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Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2025 | Viewed by 37392

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Wenping Cao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
Interests: electrical machines and drives; power electronics; power systems; wind power; electric vehicles
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Cungang Hu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Anhui University, Hefei 23061, China
Interests: electric machines and drives; power electronics; power system analysis; new and renewable energy; big data analytics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyan Huang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Machine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China
Interests: permanent magnet motor; high speed train traction system; high efficiency motor drive system for EV; fault tolerant motor drives for aerospace; PMSM motor intelligent control
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Pinjia Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
Interests: renewable energy; micro grid and energy storage; monitoring
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy and power are playing an increasingly pivotal role in our modern life and are transforming the way we utilize energy and the way we live. This special issue will bring together the latest innovations and knowledge in energy and power engineering such as new and renewable energy, power electronics and electric motor drives, distributed generation and multi-energy systems, data analytics, and artificial intelligence. You are cordially invited to contribute to the Special Issue and present your new work.

Topics of Interest include but are not limited to:

  • Analogue and Digital Signal Processing
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Big Data and Data Processing
  • Bioenergy and Utilization
  • Communication Systems
  • Control Theory and Optimisation
  • Diagnosis and Sensing Systems
  • Distributed Generation
  • Electrical Generators
  • Electrical Motor Drives
  • Electromagnetic and Applied Superconductivity
  • Electronics, Information and Control Systems
  • Energy Market and Power System Economics
  • Energy Storage
  • Engineering Materials and Process
  • Fuel Cells and Applications
  • Industrial Process Control and Automation
  • Intelligent control systems
  • Mechatronics and Robotics
  • Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis
  • Nuclear Energy
  • Power Electronic Converters
  • Power Generation and Sustainable Environment
  • Power Quality and Electromagnetic Compatibility
  • Power Planning and Scheduling
  • Power Semiconductors
  • Predictive Control
  • Protection, Operation, and Control
  • Real-Time Control
  • Reliability and Security
  • Renewable Energy
  • Sensors, Instruments, and Measuring Technologies
  • Smart Cities and Smart Grids
  • Solar energy and photovoltaics
  • Transmission and Distribution Systems
  • Wind energy

Thank you very much for your participation!

Prof. Dr. Wenping Cao
Prof. Dr. Cungang Hu
Prof. Dr. Xiaoyan Huang
Dr. Pinjia Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • power converters
  • motor drives
  • electrified vehicles
  • wind power generation
  • measurement techniques

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (42 papers)

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26 pages, 573 KiB  
Article
Data Value-Added Service Comprehensive Evaluation Method on the Performance of Power System Big Data
by Hao Zhang, Ye Liang, Hao Zhang, Jing Wang, Yuanzhuo Li, Xiaorui Rong and Hongda Gao
Energies 2025, 18(3), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030700 (registering DOI) - 3 Feb 2025
Abstract
With the development of digital economy, the integration and secure sharing of energy big data have become pivotal in driving innovation across the energy production, distribution, and consumption sectors. For power enterprises, leveraging data to enhance operational efficiency and drive business development will [...] Read more.
With the development of digital economy, the integration and secure sharing of energy big data have become pivotal in driving innovation across the energy production, distribution, and consumption sectors. For power enterprises, leveraging data to enhance operational efficiency and drive business development will play a crucial role in value added. Firstly, based on the value-added service framework system of grid enterprises, this paper explores the basic technologies for power data applications and designs a technical roadmap for value-added services. Secondly, the proposed methodology incorporates the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and gray comprehensive evaluation method (GCE) to determine the weights of key factors affecting the value-added services. Empirical research is conducted to validate the feasibility of typical value-added services. Additionally, this paper proposes methods for evaluating the benefits of value-added services and identifies key technologies in data mining and management, customer value discovery, and data asset utilization, providing theoretical support and practical pathways for the digital transformation of power enterprises. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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25 pages, 6006 KiB  
Article
High-Order Engineering Fastest Controller and Its Application in Thermal Power Units
by Shangyao Shi, Jun Li, Yijia Huo, Ruiqi Li and Pengyun Chen
Energies 2025, 18(2), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020441 - 20 Jan 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
In the domain of industrial process control, the ubiquitous proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control paradigm, while foundational, is deemed insufficient amidst evolving complexities. In alignment with China’s strategic “dual-carbon” targets, extant thermal power installations are mandated to facilitate profound peak load navigation and expedited frequency [...] Read more.
In the domain of industrial process control, the ubiquitous proportional–integral–derivative (PID) control paradigm, while foundational, is deemed insufficient amidst evolving complexities. In alignment with China’s strategic “dual-carbon” targets, extant thermal power installations are mandated to facilitate profound peak load navigation and expedited frequency modulation services. The incumbent PID control schema is found wanting in this regard, precipitating the imperative for an innovative process control technology to supplant the conventional PID regimen. Power system engineers have consequently devised the engineering fastest controller (EFC), which has adeptly succeeded PID control in nascent applications, thereby meeting the stringent control exigencies for deep peak regulation and agile frequency modulation. Employing rigorous theoretical analysis and sophisticated simulation experiments, this investigation meticulously compares the performance attributes of high-order controllers (HOCs) with the EFC. The empirical findings underscore the EFC’s pronounced superiority over PI, PID, and SOC in regulatory performance enhancements by 122.2%, 88.0%, and 77.3%, respectively, and in mitigating disturbances by 140.0%, 80.9%, and 54.5%, respectively. This study culminates in the assertion that the EFC represents a paradigmatic advancement in industrial control technology, not only manifesting pronounced performance benefits but also furnishing a robust theoretical scaffolding that transcends the performance zeniths of traditional PID and HOC technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 3273 KiB  
Article
Joint Frequency Stabilisation in Future 100% Renewable Electric Power Systems
by Lisanne Reese, Arne Rettig, Clemens Jauch, Richard Johannes Domin and Tom Karshüning
Energies 2025, 18(2), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020418 - 18 Jan 2025
Viewed by 692
Abstract
Due to the energy transition, the future electric power system will face further challenges that affect the functionality of the electricity grid and therefore the security of supply. For this reason, this article examines the future frequency stabilisation in a 100% renewable electric [...] Read more.
Due to the energy transition, the future electric power system will face further challenges that affect the functionality of the electricity grid and therefore the security of supply. For this reason, this article examines the future frequency stabilisation in a 100% renewable electric power system. A focus is set on the provision of inertia and frequency containment reserve. Today, the frequency stabilisation in most power systems is based on synchronous generators. By using grid-forming frequency converters, a large potential of alternative frequency stabilisation reserves can be tapped. Consequently, frequency stabilisation is not a problem of existing capacities but whether and how these are utilised. Therefore, in this paper, a collaborative approach to realise frequency stabilisation is proposed. By distributing the required inertia and frequency containment reserve across all technologies that are able to provide it, the relative contribution of each individual provider is low. To cover the need for frequency containment reserve, each capable technology would have to provide less than 1% of its rated power. The inertia demand can be covered by the available capacities at a coverage ratio of 171% (excluding wind power) to 217% (all capacities). As a result, it is proposed that provision of frequency stabilisation is made mandatory for all capable technologies. The joint provision distributes the burden of frequency stabilisation across many participants and hence increases redundancy. It ensures the stability of future electricity grids, and at the same time, it reduces the technological and economic effort. The findings are presented for the example of the German electricity grid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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25 pages, 6449 KiB  
Article
Regenerative Braking Energy Flow Control Algorithm for Power Grid Voltage Stabilization in Mobile Energy Storage Systems
by Ivan Župan, Viktor Šunde, Željko Ban and Branimir Novoselnik
Energies 2025, 18(2), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020410 - 18 Jan 2025
Viewed by 400
Abstract
The paper presents a method for managing the energy storage and use of a mobile supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS) on a tram vehicle for the purpose of active voltage stabilization of the power grid. The method is based on an algorithm [...] Read more.
