirical findings underscore the EFC’s pronounced superiority over PI, PID, and SOC in regulatory performance enhancements by 122.2%, 88.0%, and 77.3%, respectively, and in mitigating disturbances by 140.0%, 80.9%, and 54.5%, respectively. This study culminates in the assertion that the EFC represents a paradigmatic advancement in industrial control technology, not only manifesting pronounced performance benefits but also furnishing a robust theoretical scaffolding that transcends the performance zeniths of traditional PID and HOC technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 6525 KiB  
Article
Impact Assessment of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic Systems on Power Distribution Grid: A Case Study on a Highly Loaded Feeder in Ulaanbaatar Ger District
by Turmandakh Bat-Orgil, Battuvshin Bayarkhuu, Bayasgalan Dugarjav and Insu Paek
Energies 2025, 18(2), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020440 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Adopting and widely implementing solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are regarded as a promising solution to address energy crises by providing a sustainable and independent electricity supply while significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change. This encourages households, organizations, and enterprises to [...] Read more.
Adopting and widely implementing solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are regarded as a promising solution to address energy crises by providing a sustainable and independent electricity supply while significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change. This encourages households, organizations, and enterprises to install solar PV systems. However, there are many solar PV systems that have been connected to the power distribution grid without following the required procedures. Power distribution grid operators cannot detect the locations of these solar PV systems. Thus, it is necessary to assess the impact of solar PV systems on the power distribution grid in detail, even though there are multiple economic and environmental advantages associated with installing solar PV systems. This study analyzes the changes in an overloaded power distribution grid’s power losses and voltage deviations with solar PV systems. There are two main factors considered for assessing the impact of the solar PV system on the power distribution grid: the total installed capacity of the solar PV systems and the location of the connection. Based on a comparison between the measurement results of three feeders with higher loads in the Ulaanbaatar area, the Dambadarjaa feeder, which has the highest load, was selected. The impact of the solar PV systems on the selected feeder was analyzed by connecting eight solar PV systems at four different locations. Their total installed capacities vary between 25 and 80 percent of the highest daily load of the selected feeder. The results show that the power loss of the feeder can be greatly reduced when the total installed capacity of the solar PV systems is selected optimally, and the location of the connection is at the end of the power distribution grid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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16 pages, 3733 KiB  
Article
Optimal On-Load Tap Changer Tap Control Method for Voltage Compliance Rate Improvement in Distribution Systems, Based on Field Measurement Data
by Hanmin Lim, Jongmin Jo and Kwan-Ho Chun
Energies 2025, 18(2), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020439 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 478
Abstract
This paper proposes an optimal control method for the on-load tap changer (OLTC) of a substation’s main transformer (M.TR), to maximize the voltage compliance rate (VCR) in distribution system feeders. The conventional auto voltage regulator (AVR)’s line-drop compensation (LDC) control method struggles with [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an optimal control method for the on-load tap changer (OLTC) of a substation’s main transformer (M.TR), to maximize the voltage compliance rate (VCR) in distribution system feeders. The conventional auto voltage regulator (AVR)’s line-drop compensation (LDC) control method struggles with accurately determining load centers and has limitations in managing voltage due to the variability of distributed energy resources (DERs). To address these challenges, this study defines sample number-based VCR (SNB-VCR) as the performance index function to be maximized. The optimal tap positions for the OLTC are obtained using the gradient ascent method. Since the SNB-VCR evaluates voltage compliance using 15 min interval data collected from all the load and DER connection points in the distribution system, the tap position obtained by the gradient ascent method maximizes voltage quality for every feeder included in the system. Using a simulation, it is verified that the proposed tap control method improves the overall voltage quality and reduces the occurrence of overvoltage or undervoltage compared to LDC control. The proposed control strategy offers a practical solution for enhancing voltage management efficiency in modern distribution systems, particularly those with high penetration of DERs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Measurement Systems for Electric Machines and Motor Drives)
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21 pages, 1301 KiB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence in Automotives: ANNs’ Impact on Biodiesel Engine Performance and Emissions
by Ramozon Khujamberdiev and Haeng Muk Cho
Energies 2025, 18(2), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020438 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 760
Abstract
This paper explores the integration and advancements of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in modeling diesel engine performance, particularly focusing on biodiesel-fueled engines. ANNs have emerged as a vital tool in predicting and optimizing engine parameters, contributing to the enhancement of fuel efficiency and [...] Read more.
