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Power Quality in Modern Distribution Systems: Latest Advances and Prospects

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 March 2025 | Viewed by 2956

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information, University of Cassino and Lazio Meridionale, Via di Biasio n. 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
Interests: electric systems; power quality; power electronics
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Guest Editor
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, 03043 Cassino, Italy
Interests: object-oriented methods; applied to state estimation in the distribution networks; voltage regulation in distribution networks in the presence of distributed generation; power quality
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Distribution systems are undergoing a profound transformation driven by innovation seeking to address the so-called energy transition, one of the biggest challenges in the electricity sector.

The growing presence of distributed generation to increase the share of the load covered by renewable sources, new forms of aggregation in micro grids of prosumers, RES communities, shared consumption options, as well as the increasing penetration of both electric mobility and demand flexibility are issues that impact the set-up and management, of electricity services, as well as the requirements of efficiency and quality.

Power quality (PQ) issues have expanded to include additional disturbances emitted by switching converters installed at the interface between loads and the distribution network. The disturbance of electrical quantities includes tones exceeding 2 kHz in a range that up to 150 kHz is not yet regulated by norms or standards on acceptable limits or appropriate indexes to estimate the cumulative impact of multiple simultaneous sources. The criticality of events such as voltage dips, voltage swells, or of certain operating conditions, such as resonance, is exacerbated by the reduced robustness of distribution networks, especially in the case of urban or micro-grid environments. No less important are the expected evolution trends toward DC distribution, for which PQ indexes need to be defined to characterize levels and prospectively establish planning and compatibility objectives. The increased interest in improving energy efficiency makes the containment of additional losses due to PQ-conducted disturbances crucial.

Finally, the availability of measured data from the field has made possible new models and data-driven methods to estimate, predict, and maximize the PQ levels of networks.

This Special Issue aims to present and disseminate the most recent advances and prospects relating to the modelling, methods, design, application, control, and monitoring of PQ issues in modern distribution systems.

Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

  • All aspects of PQ disturbance—variations, harmonics, supra-harmonics, unbalances, events, voltage dips, voltage swells, interruptions, and others;
  • PQ in micro-grid and RES energy communities;
  • DC distribution systems;
  • Models and methods for forecasting PQ levels;
  • Energy efficiency tied to PQ levels;
  • Supra-harmonic distortion—models, methods, and indices;
  • Voltage dip and swell propagation;
  • Data-driven approaches for forecasting, managing, and controlling PQ levels;
  • Unbalances;
  • Transient overvoltages (surges/spikes).

Prof. Dr. Paola Verde
Dr. Giovanni M. Casolino
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • power quality
  • micro grid
  • energy communities
  • RES
  • electric mobility
  • energy efficiency
  • distortion
  • harmonics
  • supra-harmonics
  • data-driven approaches
  • forecasting
  • transients
  • reliability
  • unbalances
  • standards
  • DC distribution