The paper presents a method for managing the energy storage and use of a mobile supercapacitor energy storage system (SC ESS) on a tram vehicle for the purpose of active voltage stabilization of the power grid. The method is based on an algorithm that identifies the need to utilize the energy of the SC ESS depending on changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by the driving of other nearby tram vehicles. The waveform of the current flowing into or out of the SC ESS during this control is determined based on Pontryagin’s minimum principle, which optimizes the minimum change in the voltage level at the pantograph and the minimum temperature of the supercapacitor. In this way, this approach aims to minimize the changes in the voltage of the power grid caused by other vehicles and to maximize the lifespan of the supercapacitor. The algorithm was tested within the MATLAB/Simulink R2022b programming environment and experimentally validated with an HIL simulation experiment in a laboratory setup to emulate the rail vehicle system, the supercapacitor, and the power supply network. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 7695 KiB  
Article
Flying a Micro-Drone by Dynamic Charging for Vertical Direction Using Optical Wireless Power Transmission
by Tomoya Watamura, Takuo Nagasaka, Yuto Kikuchi and Tomoyuki Miyamoto
Energies 2025, 18(2), 351; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020351 - 15 Jan 2025
Viewed by 471
Abstract
Micro-drones weighing less than about 200 g have a limited flight time of 5–15 min. Dynamic charging by optical wireless power transmission is a promising solution to this problem. This paper investigated the configuration and conditions required for dynamic charging of micro-drones by [...] Read more.
Micro-drones weighing less than about 200 g have a limited flight time of 5–15 min. Dynamic charging by optical wireless power transmission is a promising solution to this problem. This paper investigated the configuration and conditions required for dynamic charging of micro-drones by optical wireless power transmission and clarified the effect of weight change on the power required for flight and the size of solar cells that can be installed. Furthermore, a micro-drone equipped with a solar cell without a battery was used to demonstrate a vertical flight height of 75 cm at 35 W light output. The results are useful for continuous flight of micro-drones by optical wireless power transmission. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 2921 KiB  
Article
Accelerated Modeling of Transients in Electromagnetic Devices Based on Magnetoelectric Substitution Circuits
by Sergii Tykhovod and Ihor Orlovskyi
Energies 2025, 18(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18020310 - 12 Jan 2025
Viewed by 553
Abstract
During switching in electrical systems, transient electromagnetic processes occur. The resulting dangerous current surges are best studied by computer simulation. However, the time required for computer simulation of such processes is significant for complex electromagnetic devices, which is undesirable. The use of spectral [...] Read more.
During switching in electrical systems, transient electromagnetic processes occur. The resulting dangerous current surges are best studied by computer simulation. However, the time required for computer simulation of such processes is significant for complex electromagnetic devices, which is undesirable. The use of spectral methods can significantly speed up the calculation of transient processes and ensure high accuracy. At present, we are not aware of publications showing the use of spectral methods for calculating transient processes in electromagnetic devices containing ferromagnetic cores. The purpose of the work: The objective of this work is to develop a highly effective method for calculating electromagnetic transient processes in a coil with a ferromagnetic magnetic core connected to a voltage source. The method involves the use of nonlinear magnetoelectric substitution circuits for electromagnetic devices and a spectral method for representing solution functions using orthogonal polynomials. Additionally, a schematic model for applying the spectral method is developed. Obtained Results: A method for calculating transients in magnetoelectric circuits based on approximating solution functions with algebraic orthogonal polynomial series is proposed and studied. This helps to transform integro-differential state equations into linear algebraic equations for the representations of the solution functions. The developed schematic model simplifies the use of the calculation method. Representations of true electric and magnetic current functions are interpreted as direct currents in the proposed substitution circuit. Based on these methods, a computer program is created to simulate transient processes in a magnetoelectric circuit. Comparing the application of various polynomials enables the selection of the optimal polynomial type. The proposed method has advantages over other known methods. These advantages include reducing the simulation time for electromagnetic transient processes (in the examples considered, by more than 12 times than calculations using the implicit Euler method) while ensuring the same level of accuracy. The simulation of processes over a long time interval demonstrate error reduction and stabilization. This indicates the potential of the proposed method for simulating processes in more complex electromagnetic devices, (for example, transformers). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 4679 KiB  
Article
Development and Implementation of the MPPT Based on Incremental Conductance for Voltage and Frequency Control in Single-Stage DC-AC Converters
by Javier Alonso Ramírez Torres, Orlando Lastres Danguillecourt, Roberto Adrián González Domínguez, Guillermo Rogelio Ibáñez Duharte, Laura Elena Verea Valladares, Joel Pantoja Enríquez, Jesús Antonio Enríquez Santiago, Andrés López López and Antonio Verde Añorve
Energies 2025, 18(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010184 - 4 Jan 2025
Viewed by 627
Abstract
This paper presents the design, simulation, and experimental evaluation of a low-cost, fixed-step MPPT algorithm based on the incremental conductance technique for operation in a low-power photovoltaic (PV) system with a full-bridge DC-AC converter. The performance of the MPPT algorithm was improved by [...] Read more.
This paper presents the design, simulation, and experimental evaluation of a low-cost, fixed-step MPPT algorithm based on the incremental conductance technique for operation in a low-power photovoltaic (PV) system with a full-bridge DC-AC converter. The performance of the MPPT algorithm was improved by selecting an appropriate fixed perturbation step size and frequency, ensuring efficient power tracking. The implementation was further optimized by restructuring the conventional algorithm and adapting the DC-AC converter control parameters, which enhanced overall performance and optimized coupling for AC loads. The simulation was performed in Simulink/Matlab with a 560 Wp PV system and a resistive load, under variable irradiation conditions. The perturbation step size was set to 1%, and the perturbation frequency ranged between 2 Hz and 15 Hz, with the converter output at 60 Hz. Experimentally, it was validated at an irradiance of 1000 W/m2 and an ambient temperature of 45 °C. The algorithm achieved simulation efficiencies of up to 98.93% and an average experimental efficiency of 96.76%. The response time improved by 86% with a perturbation frequency of 15 Hz. This developed MPPT algorithm demonstrates its reliability, accuracy, and feasibility for implementation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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33 pages, 8195 KiB  
Article
Development of a Comprehensive Comparison Software for Automated Decision-Making in Impulse Testing of Power Transformers, Including a Review of Practices from Analog to Digital
by Welson Bassi
Energies 2025, 18(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010156 - 2 Jan 2025
Viewed by 7371
Abstract
Power transformers are fundamental components in electrical grids, requiring robust insulation to operate reliably under various abnormal conditions, including overvoltages caused by lightning or switching. As defined by existing standards, the Basic Insulation Level (BIL) or Switching Insulation Level (SIL) of a transformer [...] Read more.
Power transformers are fundamental components in electrical grids, requiring robust insulation to operate reliably under various abnormal conditions, including overvoltages caused by lightning or switching. As defined by existing standards, the Basic Insulation Level (BIL) or Switching Insulation Level (SIL) of a transformer validates its reliability through impulse testing. These tests presume linearity in the overall system and equipment being tested. They compare waveforms at reduced and full impulse levels to detect or enhance insulation failures. Traditionally, this relies on visual inspection due to subjective acceptance criteria. This article presents a historical background review of the practices involving the use of analogue instruments evolved into digital oscilloscopes and digitizers, and the ways in which they enhance waveform acquisition and analysis capabilities. Despite advances in digital processing, including analyses on the frequency domain rather than only on time, such as transfer function analysis and coherence functions, and other signal transformations, such as wavelet calculation, interpreting differences in waveform records remains subjective. This article presents the development of a tool designed to emulate traditional photographic methods for waveform comparison. Moreover, the TRIMP software used enables multiple comparisons using various similarity and dissimilarity metrics in both the time and frequency domains, providing a robust system for identifying significant differences. The developed methodology and implemented metrics can form the basis for future machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) applications. While digital tools offer significant advantages in impulse testing, improve reliability, reduce subjectivity, and provide robust decision-making metrics, their test approval remains based on visual comparisons due to consolidated engineering practices. Regardless of the metrics or indications obtained, the developed tool is a powerful graphic visualizer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 10375 KiB  
Article
A Space-Vector Analysis of the Twelve-Pulse Diode Bridge Rectifier Operation for the Auxiliary Circuit Current Determination Providing the Optimal Line Currents’ THD
by Jaroslaw Rolek and Grzegorz Utrata
Energies 2025, 18(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18010090 - 29 Dec 2024
Viewed by 504
Abstract
Three-phase diode bridge rectifiers are widely employed in various industrial applications because of their inherent simplicity, robustness, low electromagnetic interference and good overall performance. However, their use causes harmonic distortion in the electric power network line currents due to their nonlinear nature, which, [...] Read more.