This paper explores the integration and advancements of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in modeling diesel engine performance, particularly focusing on biodiesel-fueled engines. ANNs have emerged as a vital tool in predicting and optimizing engine parameters, contributing to the enhancement of fuel efficiency and a reduction in emissions. The novelty of this review lies in its critical analysis of the existing literature on ANN applications in biodiesel engines, identifying gaps in optimization and emission control. While ANNs have shown promise in predicting engine parameters, fuel efficiency, and emission reduction, this paper highlights their limitations and areas for improvement, especially in the context of biodiesel-fueled engines. The integration of ANNs with big data and sophisticated algorithms paves the way for more accurate and reliable engine modeling, essential for advancing sustainable and eco-friendly automotive technologies. This research underscores the growing importance of ANNs in optimizing biodiesel-fueled diesel engines, aligning with global efforts towards cleaner and more sustainable energy solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Development in Liquid Waste and Biomass: 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 5348 KiB  
Article
Research on the Formation Characteristics of Fog and Frost on Optical Windows of Unsealed Equipment Compartments in Aircrafts
by Chun Shen, Yuanyuan Liang, Bo Wei, Chengchun Zhang and Tian Zhao
Energies 2025, 18(2), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020437 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 566
Abstract
In this study, a numerical method for the formation and dissipation of fog and frost is established using the Eulerian multiphase flow liquid film model. In this approach, the formation and dissipation of fogging and frosting layers is directly determined by the saturation [...] Read more.
In this study, a numerical method for the formation and dissipation of fog and frost is established using the Eulerian multiphase flow liquid film model. In this approach, the formation and dissipation of fogging and frosting layers is directly determined by the saturation of the water vapor surface, and it does not depend on any empirical coefficients. Additionally, Buck’s formula is used to determine the saturation vapor partial pressure, which is applicable for a relatively wide temperature range (−50 °C to 10 °C). This numerical method was validated by the existing experimental data about fogging and frosting, and afterwards the fogging and frosting processes on the optical observation window in the aircraft are further analyzed for three typical working conditions, namely the ground, the fixed-altitude, and the high-altitude descent. The calculation results show that, under the ground working condition, the maximum thickness of the fog layer on the outer surface of the optical window can completely reach the millimeter level within one hour, and the average thickness of the frost layer can reach the sub-millimeter level, which is one order of magnitude smaller compared to under the ground working condition. Under the high-altitude descent working condition, by setting the fixed wall temperature boundary condition on the outer surface of the glass, it is found that in extreme cases, the maximum thickness of the frost layer on the inner wall of the glass can reach the sub-millimeter level within one hour. The research conclusions provide effective basic data support for the subsequent design of anti-fogging and defrosting devices under flight conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer Analysis and Optimization in Thermal Energy Storage)
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34 pages, 3761 KiB  
Article
Enabling Power System Restoration from Offshore Wind Power Plants in the UK
by Rui Alves, Ning Yang, Lie Xu and Agustí Egea-Àlvarez
Energies 2025, 18(2), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020436 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 613
Abstract
This paper presents the findings from the initial phases of the SIF BLADE project, focused on demonstrating the capabilities of an offshore wind power plant (OWPP) for power system restoration (PSR). It provides an overview of PSR, highlighting its challenges and operational requirements, [...] Read more.
This paper presents the findings from the initial phases of the SIF BLADE project, focused on demonstrating the capabilities of an offshore wind power plant (OWPP) for power system restoration (PSR). It provides an overview of PSR, highlighting its challenges and operational requirements, alongside the various scenarios considered in the project. The study includes a steady-state analysis to assess whether the OWPP can meet local network demands for both active and reactive power. Results indicate that the OWPP can operate within an envelope that covers all local power requirements. Additionally, electromagnetic transient (EMT) analysis was conducted to evaluate different percentages of grid-forming (GFM) converter penetration during the energisation process. These analyses aimed to determine compliance with transmission system operator (TSO) requirements. Findings demonstrate that all GFM penetration levels met the necessary TSO standards. Furthermore, a novel small-signal analysis was performed to identify the optimal percentage of GFM converters for enhancing system stability during block loading. The analysis suggests that for top-up scenarios, a GFM penetration between 20% and 40% is optimal, while for anchor scenarios, 40% to 60% GFM penetration enhances stability and robustness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A: Sustainable Energy)
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23 pages, 4295 KiB  
Review
A Review on Performance Calculation and Design Methodologies for Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Blades
by Rongyu Zha, Siyuan Wu, Chang Cai, Xiaohui Liu, Dian Wang, Chaoyi Peng, Xuebin Feng, Qiuhua Chen, Xiaohui Zhong and Qing’an Li
Energies 2025, 18(2), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020435 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 573
Abstract
The efficient, low-cost, and large-scale development and utilization of offshore wind energy resources is an inevitable trend for future growth. With the continuous increase in the scale of wind turbines and their expansion into deep-sea locations, there is an urgent need to develop [...] Read more.
