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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B: Energy and Environment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (13 February 2023) | Viewed by 28896

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Prof. Dr. Enbin Liu

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Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University China, Chengdu 610500, China
Interests: simulation and optimization of oil and gas pipeline network; multiphase flow of oil and gas pipeline; computational fluid dynamics

Prof. Dr. Shanbi Peng

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School of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China
Interests: pipeline integrity management; natural gas load forecast
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hongfang Lu

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China-Pakistan Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Smart Disaster Prevention of Major Infrastructures, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
Interests: pipeline health monitoring; pipeline trenchless repair; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Chengyong Li

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Guest Editor

College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
Interests: theory and application of seepage in complex reservoirs

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

At present, there are problems such as inefficiency and environmental pollution in the process of energy production and utilization, and new technical methods urgently need to be developed. With the development of new technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and GIS, it is possible to carry out technological innovations for sustained economic energy production and utilization and to reduce the impact on the environment. To this end, this topic focuses on the following research content:

Modeling and analysis in energy production and utilization;
Environmental impact of energy production;
Optimization and simulation in energy utilization;
Economic analysis in energy utilization;
Construction and application of big data ecosystems in the energy industry;
Machine learning theory and its application in energy production;
Digital energy systems;
GIS and its application in energy fields;
Design and architecture of intelligent energy systems;
Digital twin technology in energy utilization.

Prof. Dr. Enbin Liu
Prof. Shanbi Peng
Prof. Dr. Hongfang Lu
Prof. Dr. Chengyong Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

production and utilization
technological innovation
economic analysis
environmental impact
sustainable

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 7451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comprehensive Study on DES Pretreatment Application to Microalgae for Enhanced Lipid Recovery Suitable for Biodiesel Production: Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigations

by Michele Corneille Matchim Kamdem, Aymard Didier Tamafo Fouegue and Nanjun Lai

Energies 2023, 16(9), 3806; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16093806 - 28 Apr 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1723 | Correction

Abstract

Cell wall disturbance is an important step in the downstream process of improving the efficiency of lipid extraction from microalgae. Surfactants have been proven to be efficient alternatives to organic solvents in the extraction process. In this study, an effective approach involving deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and carboxylic acids) treatment supplemented with surfactants has been developed to disrupt the cell walls of microalgae and increase the extraction of lipids suitable for biodiesel production. A combination of polar and non-polar solvents (ethyl acetate and n-butanol) was used for the lipid extraction process. Microalgae biomass pretreated with choline chloride malonic acid supplemented with the surfactant hexadecyl trimethylammonium chloride (HTAC) showed the best results, improving lipid extraction by 12.365%. Further elucidation of the detailed mechanism behind the cell disruption of the microalga wall by DES was achieved using density functional theory (DFT) methods. The DFT calculations revealed that hydrogen bonds between the chloride ion of the DES and hydrogen bond donor (HBD) molecules are key factors dominating the destruction of the cell wall structure of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The optimization of lipid extraction was performed through a single-factor experiment, which included the effects of different variables (time, temperature, dosage of surfactant, and ratio of n-butanol to ethyl acetate). An extraction period of 60 min at 80 °C with a surfactant concentration of 0.5% at a 1:2 ratio of n-butanol to ethyl acetate was found to produce the maximum lipid yield (16.97%). Transesterification reactions were used to obtain fatty acid methyl esters from the optimized extracted lipids. Thus, it was determined that C16:0 (20.04%), C18:2 (29.95%), and C18:3 (21.21%) were the most prevalent fatty acids. The potential for producing biodiesel from C. pyrenoidosa was validated by the high yields of C18 fatty acid methyl esters, and the properties of biodiesel are within the European and US standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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31 pages, 5107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Primary Growth Behavior of Sulfur Particles through the Throttle Valve in the Transmission System of High Sulfur Content Natural Gas

by Gang Liu, Duo Chen, Bo Li and Changjun Li

Energies 2023, 16(7), 2976; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16072976 - 24 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1537