Three-phase diode bridge rectifiers are widely employed in various industrial applications because of their inherent simplicity, robustness, low electromagnetic interference and good overall performance. However, their use causes harmonic distortion in the electric power network line currents due to their nonlinear nature, which, in turn, affects the electric power quality. The fundamental approach to limit the line currents’ total harmonic distortion (THD) introduced by the diode bridge rectification systems is based on increasing the number of steps in their waveform per power supply cycle and drawing them closer to the pure-sine waveforms. This can be achieved by employing the conventional twelve-pulse rectification system composed of two parallel connected six-pulse diode bridge rectifiers, in which the DC circuit is expanded on the auxiliary circuit responsible for adequately shaping the line currents’ waveforms per power supply cycle. When the auxiliary circuit is connected to the interphase reactor (IPR) additional (secondary) winding, the ability of the rectification system to reduce the line current THD depends mainly on the auxiliary circuit current waveform and its parameters. This paper provides a space vector analysis of the twelve-pulse diode bridge rectifier operation. It leads to devising a formula for the auxiliary circuit current related to the phase angle of the rectification system line currents’ space vector and the load current, which has been missing in the literature so far. The formula explicitly defines the auxiliary circuit current waveform that guarantees the optimal line currents’ THD for the twelve-pulse diode bridge rectifier which is expanded with the auxiliary circuit connected to the IPR secondary winding. The theoretical studies are validated through experimental investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 2565 KiB  
Article
Source-Load Collaborative Optimization Method Considering Core Production Constraints of Electrolytic Aluminum Load
by Yibo Jiang, Zhe Wang, Shiqi Bian, Siyang Liao and Huibin Lu
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6396; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246396 - 19 Dec 2024
Viewed by 441
Abstract
With the deep implementation of the national “dual carbon” strategy, the development of a new power system dominated by renewable energy has accelerated significantly. Electrolytic aluminum load, as an important energy-intensive industrial resource, possesses response flexibility, providing a critical pathway for the efficient [...] Read more.
With the deep implementation of the national “dual carbon” strategy, the development of a new power system dominated by renewable energy has accelerated significantly. Electrolytic aluminum load, as an important energy-intensive industrial resource, possesses response flexibility, providing a critical pathway for the efficient utilization of renewable energy. However, ensuring the safety of its production process during demand-side response remains a key challenge. This study systematically investigates the core production constraint of electrolytic aluminum load—electrolytic bath temperature—and its impacts on chemical reaction rates, current efficiency, and production equipment. A detailed coupling relationship between core production constraints and active power regulation is established. By quantifying the effects of temperature variation on the electrolytic aluminum production process, a demand-side response control cost model for electrolytic aluminum load is proposed. Additionally, a day-ahead scheduling model is developed with the objective of minimizing system operating costs while considering the participation of electrolytic aluminum load. Simulation results demonstrate that this method significantly reduces wind curtailment and load shedding while ensuring the safety of electrolytic aluminum production. It provides a novel approach for enhancing system economic efficiency, improving renewable energy utilization, and promoting the deep integration of power systems with industrial loads. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 8395 KiB  
Article
Low-Cost Hardware Analog and Digital Real-Time Circuit Simulators for Developing Power Electronics Control Circuits
by Krzysztof Sozański
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6359; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246359 - 17 Dec 2024
Viewed by 603
Abstract
The paper describes low-cost hardware-based analog and digital real-time circuit simulators for the development of power electronics control circuits. During the process of designing and developing digital control circuits for power electronics systems, preliminary verification of control algorithms is required. For this purpose, [...] Read more.
The paper describes low-cost hardware-based analog and digital real-time circuit simulators for the development of power electronics control circuits. During the process of designing and developing digital control circuits for power electronics systems, preliminary verification of control algorithms is required. For this purpose, software simulators such as Pspice, Psim, Matlab-Simulink, and many others are commonly used. Afterward, the developed control algorithm is implemented in the digital control system. For further verification of the implemented control algorithms, a hardware-based analog or digital simulator can be utilized. The paper presents the author’s proposed analog simulators. In the digital version of the simulator, TMS320F28388D microcontroller with 200 MHz clock was used. These simulators have demonstrated their usefulness in the development of power electronics systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 8380 KiB  
Article
Design and Analysis of a Low Torque Ripple Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Flywheel Energy Storage Systems
by Yubo Sun, Zhenghui Zhao and Qian Zhang
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6337; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246337 - 16 Dec 2024
Viewed by 579
Abstract
Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are technologies that use a rotating flywheel to store and release energy. Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are commonly used in FESS due to their high torque and power densities. One of the critical requirements for PMSMs in [...] Read more.
Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) are technologies that use a rotating flywheel to store and release energy. Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) are commonly used in FESS due to their high torque and power densities. One of the critical requirements for PMSMs in FESS is low torque ripple. Therefore, a PMSM with eccentric permanent magnets is proposed and analyzed in this article to reduce torque ripple. Cogging torque, a significant contributor to torque ripple, is investigated by a combination of finite element analysis and the analytical method. An integer-slot distribution winding structure is adopted to reduce vibration and noise. Moreover, the effects of eccentric permanent magnets and harmonic injection on the cogging torque are analyzed and compared. In addition, the electromagnetic performance is analyzed, and the torque ripple is found to be 3.1%. Finally, a prototype is built and tested, yielding a torque ripple of 3.9%, to verify the theoretical analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 2328 KiB  
Article
Substation Abnormal Scene Recognition Based on Two-Stage Contrastive Learning
by Shanfeng Liu, Haitao Su, Wandeng Mao, Miaomiao Li, Jun Zhang and Hua Bao
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6282; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246282 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 575
Abstract
Substations are an important part of the power system, and the classification of abnormal substation scenes needs to be comprehensive and reliable. The abnormal scenes include multiple workpieces such as the main transformer body, insulators, dials, box doors, etc. In this research field, [...] Read more.
Substations are an important part of the power system, and the classification of abnormal substation scenes needs to be comprehensive and reliable. The abnormal scenes include multiple workpieces such as the main transformer body, insulators, dials, box doors, etc. In this research field, the scarcity of abnormal scene data in substations poses a significant challenge. To address this, we propose a few-show learning algorithm based on two-stage contrastive learning. In the first stage of model training, global and local contrastive learning losses are introduced, and images are transformed through extensive data augmentation to build a pre-trained model. On the basis of the built pre-trained model, the model is fine-tuned based on the contrast and classification losses of image pairs to identify the abnormal scene of the substation. By collecting abnormal substation images in real scenes, we create a few-shot learning dataset for abnormal substation scenes. Experimental results on the dataset demonstrate that our proposed method outperforms State-of-the-Art few-shot learning algorithms in classification accuracy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 6609 KiB  
Article
Digital Twin System Framework and Implementation for Grid-Integrated Electric Vehicles
by Jeong-Un Yu, Kyu-Sang Cho, Sung-Won Park and Sung-Yong Son
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6249; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246249 - 11 Dec 2024
Viewed by 604
Abstract
Research on digital twins (DTs) in the power system field has mainly focused on implementing DTs for specific resources, while few studies on electric vehicle (EV)-based DT implementation have considered integration and interoperability between systems. This study introduces a DT-based EV system operation [...] Read more.
Research on digital twins (DTs) in the power system field has mainly focused on implementing DTs for specific resources, while few studies on electric vehicle (EV)-based DT implementation have considered integration and interoperability between systems. This study introduces a DT-based EV system operation framework to address the aforementioned research gap. The framework implements individual EVs, charging stations, and charging station operators (CPOs) as DTs, enabling integrated operation with the power grid. The DT-based EV agent supports independent decision-making on power service participation by considering location information, distance, charging amount, spare time, and incentives. In addition, the CPO can establish an optimal incentive strategy to induce EV users to participate in grid power services. The proposed DT systems map information between EVs, charging stations, and the grid, enabling analysis and verification of the impact of participants on charging station operation, grid stability, and economic efficiency in an independent environment. The effectiveness and usability of the proposed framework were verified through a case study on an incentive-based demand response program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 8307 KiB  
Article
An Online Estimation Method for the Equivalent Inertia Time Constant of Power Equipment Based on Node Power Flow Equations
by Zhenghui Zhao, Xianan Wang, Jinhui Sun, Yubo Sun, Qian Zhang and Yang Wang
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246214 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 517
Abstract
As renewable energy integration scales up, power systems increasingly depend on sources interfaced through power electronic converters, which lack rotating mass and substantially diminish system inertia. This reduction in inertia, coupled with the complex and diverse control strategies governing power electronics, presents significant [...] Read more.