The efficient, low-cost, and large-scale development and utilization of offshore wind energy resources is an inevitable trend for future growth. With the continuous increase in the scale of wind turbines and their expansion into deep-sea locations, there is an urgent need to develop ultra-long, flexible blades suitable for future high-capacity turbines. Existing reviews in the field of blade design lack a simultaneous focus on the two core elements of blade performance calculation and design methods, as well as a detailed evaluation of specific methods. Therefore, this paper reviews the performance calculation and design methodologies of horizontal-axis wind turbine blades from three aspects: aerodynamic design, structural design, and coupled aero-structural design. A critical introduction to various methods is provided, along with a key viewpoint centered around design philosophy: there is no global optimal solution; instead, the most suitable solution is chosen from the Pareto set according to the design philosophy. This review not only provides a concise and clear overview for researchers new to the field of blade design to quickly acquire key background knowledge but also offers valuable insights for experienced researchers through critical evaluations of various methods and the presentation of core viewpoints. The paper also includes a refined review of extended areas such as aerodynamic add-ons and fatigue characteristics, which broadens the scope of the review to touch on multiple research areas and inspire further research. In future research, it is crucial to identify new key issues and challenges associated with increased blade length and flexibility, address the challenges faced in integrated aero-structural design, and develop platforms and tools that support multi-objective optimization design of blades, ensuring the safe, stable, and orderly development of wind turbines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modern Technologies for Renewable Energy Development and Utilization: 3rd Edition)
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30 pages, 10761 KiB  
Review
Artificial Intelligence in Energy Economics Research: A Bibliometric Review
by Zhilun Jiao, Chenrui Zhang and Wenwen Li
Energies 2025, 18(2), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020434 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 548
Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining attention in energy economics due to its ability to process large-scale data as well as to make non-linear predictions and is providing new development opportunities and research subjects for energy economics research. The aim of this paper is [...] Read more.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining attention in energy economics due to its ability to process large-scale data as well as to make non-linear predictions and is providing new development opportunities and research subjects for energy economics research. The aim of this paper is to explore the trends in the application of AI in energy economics over the decade spanning 2014–2024 through a systematic literature review, bibliometrics, and network analysis. The analysis of the literature shows that the prominent research themes are energy price forecasting, AI innovations in energy systems, socio-economic impacts, energy transition, and climate change. Potential future research directions include energy supply-chain resilience and security, social acceptance and public participation, economic inequality and the technology gap, automated methods for energy policy assessment, the circular economy, and the digital economy. This innovative study contributes to a systematic understanding of AI and energy economics research from the perspective of bibliometrics and inspires researchers to think comprehensively about the research challenges and hotspots. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Markets and Energy Economy)
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16 pages, 4408 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Heat Transfer Modeling and Validation of Super-Long Flexible Thermosyphons for Shallow Geothermal Applications
by Jianhua Liu, Yanghuiqin Ding, Hao Liu, Liying Zheng, Xiaoyuan Wang and Yuezhao Zhu
Energies 2025, 18(2), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020433 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 403
Abstract
In comparison to borehole heat exchangers that rely on forced convection, super-long thermosyphons offer a more efficient approach to extracting shallow geothermal energy. This work conducted field tests on a super-long flexible thermosyphon (SFTS) to evaluate its heat transfer characteristics. The tests investigated [...] Read more.
