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Prospects of Deep and Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas Exploration and Development

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "H: Geo-Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 15 March 2025 | Viewed by 4445

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ping Gao

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: sedimentation and diagenesis of fine-grained sediments; deep shale gas; organic petrology; petroleum geochemistry; sedimentary geochemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiujian Ding

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao 266580, China
Interests: hydrocarbon accumulation; formation mechanism of high-quality source rocks; deep oil; clastic reservoirs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zezhang Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Geosciences, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
Interests: deep hydrocarbon accumulation; tight oil anf gas evaluation; carbonate reservoirs

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Abundant oil and gas resources have been found in China’s deep basins, including Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Sichuan Basin, Ordos Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, and other basins. Recently, major breakthroughs have been made in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs, including conventional carbonate and clastic reservoirs, as well as unconventional shale reservoirs. A series of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas fields (e.g., Anyue gas field, Puguang gas filed, Tazhong oil field, Weirong deep shale gas field, Qijiang deep shale gas field, etc.) has also been discovered, demonstrating the huge potential of deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration and development. Hydrocarbon generation–retention–expulsion, hydrocarbon stability, reservoir formation, and organic–inorganic interaction in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs are becoming new hot research topics, and a series of achievements have been made in recent years. We therefore call for submissions to be included as part of this Special Issue which covers the new advances in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration and development. Novel original research articles and reviews are all welcomed. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  1. New methods and technologies to characterize organic and mineralogical properties of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs;
  2. The formation and distribution of high-quality source rocks in deep basins;
  3. The diagenesis, porosity formation, and evolution mechanism of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs;
  4. Organic–inorganic interactions in deep and ultra-deep reservoirs;
  5. Case studies of deep and ultra-deep commercial oil and gas accumulations.

Dr. Ping Gao
Dr. Xiujian Ding
Dr. Zezhang Song
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • deep-ultra-deep basin
  • deep oil and gas
  • shale gas
  • diagenesis
  • porosity.