Abstract

The deposition of sulfur particles in gathering and transportation pipeline system can cause serious safety problems and economic losses. When the high sulfur content natural gas (HSCNG) flows through the throttle valve of the gathering and transportation system, it will cause the supersaturation of elemental sulfur in the gas phase, and then the sulfur crystal nuclei and sulfur particles will appear in the pipeline system. Studying the initial growth behavior of sulfur crystal nuclei and sulfur particles can lay a necessary prerequisite for the accurate prediction of sulfur particle deposition in high sulfur content natural gas gathering and transportation (HSCNGGT) pipelines. Based on the homogeneous nucleation theory in crystallization kinetics, a mathematical model of elemental sulfur nucleation was established. Taking the throttling condition in the process of HSCNGGT as an example, the effects of temperature, pressure and H₂S concentration in HSCNG on the critical nucleation radius and nucleation rate of elemental sulfur were explored. The results show that: (1) after the supersaturation of elemental sulfur, sulfur crystal nuclei with nanoscale radius will be precipitated. The temperature and pressure after throttling have great influence on the nucleation radius, and the influence of H₂S concentration on the nucleation radius is more complex. (2) The temperature, pressure and H₂S concentration after throttling also have great influence on the nucleation rate. By solving the growth kinetics model of sulfur particles based on Brownian condensation, it is found that the nano-sized sulfur crystal nuclei can grow into micron-sized sulfur particles in a very short time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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26 pages, 3693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Elemental Sulfur Equilibrium Content in Mixtures of Methane, Carbon Dioxide, and Hydrogen Sulfide under Conditions of Natural Gas Pipeline Transmission

by Gang Liu, Mengqi Hao, Shishui Fan and Changjun Li

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2466; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052466 - 5 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2001

Abstract

The effect of gathering pipeline pressure, temperature, and key components on the solubility of monomeric sulfur in high-sulfur-content natural gas is directly related to the prediction and prevention of sulfur deposition in surface gathering pipelines. Based on our previous study on a prediction model of sulfur solubility in gas with a new formula for the binary interaction coefficient between sulfur and H₂S, a new gas–solid thermodynamic phase equilibrium solubility prediction model for monomeric sulfur in high-sulfur-content natural gas was improved based on the gas–solid phase equilibrium principle considering both physical and chemical solution mechanisms. Two new expressions for binary interaction coefficients between sulfur and CO₂ and CH₄, considering both temperature and solvent density, are proposed in this new solubility prediction model. In this paper, the main factors, such as the gathering pipeline pressure, gathering pipeline temperature, H₂S, and CO₂, affecting the solubility law of elemental sulfur in high-sulfur-content natural gas are investigated. The results show that the total solubility of elemental sulfur in high-sulfur-bearing natural gas tends to decrease with an increase in the gathering temperature, in which the increase in temperature promotes physical solution, and the physical solution mechanism prevails. Conversely, chemical solution is promoted, and the chemical solution mechanism prevails. With an increase in the gathering pressure, the total solubility of elemental sulfur in high-sulfur-content gas tends to increase, where the physical solubility decreases slightly at first and then increases continuously, with a pressure inflection point of about 2.0 MPa, and the pressure increase has a significant promoting effect on the chemical solubility of elemental sulfur. The increase in the H₂S concentration promotes the solution of elemental sulfur in the gas phase in general and significantly promotes the chemical solution of elemental sulfur. The effect on elemental sulfur solubility can be neglected when the molar concentration of CO₂ in the gas phase does not exceed 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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14 pages, 4453 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

An Enhancement Method Based on Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network for Short-Term Natural Gas Consumption Forecasting

by Jinyuan Liu, Shouxi Wang, Nan Wei, Yi Yang, Yihao Lv, Xu Wang and Fanhua Zeng

Energies 2023, 16(3), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031295 - 26 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1621