In comparison to borehole heat exchangers that rely on forced convection, super-long thermosyphons offer a more efficient approach to extracting shallow geothermal energy. This work conducted field tests on a super-long flexible thermosyphon (SFTS) to evaluate its heat transfer characteristics. The tests investigated the effects of cooling water temperature and the inclination angle of the condenser on the start-up characteristics and steady-state heat transfer performance. Based on the field test results, the study proposed a dynamic heat transfer modeling method for SFTSs using the equivalent thermal conductivity (ETC) model. Furthermore, a full-scale 3D CFD model for geothermal extraction via SFTS was developed, taking into account weather conditions and groundwater advection. The modeling validation showed that the simulation results aligned well with the temperature and heat transfer power variations observed in the field tests when the empirical coefficient in the ETC model was specified as 2. This work offers a semi-empirical dynamic heat transfer modeling method for geothermal thermosyphons, which can be readily incorporated into the overall simulation of a geothermal system that integrates thermosyphons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section J1: Heat and Mass Transfer)
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10 pages, 3282 KiB  
Article
Diffusion Characteristics of Dissolved Gases in Oil Under Different Oil Flow Circulations
by Chuanxian Luo, Ye Zhu, Zhuangzhuang Li, Peng Yu, Zhengqin Zhou, Xu Yang and Minfu Liao
Energies 2025, 18(2), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020432 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
The prediction of dissolved gas concentrations in oil can provide crucial data for the assessment of power transformer conditions and early fault diagnosis. Current simulations mainly focus on the generation and accumulation of characteristic gases, lacking a global perspective on gas diffusion and [...] Read more.
The prediction of dissolved gas concentrations in oil can provide crucial data for the assessment of power transformer conditions and early fault diagnosis. Current simulations mainly focus on the generation and accumulation of characteristic gases, lacking a global perspective on gas diffusion and dissolution. This study simulates the characteristic gases produced by typical faults at different flow rates. Using ANSYS 2022 R1 simulation software, a gas–liquid two-phase model is established to simulate the flow and diffusion of characteristic gases under fault conditions. Additionally, a fault-simulation gas production test platform was built based on a ±400 kV actual converter transformer. The experimental data show good consistency with the simulation trends. The results indicate that the diffusion of dissolved gases in oil is significantly affected by the oil flow velocity. At higher flow rates, the characteristic gases primarily move within the oil tank along with the oil circulation, leading to a faster rate of gas dissolution in oil and a shorter time to reach equilibrium within the tank. At lower flow rates, the diffusion of characteristic gases depends not only on oil flow circulation but also on self-diffusion driven by concentration gradients, resulting in a nonlinear change in gas concentration across various monitoring points. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
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22 pages, 3356 KiB  
Article
A Novel Approach for the Grid-Serving Implementation of Charging Infrastructures and Their Techno-Economic Integration in the Existing Power Grid
by Timo Alexander Hertlein, Ivana Mladenovic and Christian Weindl
Energies 2025, 18(2), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020431 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 578
Abstract
The integration of electromobility with its required charging infrastructures into the existing power grid, which is demanded by politics and society, is an enormous challenge for electrical power grid operators. Especially considering further challenges, such as the electrification of heat supply systems and [...] Read more.
The integration of electromobility with its required charging infrastructures into the existing power grid, which is demanded by politics and society, is an enormous challenge for electrical power grid operators. Especially considering further challenges, such as the electrification of heat supply systems and sector coupling, it is to be expected that the power grid’s capacity will be strongly overstrained. On the other hand, grid expansion is an extremely expensive and time-consuming method of ensuring that the existing grid is not overloaded, and sufficient grid capacity is available. A suitable grid operations management approach can enable comprehensive and grid-serving control of flexibility, especially charging processes. This article presents a cluster-based and incentive-oriented grid operation management concept and describes the integration of the system into the current German regulatory framework. In addition, the structural integration of charging infrastructures for electromobility into a grid-oriented control system is presented. The suitability of grid charges and their dynamization for stimulating grid-oriented behavior is analyzed. Furthermore, the derivation of additional costs arising from the utilization-dependent thermal aging of grid assets and their imputed integration into the incentive system is described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Quality in Modern Distribution Systems: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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24 pages, 3649 KiB  
Review
Energy Supply Chains in the Digital Age: A Review of Current Research and Trends
by Agnieszka A. Tubis and Honorata Poturaj
Energies 2025, 18(2), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020430 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 793
Abstract