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 44187 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Variation in Mature Source Rocks Linked to the Generation of Various Hydrocarbons in the Fuxin Basin, Northeast China
by Xin Su, Jianliang Jia and Xiaoming Wang
Energies 2024, 17(22), 5654; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17225654 - 12 Nov 2024
Viewed by 358
Abstract
The assessment of highly mature source rocks linked to hydrocarbon generation remains a challenge in oil and gas exploration. However, substantial terrigenous influences and thermal variations have complicated the formation and evolution of source rocks. This study presents an integrated assessment of highly [...] Read more.
The assessment of highly mature source rocks linked to hydrocarbon generation remains a challenge in oil and gas exploration. However, substantial terrigenous influences and thermal variations have complicated the formation and evolution of source rocks. This study presents an integrated assessment of highly mature source rocks in the Fuxin Basin, based on sedimentological, geochemical, and organic petrological analyses. Two types of oil- and coal-bearing source rocks were deposited in the semi-deep lake and shore–shallow lake facies during the Jiufotang and Shahai periods. The development of source rocks migrated eastward alongside the lacustrine depocenter, influenced by basin evolution related to extensional detachment tectonism. Furthermore, a gradual increase in thermal records was detected from the western to eastern basins. Consequently, thermal decomposition of source rocks in the Jiufotang formation reduced the organic matter (OM) abundance in the central and eastern basins. Meanwhile, OM types of source rocks range from kerogen type-II1/-I to type-II2/-III, with intense hydrogen generation observed from the western to eastern basins. Consequently, the quality and hydrocarbon accumulation of source rocks are influenced by sedimentation and thermal maturity variation. The spatiotemporal variation in mature source rocks enhances the potential for exploring conventional petroleum, coalbed methane, and shale gas across different strata and locations. Our findings illustrate the significance of the sedimentary and thermal effects in characterizing the evolution of highly mature source rocks, which is relevant to determine oil and gas exploration in similar geological settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects of Deep and Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas Exploration and Development)
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15 pages, 5873 KiB  
Article
Influence of Gas Washing and Oil Mixing on the Phase Behavior and Physical Properties of Cambrian Light Oils in the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin
by Chengsheng Chen, Yifeng Wang, Zhihua He, Jian Li and Yunpeng Wang
Energies 2024, 17(21), 5494; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215494 - 3 Nov 2024
Viewed by 613
Abstract
Gas washing and oil mixing have been widely studied in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, but their effects on Cambrian subsaltic dolomite reservoirs have not yet been adequately explored. In this study, the influence of gas washing and oil mixing on [...] Read more.
Gas washing and oil mixing have been widely studied in the Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin, but their effects on Cambrian subsaltic dolomite reservoirs have not yet been adequately explored. In this study, the influence of gas washing and oil mixing on light oils from these reservoirs was investigated. Using n-alkane mass depletion (Q value) analysis, light oils from wells ZS1 and ZS5 were analyzed to quantify the intensity of gas washing and to identify possible oil mixing in the Cambrian Awataga (Є2a) and Wusongar (Є1w) reservoirs. Unaltered light oil was recovered and models of phase behavior were constructed by PVT simulation and basin modeling to compare with altered light oils. The results show that the light oil in well ZS1 experienced medium-strength gas washing (Q value = 40.88%), while the gas washing in well ZS5 was weaker (Q value < 40.88%), providing evidence of oil mixing. Despite these changes, the light oils in the Cambrian reservoirs maintained a single liquid-phase state over geologic time without transitioning to condensate or gas phases. These results improve the understanding of gas washing in the Tazhong area and show that it has significantly altered the Cambrian reservoirs and affected the preservation of hydrocarbons after oil accumulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects of Deep and Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas Exploration and Development)
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22 pages, 29407 KiB  
Article
Impacts of Pore Structure on the Occurrence of Free Oil in Lacustrine Shale Pore Networks
by Fuliang You, Guangdi Liu, Mingliang Sun, Cheng An, Chaozheng Li and Yishu Li
Energies 2023, 16(20), 7205; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16207205 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1373
Abstract
The ultimate recovery of shale oil is mostly dependent upon the occurrence and content of free oil within the nano-scaled pore network of shale reservoirs. Due to the nanoporous nature of shale, quantitatively characterizing the occurrence and content of free oil in shale [...] Read more.
The ultimate recovery of shale oil is mostly dependent upon the occurrence and content of free oil within the nano-scaled pore network of shale reservoirs. Due to the nanoporous nature of shale, quantitatively characterizing the occurrence and content of free oil in shale is a formidable undertaking. To tackle this challenge, 12 lacustrine shale samples with diverse organic matter content from the Chang7 Member in the southern Ordos Basin were selected, and the characteristics of free oil occurrence were indirectly characterized by comparing changes in pore structure before and after organic solvent extraction. The free oil enrichment in shale was assessed using the oil saturation index (OSI), corrected oil saturation index (OSIcorr), and percentage of saturated hydrocarbons. The results revealed that slit-like interparticle pores with diameters less than 30 nm are dominant in the Chang7 shale. Conceptual models for the pore structures containing free oil were established for shale with total organic carbon (TOC) content less than 9% and greater than 9%, respectively. Shale samples with TOC content less than 9% exhibit a well-developed pore network characterized by relatively larger pore volume, surface area, and heterogeneity. Conversely, shale samples with TOC content exceeding 9% display a less developed pore network characterized by relatively smaller pore volume, surface area, and heterogeneity. Larger pore volume and lower organic matter abundance favor the enrichment of free oil within the lacustrine shale pore network. This study may have significant implications for understanding oil transport in shales. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects of Deep and Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas Exploration and Development)
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14 pages, 4196 KiB  
Article
Pore Types and Characteristics of Ultra-Deep Shale of the Lower Paleozoic Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations in the Eastern Sichuan Basin
by Ruolong Chi, Ping Gao, Yidong Cai, Ruobing Liu, Jinghan Du and Qin Zhou
Energies 2023, 16(17), 6102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16176102 - 22 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1059
Abstract
Recently, shale gas exploration of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations (WF-LMX) in the Sichuan Basin has gradually stepped into deep to ultra-deep layers, but the pore types and characteristics of ultra-deep shale still remain unclear. In this study, the WF-LMX ultra-deep organic-rich shale samples in [...] Read more.
Recently, shale gas exploration of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations (WF-LMX) in the Sichuan Basin has gradually stepped into deep to ultra-deep layers, but the pore types and characteristics of ultra-deep shale still remain unclear. In this study, the WF-LMX ultra-deep organic-rich shale samples in the Eastern Sichuan Basin were collected, and the types and development characteristics of shale pores were investigated by using high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results showed that the pores of the WF-LMX ultra-deep shale reservoirs mainly included organic pores, mineral matrix pores (interparticle pores and intraparticle pores), and micro-fractures, which were dominated by organic pores, displaying oval, slit, and irregular shapes and a diameter of mainly 5–45 nm. Organic pores were poorly developed in primary organic matter (e.g., graptolite and radiolarian), while they were well developed in solid bitumen, being the most important nanopore type in shale. The pore development of ultra-deep shale was mainly controlled by the contents of organic matter and brittle minerals. Higher contents of organic matter and quartz are conducive to the development and preservation of organic pores, which are also favorable for ultra-deep shale gas exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prospects of Deep and Ultra-Deep Oil and Gas Exploration and Development)
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