Abstract

Artificial intelligence models have been widely applied for natural gas consumption forecasting over the past decades, especially for short-term consumption forecasting. This paper proposes a three-layer neural network forecasting model that can extract key information from input factors and improve the weight optimization mechanism of long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network to effectively forecast short-term consumption. In the proposed model, a convolutional neural network (CNN) layer is adopted to extract the features among various factors affecting natural gas consumption and improve computing efficiency. The LSTM layer is able to learn and save the long-distance state through the gating mechanism and overcomes the defects of gradient disappearance and explosion in the recurrent neural network. To solve the problem of encoding input sequences as fixed-length vectors, the layer of attention (ATT) is used to optimize the assignment of weights and highlight the key sequences. Apart from the comparisons with other popular forecasting models, the performance and robustness of the proposed model are validated on datasets with different fluctuations and complexities. Compared with traditional two-layer models (CNN-LSTM and LSTM-ATT), the mean absolute range normalized errors (MARNE) of the proposed model in Athens and Spata are improved by more than 16% and 11%, respectively. In comparison with single LSTM, back propagation neural network, support vector regression, and multiple linear regression methods, the improvement in MARNE exceeds 42% in Athens. The coefficient of determination is improved by more than 25%, even in the high-complexity dataset, Spata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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22 pages, 1852 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Quantitative Calculation Method of Accident Scope of Gathering and Transportation Station

by Lin Chen, Hang Tong, Zheng Liu, Zhi Zhang and Pengfei Mou

Energies 2022, 15(24), 9476; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249476 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

In order to ensure the security and stability of oilfield gathering and transportation stations and to improve the risk assessment method, this paper proposes an evaluation method that can fully and quantitatively calculate the impact range of process equipment and pipelines in the event of fire and explosion accidents based on API 581-2016 Quantitative Risk Assessment Technology. It mainly analyzes and calculates the leakage type, leakage rate and total leakage amount, combined with the occurrence probability of various failure situations, the casualty area and the fact that equipment damage could be finally determined. In addition, PHAST Software is used to verify this method. The average deviation of the calculation results is very small, which shows that the method is completely feasible and accurate. In order to further correct the error, specific correction methods and formulas are also proposed. This theoretical calculation method greatly improves the quantitative evaluation method of oil field gathering and transportation stations, and lays a solid foundation for the quantitative calculation of failure consequences in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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22 pages, 11225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Optimization, and Characterization of Fluorescent Particle Preformed Gel

by NanJun Lai, Dongdong Wang, Junqi Wang and Lei Tang

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8712; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228712 - 19 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1495

Abstract

Performed gels are widely used in fields to support profile modification and Enhance Oil Recovery. Previous studies of profile modification of performed gels mainly used the index of pressure, resistance factor, or residual resistance factor to represent their ability. However, there is a lack of methods available to directly study their modification ability. In this article, the preformed gels with fluorescence properties, CQDs@PPG, would provide a new way to explore the profile modification of preformed gels. This paper uses poly (acrylamide, sodium p-styrene sulfonate), carbon quantum dots, and N,N-methylenebisacrylamide to prepare the CQDs@PPG via inverse emulsion polymerization. The morphology, size distribution, structure, fluorescence characteristics, surface potential thermal stability, viscosity changes, and viscoelastic properties of CQDs@PPG were analyzed. Moreover, the fluorescence properties of CQDs@PPG under different temperature, salinity, and pH were examined. Results indicate that the CQDs@PPG have excellent stability and that pH and salinity have little influence on their fluorescence properties. Further, only the temperature would affect the fluorescence properties of CQDs@PPG, but that effect is reversible after the temperature drops. By examining the fluorescence intensity, it would be more direct for researchers to study the profile modification in further experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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15 pages, 2505 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A General Model for Analyzing the Unsteady Pressure Performance of Composite Gas Reservoirs

by Yu Huang, Mingfeng Ma, Xin Wang and Xiaoping Li

Energies 2022, 15(22), 8362; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228362 - 9 Nov 2022