(1) Background: Digital transformation is critical in further developing the energy supply chain. The attainment of successive levels of digital maturity by chain participants translates into numerous benefits related to the efficiency, cost, and effectiveness of the energy flows implemented. However, the increasing [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Digital transformation is critical in further developing the energy supply chain. The attainment of successive levels of digital maturity by chain participants translates into numerous benefits related to the efficiency, cost, and effectiveness of the energy flows implemented. However, the increasing degree of digitalisation and automation generates an increased risk of cyberattacks and other challenges related to the operation of the smart grid. This paper presents the results of a literature review describing the phenomenon of digital transformation in the energy supply chain. (2) Methods: The literature review was performed using two review methods. First, a systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA method. However, due to unsatisfactory results, this review was supplemented by a search supporting a narrative review. (3) Results: Analysing the identified publications made it possible to distinguish nine leading research trends related to digital transformation in the energy supply chain. These trends were characterised based on the described research results, and all articles were classified into the corresponding categories. (4) Conclusions: The presented results provide interesting material for further research related to building resilience in the energy supply chain and selected Industry 4.0 tools for assessing and managing risks associated with the operation of the energy sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blockchain, IoT and Smart Grids Challenges for Energy II)
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20 pages, 3331 KiB  
Review
The Economic Feasibility of Battery Electric Trucks: A Review of the Total Cost of Ownership Estimates
by Romeo Danielis, Arsalan Muhammad Khan Niazi, Mariangela Scorrano, Manuela Masutti and Asees Muhammad Awan
Energies 2025, 18(2), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020429 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 622
Abstract
This paper reviews the existing studies employing total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis to evaluate the comparative economic viability of battery electric trucks (BETs) and diesel trucks (DTs). A key finding is that until recent years, BETs have not been cost-competitive with DTs. [...] Read more.
This paper reviews the existing studies employing total cost of ownership (TCO) analysis to evaluate the comparative economic viability of battery electric trucks (BETs) and diesel trucks (DTs). A key finding is that until recent years, BETs have not been cost-competitive with DTs. Light-duty trucks and medium-duty trucks started to become competitive in 2021 (1) according to some estimates, whereas heavy-duty trucks might remain to be not competitive even in future decades. However, (2) TCO estimates differ across continents. (3) The combing effect of fuel prices and taxes is most likely responsible for the fact that BETs enjoy a stronger competitive position relative to DTs in Europe, Asia, and Oceania, whereas, in North America, most estimates assign them poor competitiveness, both presently and in the coming years. (4) Most studies underline that significant cost disproportions persist in the heavy-duty truck segment due to its demanding operational requirements and a lack of robust high-powered charging infrastructure. Consequently, substantial financial incentives and subsidies will be required for heavy-duty trucks to enhance their economic viability, potentially accelerating cost parity from post-2035 to the near future. This paper identifies several constraints in its TCO analysis, including limited data on residual values, variability in discount rates, depreciation costs, and a lack of longitudinal and market data for BETs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
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20 pages, 3595 KiB  
Article
Integration of a Heterogeneous Battery Energy Storage System into the Puducherry Smart Grid with Time-Varying Loads
by M A Sasi Bhushan, M. Sudhakaran, Sattianadan Dasarathan and Mariappane E
Energies 2025, 18(2), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020428 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 783
Abstract
A peak shaving approach in selected industrial loads helps minimize power usage during high demand hours, decreasing total energy expenses while improving grid stability. A battery energy storage system (BESS) can reduce peak electricity demand in distribution networks. Quasi-dynamic load flow analysis (QLFA) [...] Read more.
A peak shaving approach in selected industrial loads helps minimize power usage during high demand hours, decreasing total energy expenses while improving grid stability. A battery energy storage system (BESS) can reduce peak electricity demand in distribution networks. Quasi-dynamic load flow analysis (QLFA) accurately assesses the maximum loading conditions in distribution networks by considering factors such as load profiles, system topology, and network constraints. Achieving maximum peak shaving requires optimizing battery charging and discharging cycles based on real-time energy generation and consumption patterns. Seamless integration of battery storage with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and industrial processes is essential for effective peak shaving strategies. This paper proposes a model predictive control (MPC) scheme that can effectively perform peak shaving of the total industrial load. Adopting an MPC-based algorithm design framework enables the development of an effective control strategy for complex systems. The proposed MPC methodology was implemented and tested on the Indian Utility 29 Node Distribution Network (IU29NDN) using the DIgSILENT Power Factory environment. Additionally, the analysis encompasses technical and economic results derived from a simulated storage operation and, taking Puducherry State Electricity Department tariff details, provides significant insights into the application of this method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)
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59 pages, 12466 KiB  
Review
Comprehensive Review Comparing the Development and Challenges in the Energy Performance of Pneumatic and Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems
by Ryszard Dindorf
Energies 2025, 18(2), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020427 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 565
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to comprehensively compare the developments and challenges in the energy performance of unconventional pneumatic suspension (PS) and hydropneumatic suspension (HPS), which have special applications in passenger cars, trucks, military vehicles and agricultural equipment. The main differences between [...] Read more.