As renewable energy integration scales up, power systems increasingly depend on sources interfaced through power electronic converters, which lack rotating mass and substantially diminish system inertia. This reduction in inertia, coupled with the complex and diverse control strategies governing power electronics, presents significant challenges in accurately assessing the equivalent inertia levels within modern power systems. This paper introduces an online method for estimating the inertia time constant of power nodes, grounded in the node power flow equation, to address these challenges. The approach begins by deriving the rotor motion equation for synchronous generators and defining the inertia time constant of power nodes through an analysis of the power flow equations. Real-time frequency and voltage phasor data are collected from system nodes using phasor measurement units. The frequency state of the power equipment is then characterized using a divider formula, and the equivalent reactance between the power equipment and the node is further derived through the node power flow equation. This enables the real-time estimation of the equivalent inertia time constant for power nodes within the system. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations on the WSCC9 system, confirming its applicability for real-time system analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 6579 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Power Extraction via Hybrid Pitching Motion in an Oscillating Wing Energy Harvester with Leading Flap
by Suleiman Saleh and Chang-Hyun Sohn
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6108; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236108 - 4 Dec 2024
Viewed by 490
Abstract
This study applied a hybrid pitching motion for an oscillating wing with a leading flap aimed at enhancing energy extraction efficiency. In the first half of the cycle, the hybrid pitching motion begins with a non-sinusoidal pitching motion for 0.0 ≤ t/T ≤ [...] Read more.
This study applied a hybrid pitching motion for an oscillating wing with a leading flap aimed at enhancing energy extraction efficiency. In the first half of the cycle, the hybrid pitching motion begins with a non-sinusoidal pitching motion for 0.0 ≤ t/T ≤ 0.25, transitioning to a sinusoidal pitching motion for 0.25 < t/T ≤ 0.50. The latter half of the motion mirrors the first one but moves toward the reverse direction. Hybrid motions combine the benefits of non-sinusoidal and sinusoidal pitching motions, enhancing the optimization of pitch angle variation. The findings show that hybrid motions for the wing fitted with an attached leading flap outperform both the single plate and the wing with an attached flap using sinusoidal pitching motion. The simulation was conducted with flap lengths ranging from 30% to 45% of the chord length and examined maximum pitching angles of the wing and the attached leading flap between 80° to 95° and 25° to 60°, respectively. By setting the pitch angles of the wing and leading flap to 85° and 45°, respectively, with the wing comprising 65% of the total length and the leading flap 35%, the proposed hybrid pitching motion with the leading flap generates a maximum power output of 1.276 that surpasses that of a sinusoidal pitching motion of 0.963 on an oscillating flat plate by 32.50%. This combination of hybrid pitching motion and a wing flap configuration is effective in improving the performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 1774 KiB  
Article
GOOSE Secure: A Comprehensive Dataset for In-Depth Analysis of GOOSE Spoofing Attacks in Digital Substations
by Oscar A. Tobar-Rosero, Omar A. Roa-Romero, Germán D. Rueda-Carvajal, Alexánder Leal-Piedrahita, Juan F. Botero-Vega, Sergio A. Gutierrez-Betancur, John W. Branch-Bedoya and Germán D. Zapata-Madrigal
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6098; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236098 - 4 Dec 2024
Viewed by 721
Abstract
Cybersecurity in Critical Infrastructures, especially Digital Substations, has garnered significant attention from both the industrial and academic sectors. A commonly adopted approach to support research in this area involves the use of datasets, which consist of network traffic samples gathered during the operation [...] Read more.
Cybersecurity in Critical Infrastructures, especially Digital Substations, has garnered significant attention from both the industrial and academic sectors. A commonly adopted approach to support research in this area involves the use of datasets, which consist of network traffic samples gathered during the operation of an infrastructure. However, creating such datasets from real-world electrical systems presents some challenges: (i) These datasets are often generated under controlled or idealized conditions, potentially overlooking the complexities of real-world operations within a digital substation; (ii) the captured data frequently contain sensitive information, making it difficult to share openly within the research community. This paper presents the creation of a new dataset aimed at advancing cybersecurity research, specifically focused on GOOSE spoofing attacks, given the crucial role of the GOOSE protocol in managing operational and control tasks within Digital Substations. The dataset highlights the real-world impacts of these attacks, demonstrating the execution of unintended operations under different operational scenarios, including both stable conditions and situations involving system failures. The data were collected from a laboratory testbed that replicates the actual functioning of a real digital substation with two bays. The experiments provided insights into key characteristics of GOOSE protocol traffic and the vulnerability of DS infrastructure to Spoofing Attacks. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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47 pages, 21655 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Selected Design Changes in a Wheel Hub Motor Electromagnetic Circuit on Motor Operating Parameters While Car Driving
by Piotr Dukalski and Roman Krok
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6091; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236091 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 644
Abstract
The drive system of an electric car must meet road requirements related to overcoming obstacles and driving dynamics depending on the class and purpose of the vehicle. The driving dynamics of modern cars as well as size and weight limitations mean that wheel [...] Read more.
The drive system of an electric car must meet road requirements related to overcoming obstacles and driving dynamics depending on the class and purpose of the vehicle. The driving dynamics of modern cars as well as size and weight limitations mean that wheel hub motors operate with relatively high current density and high power supply frequency, which may generate significant power losses in the windings and permanent magnets and increase their operating temperature. Designers of this type of motor often face the need to minimize the motor’s weight, as it constitutes the unsprung mass of the vehicle. Another limitation for motor designers is the motor dimensions, which are limited by the dimensions of the rim, the arrangement of suspension elements and the braking system. The article presents two directions in the design of wheel hub motors. The first one involves minimizing the length of the stator magnetic core, which allows for shortening of the axial dimension and mass of the motor but involves increasing the thermal load and the need for deeper de-excitation. The second one involves increasing the number of pairs of magnetic poles, which reduces the mass, increases the internal diameter of the motor and shortens the construction of the fronts, but is associated with an increase in the motor operating frequency and increased power losses. Additionally, increasing the number of pairs of magnetic poles is often associated with reducing the number of slots per pole and the phase for technological reasons, which in turn leads to a greater share of spatial harmonics of the magnetomotive force in the air gap and may lead to the generation of higher power losses and higher operating temperatures of permanent magnets. The analysis is based on a simulation of the motor operation, modeled on the basis of laboratory tests of the prototype, while the car is driving in various driving cycles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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37 pages, 7462 KiB  
Article
A Study on Electric Vehicle Footprint in South Africa
by Oluwafemi Emmanuel Oni and Omowunmi Mary Longe
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6086; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236086 - 3 Dec 2024
Viewed by 893
Abstract
There has been a progressive global increase in the usage of electric vehicles in this dispensation. This is mostly due to the need to decarbonise the transport sector and mitigate the concerns of climate change and depleting oil reserves of which South Africa [...] Read more.
There has been a progressive global increase in the usage of electric vehicles in this dispensation. This is mostly due to the need to decarbonise the transport sector and mitigate the concerns of climate change and depleting oil reserves of which South Africa is not an exception. In fact, South Africa is the country with the highest CO2 emissions in Africa and can reduce its carbon footprint by embracing green mobility. Compared to the internal combustion engine (ICE) market, the electric vehicle (EV) market in South Africa is still in its early stages, with limited local production and usage since its introduction to the country’s automotive sector in 2013. Therefore, in this study, the usage of EVs in South Africa, along with adoption rates and challenges were carried out to make a stronger case that would offer a better pathway for increased EV adoption in the country. It has been discovered that the slow adoption rate of EVs is due to factors such as EV procurement, ownership costs, vehicle parts, safety issues, battery technology, tax and import duties, load shedding, and availability of charging stations. This paper also provides insights into government policies, funding, and other efforts that can support EV adoption in the country through the analyses of primary and secondary data. The proposed strategies include the introduction of tax rebates on imported EVs, local production of EVs and their vehicle parts, retrofitting ICE vehicles to EVs, and science-informed strategies to transition from ICE to electric vehicles. Furthermore, more renewable energy grid integration and renewable energy-powered EV charging stations would also provide support for the energy required to power EVs even during load shedding. Preliminary findings from the survey also suggest that the local production of EV components and government-sponsored training programmes on various EV skills are crucial for increasing the adoption rate of EVs in the country. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 3138 KiB  
Article
Generalized Predictive Control with Added Zeros and Poles in Its Augmented Model for Power Electronics Applications
by Raymundo Cordero, Matheus Caramalac and Wisam Ali
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6037; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236037 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 760
Abstract
Generalized predictive control (GPC) became one of the most popular and useful control strategies for academic and industry applications. An augmented model is applied to predict the future plant responses. This augmented model can be designed to embed the model of the plant [...] Read more.