Viewed by 973

Abstract

Based on the previous study of a single medium model, the dual medium model for the fractured composite reservoir and the triple medium model for a fracture–cavity composite reservoir was established, respectively. The similarities and differences in the corresponding pressure dynamic curves of each model were analyzed, and the general model of a composite gas reservoir composed of different inner and outer zones was obtained. The general model can be more easily used in actual production, and the accuracy and practicability of the model were verified by case analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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21 pages, 8102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Law and Mechanism Study on Salt Resistance of Nonionic Surfactant (Alkyl Glycoside) Foam

by Bao Xiao, Zhongbin Ye, Junqi Wang, Lei Tang and Nanjun Lai

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7684; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207684 - 18 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1828

Abstract

In this paper, the effects of three cations, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺, on the stability of APG foams were investigated experimentally. The results show that cations can slow down the process of liquid drainage and coarsening of APG foam, which is beneficial to the stability of the foam. The salt resistance mechanism of nonionic surfactant (APG) was investigated by molecular dynamics simulation and compared with that of anionic surfactant (SDS) foam. Firstly, the distribution characteristics of cations in APG foam and SDS foam were explored. It was found that the cations in the APG foam were mainly distributed in the water layer away from the head groups, and the cations in the SDS foam were more likely to appear near the head groups. Then, the hydration of the head groups and the cation was investigated. The results show that cations have little effect on the number of water molecules in the hydration layer of APG head groups but will reduce the diffusion capacity of water molecules and increase the water retention capacity of the foam film, thereby enhancing the foam stability. The addition of cations will reduce the water retention capacity of the SDS foam film. In addition, the behavior of surfactant head and tail groups was also analyzed. It was found that the cations made the head groups of APG more inclined to be aligned perpendicular to the liquid interface, and the tail groups were more inclined to realize a cross-arrangement and cover the gas–liquid interface. This can not only slow down the gas phase mass transfer process of the adjacent foam and slow down the coarsening process of the foam but also increase the viscoelasticity and anti-disturbance ability of the foam film. The cations will weaken the staggered arrangement of the SDS molecular tail groups, and at the same time, will cause the SDS molecules to aggregate, which greatly reduces the stability of the foam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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19 pages, 2946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Oil Pipeline Operations to Reduce Energy Consumption Using an Improved Squirrel Search Algorithm

by Shanbi Peng, Zhe Zhang, Yongqiang Ji and Laimin Shi

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7453; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207453 - 11 Oct 2022

Viewed by 2193

Abstract

To achieve the goal of achieving carbon-neutral by 2060, the government of China has put forward higher requirements for energy conservation and consumption reduction in the energy industry. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce energy consumption in the process of transporting oil. In this paper, an optimization model that minimizes the total energy consumption of the entire pipeline system is proposed and the squirrel search algorithm (SSA) is used to solve the optimization model. Meanwhile, to improve the performance of the SSA, two strategies are proposed. One is the adaptive inertia weight strategy, and the other is the multi-group co-evolution strategy. The adaptive inertia weight can adjust the step size of the flying squirrels according to the difference of the objective function value and multi-group co-evolution is introduced to improve population diversity. The improved SSA is named multigroup coevolution-adaptive inertia weight SSA (MASSA). A total of 20 benchmark functions are used to test the performance of MASSA, including unimodal functions and multimodal functions. Compared with the other four algorithms, MASSA has better performance and convergence capabilities. In the case study experiment, an optimization model of the oil pipeline is built, which takes the minimum energy consumption of the whole pipeline as the objective function. Compared with the actual operating conditions, the electricity consumption optimized by MASSA decreases by 399,018.94 kgce, and the thermal energy dissipation decreases by 113,759.25 kgce. The total energy consumption is reduced by 512,778.19 kgce, which is 9.62%. These results indicate that the two improvement strategies are significant, and optimizing the operating parameters can reduce energy consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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17 pages, 8936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of Embedded Discrete-Fracture Seepage in Deep Carbonate Gas Reservoir

by Yufeng Gong, Shuo Zhai, Yuqiang Zha, Tonghao Xu, Shu Liu, Bo Kang and Bolin Zhang