The purpose of this review is to comprehensively compare the developments and challenges in the energy performance of unconventional pneumatic suspension (PS) and hydropneumatic suspension (HPS), which have special applications in passenger cars, trucks, military vehicles and agricultural equipment. The main differences between PS and HPS, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, are presented. The PS system is discussed along with its principle of operation, advances in development, principle of operation of air springs, their models, characteristics, vibration isolation, and simulation models. The HPS system is discussed, along with its operational principles, progress in development, models, and characteristics. This review also discusses new trends in HPS development, such as the effect of a pressure fluctuation damper (PFD) placed in a hydraulic cylinder on the damping performance index (DPI) of an HPS under off-road driving conditions. It highlights innovative solutions that can be expected in the future in PS and HPS systems, with the expectations of drivers and passengers. The review focused on trends and challenges in PS and HPS development, such as integration with electronics, smart solutions, customized solutions, emphasis on compliance with ecological and environmental requirements, and applications in electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous vehicles (AVs). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances and Challenges in the Development of Energy Efficiency in Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems)
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32 pages, 17540 KiB  
Article
Tilt–Roll Heliostats and Non-Flat Heliostat Field Topographies for Compact, Energy-Dense Rooftop-Scale and Urban Central Receiver Solar Thermal Systems for Sustainable Industrial Process Heat
by Joshua Freeman, Walajabad Sampath and Krishnashree Achuthan
Energies 2025, 18(2), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020426 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 467
Abstract
Industrial process heat typically requires large amounts of fossil fuels. Solar energy, while abundant and free, has low energy density, and so large collector areas are needed to meet thermal needs. Land costs in developed areas are often prohibitively high, making rooftop-based concentrating [...] Read more.
Industrial process heat typically requires large amounts of fossil fuels. Solar energy, while abundant and free, has low energy density, and so large collector areas are needed to meet thermal needs. Land costs in developed areas are often prohibitively high, making rooftop-based concentrating solar power (CSP) attractive. However, limited rooftop space and the low energy density of solar power are usually insufficient to meet a facility’s demands. Maximizing annual CSP energy generation within a bounded rooftop space is necessary to mitigate fossil fuel consumption. This is a different optimization objective than minimizing the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) in typical open-land, utility-scale heliostat layout optimization. Innovative designs are necessary, such as compact, energy-dense central receiver systems with non-flat heliostat field topographies that use spatially efficient Tilt–Roll heliostats or multi-rooftop and multi-height distributed urban systems. A novel ray-tracing simulation tool was developed to evaluate these unique scenarios. For compact systems, optimized annual energy production occurred with maximum heliostat spatial density, and the best non-flat heliostat field topography found is a shallow section of a parabolic cylinder with an East–West focal axis, yielding a 10% optical energy improvement. Tightly packed Tilt–Roll heliostats showed a double improvement in optical energy at the receiver compared to Azimuth–Elevation heliostats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)
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22 pages, 4295 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Variability in Wind Turbine Blade Leading Edge Erosion
by Sara C. Pryor, Jacob J. Coburn and Rebecca J. Barthelmie
Energies 2025, 18(2), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020425 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 352
Abstract
Wind turbine blade leading edge erosion (LEE) reduces energy production and increases wind energy operation and maintenance costs. Degradation of the blade coating and ultimately damage to the underlying blade structure are caused by collisions of falling hydrometeors with rotating blades. The selection [...] Read more.