Generalized predictive control (GPC) became one of the most popular and useful control strategies for academic and industry applications. An augmented model is applied to predict the future plant responses. This augmented model can be designed to embed the model of the plant reference, allowing its tracking by the controller according to the internal model principle (IMP). On the other hand, the performance of many controllers can be improved by adding zeros and poles in their structures (e.g., lead and lag compensators). However, according to the authors’ research, adding arbitrary poles or zeros to the GPC augmented model has not been explored yet. This paper presents a simple methodology to add arbitrary zeros and poles in the GPC augmented model. A new augmented model state variable is defined. The control law of the proposed approach embeds zeros and poles when zero-pole cancellation is avoided. Simulation results (considering a LCL filter controlled by a single-phase inverter of 500 W and a polynomial reference tracking controller) and experimental tests (using a third-order linear plant controlled by a resonant controller) prove that the proposed approach improves the transient response of different kinds of predictive tracking controllers applied to control different plants (including power electronics applications), without affecting the steady-state tracking capabilities of the control systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 11433 KiB  
Article
The Impact of the Shunt Reactor(s) Location on Offshore Wind Farm Power Export System on Zero-Missing Phenomenon and Switching Overvoltages—The Case of a Polish Power System
by Piotr Rzepka, Mateusz Szablicki, Marcin Niedopytalski, Adrian Halinka, Daria Zychma and Michał Szewczyk
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5971; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235971 - 27 Nov 2024
Viewed by 661
Abstract
The observed development of offshore wind farms has resulted in an increasing presence of long extra-high voltage cables, with lengths ranging from 10 to 200 km. These cable lines are compensated for by a shunt reactor(s). The transient states that accompany switching operations, [...] Read more.
The observed development of offshore wind farms has resulted in an increasing presence of long extra-high voltage cables, with lengths ranging from 10 to 200 km. These cable lines are compensated for by a shunt reactor(s). The transient states that accompany switching operations, in this type of line, cause a number of challenges. There are slightly different and more dangerous phenomena than in classic uncompensated lines. One such phenomenon is the zero-missing phenomenon. The most effective methods for mitigating these phenomena are still under investigation and comparison to identify the optimal countermeasures. Applying a single minimization countermeasure often leads to avoiding one phenomenon (e.g., zero-missing phenomenon) while enhancing another (e.g., switching overvoltages). This can challenge designers, as they must consider the trade-offs between these competing objectives. The added value of this article is an analysis of the impact of the compensation level and its distribution (shunt reactor(s) location) in the offshore wind farm power export systems on zero-missing phenomenon and switching overvoltages. These analyses are supported by simulation cases mapping the case of the Polish power system. The results of the presented analysis are very important in light of a dynamic development of offshore wind farms and may be utilized by designers of power export systems, and can mitigate the significant risks occurring in such systems during energization cable lines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 447 KiB  
Article
Tensor-Based Predictor–Corrector Algorithm for Power Generation and Transmission Reliability Assessment with Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation
by Erika Pequeno dos Santos, Beatriz Silveira Buss, Mauro Augusto da Rosa and Diego Issicaba
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5967; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235967 - 27 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 608
Abstract
The reliability assesment of large power systems, particularly when considering both generation and transmission facilities, is a computationally demanding and complex problem. The sequential Monte Carlo simulation is arguably the most versatile approach for tackling this problem. However, assessing sampled states in the [...] Read more.
The reliability assesment of large power systems, particularly when considering both generation and transmission facilities, is a computationally demanding and complex problem. The sequential Monte Carlo simulation is arguably the most versatile approach for tackling this problem. However, assessing sampled states in the sequential Monte Carlo simulation is time-intensive, rendering its use less appealing, particularly if nonlinear network representation must be deployed. In this context, this paper introduces a tensor-based predictor–corrector approach to reduce the burden of state evaluations in power generation and transmission reliability assessments. The approach allows for searching for sequences of operation points which can be assigned as success states within the sequential Monte Carlo simulation. If required, failure states are evaluated using a cross-entropy optimization algorithm designed to minimize load curtailments taking into account discrete variables. Numerical results emphasize the applicability of the developed algorithms using a small test system and the IEEE-RTS79 test system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 10431 KiB  
Article
Testing the Automatic Voltage Regulators of Ship Synchronous Generators Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology
by Dariusz Tarnapowicz, Tymoteusz Zaleski, Zbigniew Matuszak, Marek Jaskiewicz and Seweryn Sawicki
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5963; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235963 - 27 Nov 2024
Viewed by 708
Abstract
In marine systems, autonomous power generation unit sets play an important (main) function, and the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is a part of the excitation system of a synchronous generator that is difficult to test, repair, and adjust by the Electro Technical Officer [...] Read more.
In marine systems, autonomous power generation unit sets play an important (main) function, and the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is a part of the excitation system of a synchronous generator that is difficult to test, repair, and adjust by the Electro Technical Officer (ETO) and marine automation services. Typically, testing of the AVR on ships is carried out on installed AVRs in an operating generator, which creates significant challenges. Under operating conditions, achieving various generator operating states is practically impossible. In this article, the authors present a solution that replaces traditional AVR testing by using Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) technology, allowing for full diagnostics. Testing the AVR in a loop allowed verification of its performance without a real generator, which is simulated in real time. The possibility of diagnosing the AVR under different standalone generator conditions (dynamic load changes and load character changes) was presented. Test scenarios were carried out in real time on a sample AVR from LXCOS V1.4.5.2 and the HiL simulator from Speedgoat. The solution proposed by the authors in the article enables effective diagnostics of the AVR with high practicality and low costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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18 pages, 729 KiB  
Article
Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering Strategies for Label Propagation in Partial Discharge Data Sets
by Ronaldo F. Zampolo, Frederico H. R. Lopes, Rodrigo M. S. de Oliveira, Martim F. Fernandes and Victor Dmitriev
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5936; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235936 - 26 Nov 2024
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Deep learning approaches have been successfully applied to perform automatic classification of phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) diagrams. Under the supervised learning paradigm, however, the performance of classifiers strongly depends on the availability of large and previously labeled data sets. Labeling is an intensive [...] Read more.
Deep learning approaches have been successfully applied to perform automatic classification of phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) diagrams. Under the supervised learning paradigm, however, the performance of classifiers strongly depends on the availability of large and previously labeled data sets. Labeling is an intensive and time-consuming labor, typically involving the manual annotation of a large number of data examples by an expert. In this work, we propose a label propagation algorithm applied to PRPD data sets, aiming to reduce the time necessary to manually label PRPDs. Our basic pipeline is composed of three phases: pre-processing, dimensionality reduction procedures, and clustering. Different configurations of the basic pipeline are tested by using PRPDs obtained from online measurements in hydrogenerators. The performance of each configuration is assessed by using the Silhouette, Caliński–Harabasz, and Davies–Bouldin scores. The clustering of the best three configurations is compared with annotated PRPDs by using the Fowlkes-Mallows index. Results suggest our strategy can substantially decrease the time for manual labeling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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29 pages, 9515 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Gas-Steam CHP Plants Without and with Heat Accumulator and HTGR Reactor
by Ryszard Bartnik, Anna Hnydiuk-Stefan and Zbigniew Buryn
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5702; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225702 - 14 Nov 2024
Viewed by 698
Abstract
This study analyzes the thermodynamic and economic viability of modified high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) gas-steam combined heat and power (CHP) systems compared to conventional CHP plants. The research addresses the critical need for efficient and sustainable energy production methods. Using comprehensive thermodynamic modeling [...] Read more.
This study analyzes the thermodynamic and economic viability of modified high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) gas-steam combined heat and power (CHP) systems compared to conventional CHP plants. The research addresses the critical need for efficient and sustainable energy production methods. Using comprehensive thermodynamic modeling and economic analysis, the study evaluates system performance under various operating conditions. Key findings reveal that modified CHP plants with HTGR and turboexpanders (TEs) demonstrate significantly higher efficiency and lower heat generation costs compared to conventional gas turbine (GT) CHP plants, despite higher initial capital investments. The modified systems achieve electricity generation efficiencies up to 48%, surpassing traditional nuclear power plants. The absence of CO2 emissions and lower fuel costs in HTGR systems contribute to their economic advantage. This research provides novel insights into the potential of HTGR technology in CHP applications, offering a promising solution for future energy systems. The study’s originality lies in its comprehensive comparison of conventional and modified CHP systems, considering both thermodynamic and economic aspects, which has not been extensively explored in existing literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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16 pages, 20540 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of an Infinite-Level Inverter Operation Powered by a DC–DC Converter in Open and Closed Loop
by Nataly Gabriela Valencia Pavón, Alexander Aguila Téllez, Javier Rojas Urbano, Víctor Taramuel Obando and Edwin Guanga
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5593; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225593 - 8 Nov 2024
Viewed by 621
Abstract
This paper evaluates the open- and closed-loop DC–DC converter operation within a DC coupling multilevel inverter architecture to obtain an infinite-level stepped sinusoidal voltage. Adding a cascade controller to the DC–DC converter should reduce the settling time and increase the number of levels [...] Read more.