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

21 pages, 2313 KiB  
Article
Quantifying the Economic Impact of Supply Voltage Magnitude on Consumers
by Sean Elphick, Jonathan C. Knott, Gerrard Drury, Tom Langstaff and Duane A. Robinson
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5590; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225590 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 381
Abstract
Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources is manifesting as voltage regulation challenges in many LV networks. Appropriate regulation of supply voltage magnitude is essential to ensure efficacy and efficiency in the operation of electricity supply networks and consumer equipment. While the theoretical impacts [...] Read more.
Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources is manifesting as voltage regulation challenges in many LV networks. Appropriate regulation of supply voltage magnitude is essential to ensure efficacy and efficiency in the operation of electricity supply networks and consumer equipment. While the theoretical impacts of supply voltage magnitude on the performance of consumer equipment, which include additional energy consumption and decreased equipment lifespan as voltage magnitude increases, are relatively well known, this has not been translated into quantitative impacts. This paper applies the outcomes of previous impact of supply voltage magnitude studies by the authors, in conjunction with domestic load models, to develop algorithms to estimate the quantitative impacts of supply voltage magnitude on consumers. The paper then applies these algorithms to calculate quantitative economic impacts that can be associated with the magnitude of the supply voltage. The outcomes of this research suggest that the per-annum impact of supply voltage magnitude on consumer equipment loss of life is potentially an order of magnitude greater than the resultant increased energy consumption based on case studies using Australian data. Full article
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28 pages, 2522 KiB  
Article
Impact of Impedances and Solar Inverter Grid Controls in Electric Distribution Line with Grid Voltage and Frequency Instability
by Thunchanok Kaewnukultorn and Steven Hegedus
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5503; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215503 - 4 Nov 2024
Viewed by 493
Abstract
The penetration of solar energy into centralized electric grids has increased significantly during the last decade. Although the electricity from photovoltaics (PVs) can deliver clean and cost-effective energy, the intermittent nature of the sunlight can lead to challenges with electric grid stability. Smart [...] Read more.
The penetration of solar energy into centralized electric grids has increased significantly during the last decade. Although the electricity from photovoltaics (PVs) can deliver clean and cost-effective energy, the intermittent nature of the sunlight can lead to challenges with electric grid stability. Smart inverter-based resources (IBRs) can be used to mitigate the impact of such high penetration of renewable energy, as well as to support grid reliability by improving the voltage and frequency stability with embedded control functions such as Volt-VAR, Volt–Watt, and Frequency–Watt. In this work, the results of an extensive experimental study of possible interactions between the unstable grid and two residential-scale inverters from different brands under different active and reactive power controls are presented. Two impedance circuits were installed between Power Hardware-in-the-loop (P-HIL) equipment to represent the impedance in an electric distribution line. Grid voltage and frequency were varied between extreme values outside of the normal range to test the response of the two inverters operating under different controls. The key findings highlighted that different inverters that have met the same requirements of IEEE 1547-2018 responded to grid instabilities differently. Therefore, commissioning tests to ensure inverter performance are crucial. In addition to the grid control, the residential PV installed capacity and physical distances between PV homes and the substation, which impacted the distribution wiring impedance which we characterized by the ratio of the reactive to real impedance (X/R), should be considered when assigning the grid-supporting control setpoints to smart inverters. A higher X/R of 3.5 allowed for more effective control to alleviate both voltage and frequency stability. The elimination of deadband in an aggressive Volt-VAR control also enhanced the ability to control voltage during extreme fluctuation. The analysis of sudden spikes in the grid responses to a large frequency drop showed that a shallow slope of 1.5 kW/Hz in the droop control resulted in a >65% lower sudden reactive power overshoot amplitude than a steeper slope of 2.8 kW/Hz. Full article
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14 pages, 764 KiB  
Article
Development of Methods for Sensitivity Analysis of Electrical Energy Networks and Systems within State Space
by Tobias Blenk and Christian Weindl
Energies 2024, 17(17), 4489; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174489 - 6 Sep 2024
Viewed by 486
Abstract
This paper presents a new method that should make it possible to determine the sensitivity of uncontrolled electrical power grids with only a modest amount of effort. Unlike most of the methods described in the literature, this method is based on an implicit [...] Read more.
This paper presents a new method that should make it possible to determine the sensitivity of uncontrolled electrical power grids with only a modest amount of effort. Unlike most of the methods described in the literature, this method is based on an implicit description of the electrical power grid in the state space, in which the system matrices are set up using mesh equations based on a complete tree. In this case, the sensitivity matrix is not derived from the Jacobian matrix, but from the weighted inverse of the impedance matrix. It will be shown that this makes it possible to determine the sensitivity of the network independently of the operating point, under the assumption that the impedances of the network remain constant. Full article
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17 pages, 13214 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis of Flow-Induced Transverse Vibration of a Cylinder with Cubic Non-Linear Stiffness at High Reynolds Numbers
by Sreeja Sadasivan, Grzegorz Litak and Michał Jan Gęca
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1776; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071776 - 8 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1180
Abstract
Numerical calculations were performed to study the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder, which was elastically supported by springs of linear and cubic terms. These simulations were conducted at high Reynolds numbers ranging from 4200 to 42,000. To simulate the cylinder’s motion [...] Read more.
Numerical calculations were performed to study the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of a circular cylinder, which was elastically supported by springs of linear and cubic terms. These simulations were conducted at high Reynolds numbers ranging from 4200 to 42,000. To simulate the cylinder’s motion and the associated aerodynamic forces, Computational Fluid Dynamics were employed in conjunction with dynamic mesh capabilities. The numerical method was initially verified by testing it with various grid resolutions and time steps, and subsequently, it was validated using experimental data. The response of cubic nonlinearities was investigated using insights gained from a conventional linear vortex-induced vibration (VIV) system. This 2D study revealed that both the amplitude and frequency of vibrations are contingent on the flow velocity. The highest output was achieved within the frequency lock-in region, where internal resonance occurs. In the case of a hardening spring, the beating response was observed from the lower end of the initial branch to the upper end of the initial branch. The response displacement amplitude obtained for the linear spring case was 27 mm, whereas in the cubic nonlinear case, the value was 31.8 mm. More importantly, the results indicate that the inclusion of nonlinear springs can substantially extend the range of wind velocities in which significant energy extraction through vortex-induced vibration (VIV) is achievable. Full article
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