Wind turbine blade leading edge erosion (LEE) reduces energy production and increases wind energy operation and maintenance costs. Degradation of the blade coating and ultimately damage to the underlying blade structure are caused by collisions of falling hydrometeors with rotating blades. The selection of optimal methods to mitigate/reduce LEE are critically dependent on the rates of coating fatigue accumulation at a given location and the time variance in the accumulation of material stresses. However, no such assessment currently exists for the United States of America (USA). To address this research gap, blade coating lifetimes at 883 sites across the USA are generated based on high-frequency (5-min) estimates of material fatigue derived using a mechanistic model and robust meteorological measurements. Results indicate blade coating failure at some sites in as few as 4 years, and that the frequency and intensity of material stresses are both highly episodic and spatially varying. Time series analyses indicate that up to one-third of blade coating lifetime is exhausted in just 360 5-min periods in the Southern Great Plains (SGP). Conversely, sites in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) exhibit the same level of coating lifetime depletion in over three times as many time periods. Thus, it may be more cost-effective to use wind turbine deregulation (erosion-safe mode) for damage reduction and blade lifetime extension in the SGP, while the application of blade leading edge protective measures may be more appropriate in the PNW. Annual total precipitation and mean wind speed are shown to be poor predictors of blade coating lifetime, re-emphasizing the need for detailed modeling studies such as that presented herein. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)
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28 pages, 1580 KiB  
Article
Geospatial Forecasting of Electric Energy in Distribution Systems Using Segmentation and Machine Learning with Convolutional Methods
by Héctor Chávez and Yuri Molina
Energies 2025, 18(2), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020424 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 465
Abstract
This paper proposes an innovative methodology for geospatial forecasting of electrical demand across various consumption segments and scales, integrating machine learning and discrete convolution within the framework of global system projections. The study was conducted in two phases: first, machine learning techniques were [...] Read more.
This paper proposes an innovative methodology for geospatial forecasting of electrical demand across various consumption segments and scales, integrating machine learning and discrete convolution within the framework of global system projections. The study was conducted in two phases: first, machine learning techniques were utilized to classify and determine the relative growth of segments with similar consumption patterns. In the second phase, convolution methods were employed to produce accurate spatial forecasts by incorporating the influence of neighboring areas through a “core matrix” and accounting for geographical constraints in regions with and without consumption. The proposed approach enhances the precision of spatial forecasts, making it suitable for large-scale distribution systems and implementable within short timeframes. The proposed method was validated using data from a Peruvian distribution system serving over one million users, employing 204 historical records and analyzing three georeferenced consumption segments at scales of 1:10,000, 1:1000, and 1:100. The results demonstrate its effectiveness in forecasting across different time horizons, thereby contributing to improved planning of electrical infrastructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F2: Distributed Energy System)
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32 pages, 8328 KiB  
Article
Magnetic Integrated Multi-Trap Filters Using Mutual Inductance to Mitigate Current Harmonics in Grid-Connected Power Electronics Converters
by Maged Al-Barashi, Aicheng Zou, Yongjun Wang, Wei Luo, Nan Shao, Zeyu Tang and Bing Lu
Energies 2025, 18(2), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020423 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 414
Abstract
This paper introduces magnetic integrated high-order trap–trap–inductor (TTL) and inductor–trap–trap (LTT) filters featuring two LC-traps designed for grid-tied inverters, aimed at reducing the size of output-power multi-trap filters. The proposed filters exhibit excellent harmonic absorption capabilities alongside a [...] Read more.
This paper introduces magnetic integrated high-order trap–trap–inductor (TTL) and inductor–trap–trap (LTT) filters featuring two LC-traps designed for grid-tied inverters, aimed at reducing the size of output-power multi-trap filters. The proposed filters exhibit excellent harmonic absorption capabilities alongside a compact design. Building on the conventional integrated inductor–capacitor–inductor (LCL) filter, the approach involves connecting a small capacitor in parallel with either the inverter-side or grid-side inductors to create an LC trap. Additionally, a second LC trap can be achieved by integrating the filter capacitor in series with the equivalent trap inductance, established by the magnetic coupling between the grid-side inductor and inverter-side one. This paper thoroughly analyzes the characteristics of the proposed filters. Moreover, a design method is presented to further minimize the size of the output filter components. Finally, validation through simulations and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments confirms the proposed approach’s effectiveness and feasibility. The integrated designs achieve a size reduction of 35.4% in comparison with the discrete windings. Moreover, these designed filters comply with IEEE standards, maintaining a grid-side current total harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 0.9%, with all current harmonics below 0.3% of the fundamental current. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F3: Power Electronics)
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19 pages, 4590 KiB  
Article
Restoration Strategy for Urban Power Distribution Systems Considering Coupling with Transportation Networks Under Heavy Rainstorm Disasters
by Dongli Jia, Zhao Li, Yongle Dong, Xiaojun Wang, Mingcong Lin, Kaiyuan He, Xiaoyu Yang and Jiajing Liu
Energies 2025, 18(2), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020422 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heavy rainstorm disasters, the stable operation of power systems is facing significant challenges. This paper proposes a two-stage restoration strategy for the distribution networks (DNs). First, a grid-based modeling approach is developed for [...] Read more.