This paper evaluates the open- and closed-loop DC–DC converter operation within a DC coupling multilevel inverter architecture to obtain an infinite-level stepped sinusoidal voltage. Adding a cascade controller to the DC–DC converter should reduce the settling time and increase the number of levels in the output voltage waveform; it could decrease the speed error and phase shift concerning the sinusoidal reference signal. The proposed methodology consists of implementing an experimental multilevel inverter with DC coupling through a single-phase bridge inverter energized from a BUCK converter. Trigger signals for the two converters are obtained from a control circuit based in an ATMEGA644P microcontroller to explore its capabilities in power electronics applications. A digital controller is also implemented to evaluate the operation of the BUCK converter in open and closed loop and observe its influence in the stepped sinusoidal output voltage. The evaluation is performed to energize a resistive load with common output voltage in multilevel inverters, i.e., 3, 5, 7, 11, and infinity levels. Results show that during the design stage, fast dynamic elements, like the storage capacitor, can be used to obtain a minimum THD because the settling time is sufficiently fast, the speed error remains small, and there is no need for a controller. A digital controller requires processing time, and although in theory it can reduce the settling time to a minimum, the processor introduces latency in the control signals generation, producing the opposite effect. Controller complexity of the digital controller must be considered because it increases processing time and influences the efficiency of the closed-loop operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 5813 KiB  
Article
Research on Voltage Prediction Using LSTM Neural Networks and Dynamic Voltage Restorers Based on Novel Sliding Mode Variable Structure Control
by Jian Xue, Jingran Ma, Xingyi Ma, Lei Zhang and Jing Bai
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5528; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225528 - 5 Nov 2024
Viewed by 672
Abstract
To address the issue of uncertainty in the occurrence time of voltage sags in power grids, which affects power quality, a voltage state prediction method based on LSTM neural networks is proposed for predicting voltage states. For the problem of quickly and accurately [...] Read more.
To address the issue of uncertainty in the occurrence time of voltage sags in power grids, which affects power quality, a voltage state prediction method based on LSTM neural networks is proposed for predicting voltage states. For the problem of quickly and accurately compensating for voltage sags, a DVR system based on a new approach law of sliding mode variable structure control is proposed, which significantly reduces chattering, improves response speed, and enhances the robustness of the system. The stability of the system is proven based on Lyapunov stability theory. Simulation experiments are conducted to analyze the voltage state prediction effect based on the LSTM neural network and the compensation effect of the novel reaching law of sliding mode variable structure control under different levels of voltage sag, validating the effectiveness and correctness of the proposed solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 784 KiB  
Article
Electricity Bill Savings from Reduced Household Energy Consumption in Apartment Complexes
by Young Mo Chung, Beom Jin Chung and Dong Sik Kim
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5488; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215488 - 2 Nov 2024
Viewed by 1233
Abstract
Apartments account for 64.6% of all housing units in the Republic of Korea, and most of them receive electricity under a contract, which includes a progressive rate plan. Recently, due to the electrification of energy used in homes and the growing adoption of [...] Read more.
Apartments account for 64.6% of all housing units in the Republic of Korea, and most of them receive electricity under a contract, which includes a progressive rate plan. Recently, due to the electrification of energy used in homes and the growing adoption of electric vehicles, electricity consumption in apartment complexes has been gradually increasing. Given the characteristics of the progressive rate system, an increase in electricity usage results in a significant higher rise in electricity bills. Thus, an effective alternative is required to reduce electricity bills for each household. In this paper, the savings in electricity bills achieved by reducing household electricity usage are analyzed from both apartment complex and individual household perspectives, using metering data from 13,332 households. When households are sorted by the amount of savings in descending order, the resulting values are found to follow a negative exponential curve. This indicates that the benefits from reducing electricity usage in households with higher saving are significantly larger compared to other ones. We analyzed bill savings when electricity usage reductions were selectively applied to the top 10%, 20%, and 30% of households with the largest savings. From the results, it is found that the largest savings in electricity bills for households are achieved when usage reductions are applied to the top 10% of households. It is expected that this amount of savings would encourage these households to reduce their electricity consumption. Additionally, it is found that the savings for apartment complexes and the total savings for selected households are not the same, resulting in changes in the bills for households that do not reduce their usage. From the results, it was observed that when the usage reduction of selected households is small or the proportion of households reducing usage is low, the common area charges for non-reducing households tend to increase, leading to higher electricity bills. On the contrary, when the usage reduction of selected households is large or the proportion of households reducing usage is high, the common area charges for non-reducing households tend to decrease, resulting in lower electricity bills. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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17 pages, 1709 KiB  
Article
Point of Common Connection Voltage Modulated Direct Power Control with Disturbance Observer to Increase in Renewable Energy Acceptance in Power System
by Yong Woo Jeong and Woo Young Choi
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5319; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215319 - 25 Oct 2024
Viewed by 720
Abstract
In this paper, we present a disturbance observer-based point of common connection voltage-modulated direct power control (PCCVM-DPC) system, which increases the robustness of the PCCVM-DPC system. First, the mathematical analysis of the disturbances for the step-up transformer’s nonlinearity, the grid voltage harmonics, and [...] Read more.
In this paper, we present a disturbance observer-based point of common connection voltage-modulated direct power control (PCCVM-DPC) system, which increases the robustness of the PCCVM-DPC system. First, the mathematical analysis of the disturbances for the step-up transformer’s nonlinearity, the grid voltage harmonics, and the parameter uncertainties is presented. By analyzing the disturbance terms of the PCCVM-DPC system, we present the disturbance observer (DOB) for the PCCVM-DPC system. To assess the efficacy of our approach, we perform comparative studies of the PCCVM-DPC without DOB and PCCVM-DPC with DOB by constructing the simulation environment based on the commercial step-up transformer and ESS inverter datasheet. We have validated that the active and reactive power control performance of the PCCVM-DPC with DOB outperforms the PCCVM-DPC without DOB from the observation that the current total harmonic distortion reduced by more than 40% compared to the PCCVM-DPC without the DOB. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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26 pages, 5739 KiB  
Article
Active Battery Voltage Equalization Based on Chain-Loop Comparison Strategy
by Kuo-Ing Hwu, Yuan-Hua Lin and Jenn-Jong Shieh
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5156; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205156 - 16 Oct 2024
Viewed by 950
Abstract
This paper describes active battery balancing based on a bidirectional buck converter, a flyback converter, and battery cells by using the proposed chain-loop comparison strategy. The role of the bidirectional buck converter is to charge/discharge the battery pack. During the charging period, the [...] Read more.
This paper describes active battery balancing based on a bidirectional buck converter, a flyback converter, and battery cells by using the proposed chain-loop comparison strategy. The role of the bidirectional buck converter is to charge/discharge the battery pack. During the charging period, the converter is in buck mode, and its output is controlled by constant current/voltage; during the discharging period, the converter is in boost mode, and its output is controlled by constant voltage. The role of the flyback converter is voltage equalization of the battery pack, and its output is controlled by constant current. A chain-loop comparison strategy is used to control battery voltage equalization. In this work, three equalization modes, namely, charging balance, discharging balance, and static balance, were considered. The voltage difference between the maximum and minimum is 0.007 V after a balancing time of 19.75 min, 0.005 V after a balancing time of 24 min, and 0.007 V after a balancing time of 20 min for charging balance, discharging balance, and static balance, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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15 pages, 4630 KiB  
Article
Loss and Thermal Analysis of a High-Power-Density Permanent Magnet Starter/Generator
by Xiaojun Ren, Zhikai Chen, Rui Du and Ming Feng
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5049; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205049 - 11 Oct 2024
Viewed by 962
Abstract
Reducing heat and improving the overall operation stability of the motor play a key role in the design of a starting engine. This paper focuses on the loss and thermal analysis of a permanent magnet (PM) brushless machine used in starter generators. The [...] Read more.