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7237; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197237 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1577

Abstract

Existing fractured gas reservoir development techniques are mainly based on dual medium numerical-simulation models, which can, to a certain extent, effectively simulate natural fractures with high fracture density; however, these models have some limitations, particularly in terms of simulating the fracture morphology and distribution. Considering carbonate gas reservoirs with complex fractures, in this paper, we establish a numerical-simulation model of embedded discrete-fracture seepage in horizontal wells of carbonate gas reservoirs, in order to compare and study the development effect of carbonate gas reservoirs under different horizontal well fracture parameters. The fracture distribution and structure in carbonate gas reservoirs is obtained using an ant-tracking approach based on 3D seismic bodies, and a numerical-simulation model based on the embedded discrete-fractures model is solved using the open-source program MRST. We considered the following parameters: half fracture length, fracture permeability, and horizontal segment length. By changing the fracture parameters of horizontal wells and comparing the gas-production trends, technical optimization in gas reservoir development can be realized. The results show that the embedded discrete-fracture model can effectively solve the difficult problem of characterizing fluid seepage in fractures of different scale in carbonate gas reservoirs. Although gas production increases with increasing fracture length, fracture conductivity, horizontal section length, and natural fracture conductivity, the contributions of these parameters to gas well production capacity are greatly influenced by the natural fractures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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Review

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48 pages, 6811 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Systematic Review of Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage: Status, Progress and Challenges

by Enbin Liu, Xudong Lu and Daocheng Wang

Energies 2023, 16(6), 2865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062865 - 20 Mar 2023

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 11104

Abstract

The problem of global warming and climate change has attracted global attention, and reducing the concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere is an important step towards solving the problem. This paper mainly introduces the current development status, research hotspots, challenges and some emerging technologies of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Among CO₂ capture technologies, solvent absorption technology is currently the most mature and widely used technology, among which ionic liquid technology has great application prospects because its molecular structure can be designed and different functional groups can be connected. The surface functionalization of metal–organic frameworks in the adsorption method endows them with excellent CO₂ adsorption capacity. In CO₂ transportation, temperature and pressure must be considered in pipeline transportation, because they will affect the phase state of CO₂ transportation. The impact of impurities on CO₂ pipeline transportation is a challenge that affects pipeline design and transportation safety. In CO₂ utilization, the key to enhanced oil recovery, gas recovery and displacement of coalbed methane is to increase the recovery rate and increase the storage capacity at the same time. Only by strengthening the research on the adsorption behavior between CO₂ and CH₄ and revealing the relevant mechanism can innovative technologies be developed. The chemical utilization of CO₂ has formed many routes, but they all lack certain advantages. Most scholars are working on catalysts for CO₂ conversion, especially copper-based catalysts that can convert CO₂ into methanol. The conversion rate of CO₂ can be effectively increased through doping or process improvement. The coupling of electrocatalytic technology and renewable energy is an important development direction in the future. In CO₂ storage, geological storage is currently the most important method, especially in saline aquifers. There are currently critical issues concerning reservoir integrity and leakage potential that should be further investigated. CO₂ leakage will cause serious environmental problems, and the common monitoring methods are reviewed and discussed in this paper. Finally, the research status, hotspots and cooperation networks of CCUS are summarized by using CiteSpace software in order to help the development of CCUS technology. In addition, through the review and analysis, it is found that CCUS is faced with challenges such as low capture efficiency, difficulties in transformation and utilization, high operating costs, lack of strong support policies, and lack of international cooperation, which restrict the further development of CCUS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technological Innovation, Economic Analysis, and Environment Impact for Energy Production and Utilization)

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