With the increasing frequency of extreme weather events such as heavy rainstorm disasters, the stable operation of power systems is facing significant challenges. This paper proposes a two-stage restoration strategy for the distribution networks (DNs). First, a grid-based modeling approach is developed for urban DNs and transportation networks (TNs), capturing the dynamic evolution of heavy rainstorm disasters and more accurately modeling the impact on TNs and DNs. Then, a two-stage restoration strategy is designed for the DN by coordinating soft open points (SOPs) and mobile energy storage systems (MESSs). In the disaster progression stage, SOPs are utilized to enable the flexible reconfiguration and islanding of the DN, minimizing load loss. In the post-disaster recovery stage, the MESS and repair crew are optimally dispatched, taking into account the state of the TN to expedite power restoration. Finally, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces load loss during restoration by 8.09% compared to approaches without precise TN and DN modeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Planning, Operation, and Control of New Power Systems)
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32 pages, 12626 KiB  
Article
Strategies for Workplace EV Charging Management
by Natascia Andrenacci, Antonino Genovese and Giancarlo Giuli
Energies 2025, 18(2), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020421 - 19 Jan 2025
Viewed by 666
Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) help reduce transportation emissions. A user-friendly charging infrastructure and efficient charging processes can promote their wider adoption. Low-power charging is effective for short-distance travel, especially when vehicles are parked for extended periods, like during daily commutes. These idle times present [...] Read more.
Electric vehicles (EVs) help reduce transportation emissions. A user-friendly charging infrastructure and efficient charging processes can promote their wider adoption. Low-power charging is effective for short-distance travel, especially when vehicles are parked for extended periods, like during daily commutes. These idle times present opportunities to improve coordination between EVs and service providers to meet charging needs. The present study examines strategies for coordinated charging in workplace parking lots to minimize the impact on the power grid while maximizing the satisfaction of charging demand. Our method utilizes a heuristic approach for EV charging, focusing on event logic that considers arrival and departure times and energy requirements. We compare various charging management methods in a workplace parking lot against a first-in-first-out (FIFO) strategy. Using real data on workplace parking lot usage, the study found that efficient electric vehicle charging in a parking lot can be achieved either through optimized scheduling with a single high-power charger, requiring user cooperation, or by installing multiple chargers with alternating sockets. Compared to FIFO charging, the implemented strategies allow for a reduction in the maximum charging power between 30 and 40%, a charging demand satisfaction rate of 99%, and a minimum SOC amount of 83%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Energy for Electric Vehicle Charging)
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14 pages, 9181 KiB  
Article
Simulation and Experimental Study of Arc Model in a Low-Voltage Distribution Network
by Binbin Zhang, Jiaqing Zhang, Yifeng Cheng, Qixu Chen and Qian Zhang
Energies 2025, 18(2), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020420 - 18 Jan 2025
Viewed by 625
Abstract
Using the low-voltage and low-current platform (220 VAC-10 A), this paper selected the Mayr arc theoretical model and the improved control theory model as a theoretical basis and built a single-phase low-voltage AC series arc model based on Simulink. The simulation results showed [...] Read more.
Using the low-voltage and low-current platform (220 VAC-10 A), this paper selected the Mayr arc theoretical model and the improved control theory model as a theoretical basis and built a single-phase low-voltage AC series arc model based on Simulink. The simulation results showed that arc dissipation power directly determined arc voltage amplitude, arc time constant influenced arc voltage waveform, and arc current was mainly determined by load resistance. Because the arc length parameter can be set by the improved control arc theory model, the arc can be drawn only at the micro-distance of two electrodes, which is more suitable for describing the arc characteristics of low voltage and low current. A scheme of large ratio reducer for permanent magnet brushless DC motor was developed, which was combined with the stepless governor controlled by PWM and the positive and negative switch to realize the adjustment of the two-electrode micro-distance. The collection and analysis of arc voltage and arc current under pure resistance, resistive load, and multi-branch load were completed. The experimental results also verified that the Mayr arc and improved control theory arc have good accuracy in describing low voltage and low current characteristics, which improves data support for later fault identification and removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Power Distribution Systems)
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