Reducing heat and improving the overall operation stability of the motor play a key role in the design of a starting engine. This paper focuses on the loss and thermal analysis of a permanent magnet (PM) brushless machine used in starter generators. The loss of the starter generator was calculated through a combination of theoretical analysis and the finite element method. A thermal analysis model was established based on the division of the fluid domain, boundary grid, heat source setting, and so on. The temperature fields of the whole motor and the main components were calculated and analyzed. The main factors affecting the air cooling effect were analyzed, including air flow rate, air temperature, and motor speed. A prototype experimental platform of the SG motor was built. The efficiency and temperature rise in the motor were tested. The temperature values were compared with the calculated values. The experimental results show that the performance of the motor is excellent, and the error between the temperature and the design calculation is less than 10% under each load torque. The accuracy of the thermal analysis method is verified. The correctness of the motor transient model was also confirmed through a temperature rise experiment under rated conditions, providing a research basis for improving operation efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 3409 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Optimal SASS (Sparsity-Assisted Signal Smoothing) and Linear Time-Invariant Filtering Techniques Dedicated to 200 MW Generating Unit Signal Denoising
by Marian Łukaniszyn, Michał Lewandowski and Łukasz Majka
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4976; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194976 - 4 Oct 2024
Viewed by 909
Abstract
Performing reliable calculations of power system dynamics requires accurate models of generating units. To be able to determine the parameters of the models with the required precision, a well-defined testing procedure is used to record various unit transient signals. Unfortunately, the recorded signals [...] Read more.
Performing reliable calculations of power system dynamics requires accurate models of generating units. To be able to determine the parameters of the models with the required precision, a well-defined testing procedure is used to record various unit transient signals. Unfortunately, the recorded signals usually contain discontinuities, which complicates the removal of the existing harmonic interferences and noise. A set of four transient signals recorded during typical disturbance tests of a 200 MW power-generating unit was used as both training and research material for the signal denoising/interference removal methods compared in the paper. A systematic analysis of the measured transient signals was conducted, leading to the creation of a coherent mathematical model of the signals. Next, a method for denoising power-generating unit transient signals is proposed. The method is based on Sparsity-Assisted Signal Smoothing (SASS) combined with optimization algorithms (simulated annealing and Nelder-Mead simplex) and is called an optimal SASS method. The proposed optimal SASS method is compared to its direct Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) competitors, such as low-pass and notch filters. The LTI methods are based on the same filter types (Butterworth filters) and zero-phase filtering principle as the SASS method. A set of specially generated test signals (based on a developed mathematical model of the signals) is used for the performance evaluation of all presented filtering methods. Finally, it is concluded that—for the considered class of signals—the optimal SASS method might be a valuable noise removal technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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22 pages, 2716 KiB  
Article
Intelligent Identification Method of Low Voltage AC Series Arc Fault Based on Using Residual Model and Rime Optimization Algorithm
by Xiao He, Takahiro Kawaguchi and Seiji Hashimoto
Energies 2024, 17(18), 4675; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184675 - 20 Sep 2024
Viewed by 881
Abstract
Aiming at the problem of accurate AC series arc fault detection, this paper proposes a low voltage AC series arc fault intelligent detection model based on deep learning. According to the GB/T 31143—2014 standard, an experimental platform was established. This system comprises a [...] Read more.
Aiming at the problem of accurate AC series arc fault detection, this paper proposes a low voltage AC series arc fault intelligent detection model based on deep learning. According to the GB/T 31143—2014 standard, an experimental platform was established. This system comprises a lower computer (slave computer) and an upper computer (master computer). It facilitates the acquisition of experimental data and the detection of arc faults during the data acquisition process. Based on a one-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Residual model (Res) and RIME optimization algorithm (RIME) are introduced to optimize the CNN. The current signals collected using high-frequency current, low-frequency coupled current, and high-frequency coupled current are used to construct an arc fault feature set for training of the necessary detection model. The experimental results indicate that the RIME optimization algorithm delivers the best performance when optimizing a one-dimensional CNN detection model with an introduced Res. This model achieves a detection accuracy of 99.42% ± 0.13% and a kappa coefficient of 95.69% ± 0.96%. For collection methods, high-frequency coupled current signals are identified as the optimal choice for detecting low-voltage AC series arc faults. Regarding feature selection, random forest-based feature importance ranking proves to be the most effective method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 6160 KiB  
Article
Study on the Evolutionary Process and Balancing Mechanism of Net Load in Renewable Energy Power Systems
by Sile Hu, Jiaqiang Yang, Yu Guo, Yue Bi and Jianan Nan
Energies 2024, 17(18), 4654; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184654 - 18 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1019
Abstract
With the rapid development of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, the net load characteristics of power systems have undergone fundamental changes. This paper defines quantitative analysis indicators for net load characteristics and examines how these characteristics evolve as the proportion [...] Read more.
With the rapid development of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar, the net load characteristics of power systems have undergone fundamental changes. This paper defines quantitative analysis indicators for net load characteristics and examines how these characteristics evolve as the proportion of wind and solar energy increases. By identifying inflection points in the system’s adjustment capabilities, we categorize power systems into low, medium, and high renewable energy penetration. We then establish adjustment models that incorporate traditional coal power, hydropower, natural gas generation, adjustable loads, system interconnections, pumped-storage hydroelectricity, and new energy storage technologies. A genetic algorithm is employed to optimize and balance the net load curves under varying renewable energy proportions, analyzing the mechanism behind net load balance. A case study, based on real operational data from 2023 for a provincial power grid in western China, which is rich in renewable resources, conducts a quantitative analysis of the system’s adjustment capability inflection point and net load balancing strategies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively captures the evolution of the system’s net load and reveals the mechanisms of net load balancing under different renewable energy penetration levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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14 pages, 3628 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Arc Characteristics in a Nozzle with C4F7N/CO2 Mixtures
by Wen Wang, Xianglian Yan, Xiaolong Li, Dongyu Guo and Zhenxin Geng
Energies 2024, 17(18), 4593; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184593 - 13 Sep 2024
Viewed by 683
Abstract
C4F7N is considered the most promising alternative to SF6 due to its higher liquefaction temperature, and it is generally mixed with buffering gases such as CO2 in engineering applications. This paper establishes a two-dimensional axisymmetric nozzle arc [...] Read more.
C4F7N is considered the most promising alternative to SF6 due to its higher liquefaction temperature, and it is generally mixed with buffering gases such as CO2 in engineering applications. This paper establishes a two-dimensional axisymmetric nozzle arc model based on magnetohydrodynamics, calculating the nozzle arc for air, SF6, and C4F7N/CO2 mixtures. The simulation model’s accuracy is validated by comparing the calculation results for air with experimental data. This study focuses on comparing and analysing the temperature distribution, arc voltage, and energy balance characteristics of the nozzle arcs for SF6 and C4F7N/CO2 mixtures. By comparing the physical properties of the two gases, the differences in their arc characteristics are explained. Finally, the influence of different C4F7N concentrations on the arc characteristics of the mixed gas is compared. The results show that the arc voltage of the C4F7N/CO2 mixtures is higher than that of the other two gases and increases asymptotically with the decrease in current. Among the three gases, the main form of arc energy dissipation is axial thermal convection, and both radial heat transfer and axial thermal convection are more significant in the C4F7N/CO2 mixtures, resulting in the lowest arc temperature, which is more conducive to arc extinguishing. This study provides an in-depth explanation of the differences in arc morphology and temperature between SF6 and C4F7N mixed gases by comparing their ρCp and ρh. The findings offer theoretical support for the design and optimisation of new environmentally friendly circuit breakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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13 pages, 4189 KiB  
Article
Electromagnetic and Mechanical Stress Analysis of a 5 MW High-Pole Non-Overlap Winding Wound-Rotor Synchronous Wind Generator
by Karen S. Garner and Udochukwu B. Akuru
Energies 2024, 17(18), 4585; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17184585 - 12 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1103
Abstract
Utilizing non-overlap windings has emerged as a favourable choice for minimizing electrical machine manufacturing costs, among other benefits. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that these windings exhibit a notable level of harmonic contents in the resultant magnetomotive force, which can detrimentally impact machine [...] Read more.
Utilizing non-overlap windings has emerged as a favourable choice for minimizing electrical machine manufacturing costs, among other benefits. Nevertheless, it is widely acknowledged that these windings exhibit a notable level of harmonic contents in the resultant magnetomotive force, which can detrimentally impact machine performance, particularly in terms of torque ripple. In the context of wind energy conversion, maintaining low torque ripple is an essential and demanding prerequisite. Medium-speed wind generators present a good trade-off between high energy yield and low gearbox ratios. So far, medium-speed non-overlap winding wound-rotor synchronous generator (WRSG) technologies have been limited to 10/12 and the less common 16/18 pole/slot combinations. In this study, the analysis of a high-pole number combination (24/27 pole/slots) non-overlap WRSG is carried out to theoretically and comparatively predict the electromagnetic and radial force mechanical stress performance analysis with the 16/18 machine with a phase-shifted non-overlap winding (PSW), at 5 MW power level. The study, which is founded on the finite element analysis (FEA) technique, shows that the 24/27 machine exhibits comparable average torque and torque ripple, lower core losses and significantly reduced radial forces compared to the 16/18 PSW-WRSG. However, the 16/18 PSW-WRSG has a 50% reduction in the radial forces compared to the conventional 16/18 non-overlap winding. Experimental vibration analysis of a 3 kW 16/18 WRSG test machine confirms the radial force and vibration reduction in the phase-shifted winding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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12 pages, 2440 KiB  
Article
Effect of the Arc Extinguishing and Insulation Properties of C4F7N/CO2 Mixtures with Oxygen Addition: Experimental Investigations and Comparative Analysis
by Dongyu Guo, Xiaolong Li, Wen Wang and Zhenxin Geng
Energies 2024, 17(17), 4202; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174202 - 23 Aug 2024
Viewed by 782
Abstract
The C4F7N/CO2 mixture is considered one of the most promising alternatives to sulfur SF6. Recent studies have shown that the addition of O2 to the C4F7N/CO2 mixture can suppress carbon [...] Read more.
The C4F7N/CO2 mixture is considered one of the most promising alternatives to sulfur SF6. Recent studies have shown that the addition of O2 to the C4F7N/CO2 mixture can suppress carbon precipitation following electric arc discharges. This paper conducts arc-burning experimental research on SF6, 10%C4F7N/90%CO2, and 10%C4F7N/85%CO2/5%O2 mixtures. Measurements were taken of the arc voltage and arc current under a 10 kA breaking current for these three gases. Additionally, the pressure at the nozzle throat during arc and cold flow conditions, as well as the pressure in the storage chamber, were measured. The post-arc current and Rate of Rise of Recovery Voltage (RRRV) for the three gases were calculated. The study also compared the solid precipitates in the gas medium after multiple arc-burning experiments. The results indicate that adding O2 to the C4F7N/CO2 mixture can increase the pressure at the nozzle throat during the arc phase, and the inclusion of O2 has minimal impact on the peak arc-extinguishing voltage and critical RRRV. It is hypothesized that a small amount of oxygen has a negligible effect on the thermal recovery properties of the C4F7N/CO2 mixture, while also inhibiting the precipitation of carbon following electric arc discharges. This research could provide a reference for developing and optimizing eco-friendly high-voltage circuit breakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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Review

Jump to: Research

32 pages, 5801 KiB  
Review
Review on Development and Research of Underwater Capacitive Power Transfer
by Ying Liu, Binghe Li, Liangyi Pan, Shunyu Yao, Zhutao Dong, Jiantao Zhang, Chunbo Zhu and Shumei Cui
Energies 2024, 17(24), 6496; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17246496 - 23 Dec 2024
Viewed by 515
Abstract
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to underwater environments has the advantages of no electrical contact, high safety, and high applicability. Underwater capacitive power transfer (UCPT) technology shows great potential in the field of underwater wireless power transfer as it has more advantages [...] Read more.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology applied to underwater environments has the advantages of no electrical contact, high safety, and high applicability. Underwater capacitive power transfer (UCPT) technology shows great potential in the field of underwater wireless power transfer as it has more advantages compared to underwater inductive power transfer (UIPT) technology. This paper begins with the system principles of UCPT and explains the advantages of UCPT technology for underwater applications. It then reviews the coupler and equivalent circuit models currently used for UCPT in various underwater environments, which indicates the direction for the design of underwater couplers in the future. In addition, compensation networks currently applied in UCPT systems are summarized and compared. Furthermore, different application examples of UCPT are introduced, and the key factors constraining UCPT development are pointed out. Research directions for future development of UCPT technology are also investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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35 pages, 15787 KiB  
Review
Recent Developments and Trends in High-Performance PMSM for Aeronautical Applications
by Chendong Liao, Nicola Bianchi and Zhuoran Zhang
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6199; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236199 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 889
Abstract
Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) have been widely used in various applications such as robotics, electric vehicles, and aerospace due to their fast dynamic response, high-power/torque density, and high efficiency. These features make them attractive candidates for aeronautical applications, where the weight and [...] Read more.
Permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSMs) have been widely used in various applications such as robotics, electric vehicles, and aerospace due to their fast dynamic response, high-power/torque density, and high efficiency. These features make them attractive candidates for aeronautical applications, where the weight and volume of onboard systems are critically important. This paper aims to provide an overview of recent developments in PMSMs. Key design considerations for aeronautical PMSMs across different applications are highlighted based on the analysis of industrial cases and research literature. Additionally, emerging techniques that are vital in enhancing the performance of aeronautical PMSMs are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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26 pages, 6200 KiB  
Review
Review of the Coupled System of Solar and Air Source Heat Pump
by Xin Meng, Xin Zhou and Zhenyu Li
Energies 2024, 17(23), 6045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236045 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1055
Abstract
The coupled operation of solar energy and air source heat pump (ASHP) can effectively solve the intermittent problem of solar energy systems running alone and the problem of performance degradation of ASHP systems running alone in winter. The coupled system of solar energy [...] Read more.
The coupled operation of solar energy and air source heat pump (ASHP) can effectively solve the intermittent problem of solar energy systems running alone and the problem of performance degradation of ASHP systems running alone in winter. The coupled system of solar energy and ASHP can be divided into direct expansion type and indirect expansion type according to the structure form, and the indirect expansion type can be divided into series type, parallel type, and hybrid type. Various architectural forms of the solar-air source heat pump coupled system (S–ASHP) have achieved enhanced energy efficiency by means of a series of strategies, including the optimization of collectors, the refinement of evaporator structures, and the regulation of the temperature within hot water storage tanks. Choosing the appropriate architecture needs to comprehensively consider factors such as the external environment and load demand. In this paper, a variety of S–ASHP are summarized in order to provide some guidance for the future application of S–ASHP systems in the field of heating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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19 pages, 1903 KiB  
Review
A Survey on the Sustainability of Traditional and Emerging Materials for Next-Generation EV Motors
by Francesco Lucchini, Riccardo Torchio and Nicola Bianchi
Energies 2024, 17(23), 5861; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235861 - 22 Nov 2024
Viewed by 875
Abstract
The transportation sector is experiencing a profound shift, driven by the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). As electric vehicle (EV) adoption accelerates, the sustainability of the materials used in their production, particularly in electric [...] Read more.
The transportation sector is experiencing a profound shift, driven by the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs). As electric vehicle (EV) adoption accelerates, the sustainability of the materials used in their production, particularly in electric motors, is becoming a critical focus. This paper examines the sustainability of both traditional and emerging materials used in EV traction motors, with an emphasis on permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs), which remain the dominant technology in the industry. Key challenges include the environmental and supply-chain concerns associated with rare earth elements (REEs) used in permanent magnets, as well as the sustainability of copper windings. Automakers are exploring alternatives such as REE-free permanent magnets, soft magnetic composites (SMCs) for reduced losses in the core, and carbon nanotube (CNT) windings for superior electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. The topic of materials for EV traction motors is discussed in the literature; however, the focus on environmental, social, and economic sustainability is often lacking. This paper fills the gap by connecting the technological aspects with sustainability considerations, offering insights into the future configuration of EV motors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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20 pages, 333 KiB  
Review
Fault Diagnosis in Electrical Machines for Traction Applications: Current Trends and Challenges
by Marco Pastura and Mauro Zigliotto
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5440; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215440 - 31 Oct 2024
Viewed by 850
Abstract
The widespread diffusion of electric vehicles poses new challenges in the field of fault diagnostics. Past studies have been focused mainly on machines designed for industrial applications, where the operating conditions and requirements are significantly different. This work presents a review of the [...] Read more.
The widespread diffusion of electric vehicles poses new challenges in the field of fault diagnostics. Past studies have been focused mainly on machines designed for industrial applications, where the operating conditions and requirements are significantly different. This work presents a review of the most recent studies about fault diagnosis techniques in electrical machines feasible for traction applications, with a focus on the most adopted approaches of the last years and on the latest trends. Considerations about their applicability for electric vehicle purposes, along with some areas that require further research, are also provided. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy, Electrical and Power Engineering: 3rd Edition)
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