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Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020)

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F: Electrical Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 29274

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Andreas Sumper

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering (DEE), Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
Interests: electric cars; electrical energies; energy efficiency; grid; renewable energies; smart power grid; wind energy
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Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Hanzelka

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Guest Editor

Department of Power Electronics and Automation of Energy Transformation Systems, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
Interests: power quality; smart grids; distributed energy resources; energy control systems
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization will be hosted by the AGH University of Science & Technology in Krakow, Poland from 20–22 April 2020 (www.epqu2020.agh.edu.pl). Papers submitted to this conference, but also papers covering the topics of the conference are invited to be submitted to the Special Issue in the Energies Journal. The preferential subjects are the following:

Power quality parameters: evaluation and standardization
Methods of power quality analysis. Modeling and simulation
Power quality measurements: techniques, instruments
Methods of power quality improvement: filters, power compensation, phase balancing, etc.
Power quality in competitive electricity markets
EMC in electrical engineering
Economic aspects of power quality and cost of supply
Sensitivity of loads and other electrical equipment to power quality characteristics
Influences of disturbing loads on supply networks and other electrical devices
Electrical and exploitative characteristics of loads and electrical power converters
Reliability and continuity of supply
Power quality in grids with distributed generation
Smart grid solutions to improve power quality
ICT solutions to improve power quality
Power quality and power system flexibility
Power system planning and power quality
Standardization and regulation

Papers submitted as expanded contributions from the EPQU conference, they should fulfill the following requirements:

The paper should be expanded by at least 50%, to the size of a research article (conference proceedings);
The conference paper should be cited and noted on the first page of the paper;
If the authors do not hold the copyright to the published conference paper, authors should seek the appropriate permission from the copyright holder;
Authors are asked to disclose that it is conference paper in their cover letter and include a statement on what has been changed compared to the original conference paper.

Prof. Dr. Andreas Sumper
Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Hanzelka
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Electrical power quality
Smart grids
Disturbances in power systems
Distributed generation

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 3463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory Evaluation of a Phasor-Based Islanding Detection Method

by Szymon Barczentewicz, Tomasz Lerch, Andrzej Bień and Krzysztof Duda

Energies 2021, 14(7), 1953; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14071953 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2021

Abstract

Constantly growing distributed energy generation based on renewable sources creates a number of new challenges for electrical power system operation. One of the challenges is islanding detection. Unintentional islanding, which can cause health and safety hazards for the personnel, is currently being experienced by a growing number of consumers/prosumers especially in the case of photovoltaic inverters. This work presents a new islanding detection method based on synchrophasor measurements. The proposed method works in either a passive or hybrid mode. In a passive mode, a single phasor measurement unit (PMU) in the island region is used. In a hybrid mode, one PMU in the island and another one outside the island are exploited. The proposed method was verified in conducted laboratory tests that confirmed the applicability of PMUs data for effective detection and monitoring of unintentional islanding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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17 pages, 6904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Practical Implementation of Flicker Measurement Coprocessor for AMI Meters

by Krzysztof Kołek, Andrzej Firlit, Krzysztof Piątek and Krzysztof Chmielowiec

Energies 2021, 14(6), 1589; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061589 - 12 Mar 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2450

Abstract

Monitoring power quality (PQ) indicators is an important part of modern power grids’ maintenance. Among different PQ indicators, flicker severity coefficients P_st and P_lt are measures of voltage fluctuations. In state-of-the-art PQ measuring devices, the flicker measurement channel is usually implemented as a dedicated processor subsystem. Implementation of the IEC 61000-4-15 compliant flicker measurement algorithm requires a significant amount of computational power. In typical PQ analysers, the flicker measurement is usually implemented as a part of the meter’s algorithm performed by the main processor. This paper considers the implementation of the flicker measurement as an FPGA module to offload the processor subsystem or operate as an IP core in FPGA-based system-on-chip units. The measurement algorithm is developed and validated as a Simulink diagram, which is then converted to a fixed-point representation. Parts of the diagram are applied for automatic VHDL code generation, and the classifier block is implemented as a local soft-processor system. A simple eight-bit processor operates within the flicker measurement coprocessor and performs statistical operations. Finally, an IP module is created that can be considered as a flicker coprocessor module. When using the coprocessor, the main processor’s only role is to trigger the coprocessor and read the results, while the coprocessor independently calculates the flicker coefficients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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24 pages, 11871 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Photovoltaic Inverter Profiles in Relation to the European Network Code NC RfG and the Requirements of Polish Distribution System Operators

by Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Łukasz Topolski, Aleks Piszczek and Zbigniew Hanzelka

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051486 - 9 Mar 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3144

Abstract

The presently observed rapid increase in photovoltaic (PV) micro-installation connections to low-voltage networks, resulting from numerous financial support programmes, European Union (EU) energy policy and growing social awareness of environmental and economic issues, raise the question if PV inverters widely available in EU market fulfil the numerous technical requirements specified in European and Polish regulations. The paper presents the results of an experimental study carried out on three PV Inverters widely available in the EU in accordance with the EU network code NC RfG, standard EN 50549-1:2019 and internal Polish distribution system operators’ (DSOs’) regulations, governing PV inverter cooperation with the low-voltage distribution network. The laboratory test stand scheme and its description are presented. In each test, at least one of the inverters encountered issues, either with the operation in required frequency ranges (one PV inverter), activating reactive power control modes (all three PV inverters), maintaining required power generation gradient after tripping (one PV inverter) or under-voltage ride through immunity (one PV inverter). The obtained results have shown that all tested PV inverters did not meet requirements that are the key to maintaining reliable and safe operation of transmission and distribution electrical networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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18 pages, 1769 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Selection of Metering Points for Power Quality Measurements in Distribution System

by Krzysztof Piatek, Andrzej Firlit, Krzysztof Chmielowiec, Mateusz Dutka, Szymon Barczentewicz and Zbigniew Hanzelka

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041202 - 23 Feb 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2233

Abstract

Quality of power supply in power distribution systems requires continuous measurement using power quality analyzers installed in the grid. The paper reviews the published methods for optimal location of metering points in distribution systems in the context of power quality metering and assessment. Three methods have been selected for detailed analysis and comparative tests. It has been found that utilization of the methods is possible, but their performance varies highly depending on the test grid’s topology. Since the methods rely on the state estimation approach, their performance is strictly related to observability analysis. It has been found that standard observability analysis used for typical state estimation problem yields ambiguous results when applied to power quality assessment. Inherited properties of the selected methods are also analyzed, which allows for the formulation of general recommendations about optimal selection of metering points in a distribution system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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24 pages, 9794 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complementarity and ‘Resource Droughts’ of Solar and Wind Energy in Poland: An ERA5-Based Analysis

by Jakub Jurasz, Jerzy Mikulik, Paweł B. Dąbek, Mohammed Guezgouz and Bartosz Kaźmierczak

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1118; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041118 - 20 Feb 2021

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 4150

Abstract

In recent years, Poland has experienced a significant increase in the installed capacity of solar and wind power plants. Renewables are gaining increasing interest not only because of Poland’s obligations to European Union policies, but also because they are becoming cheaper. Wind and solar energy are fairly-well investigated technologies in Poland and new reports are quite frequently added to the existing research works documenting their potential and the issues related to their use. In this article, we analyze the spatial and temporal behavior of solar and wind resources based on reanalysis datasets from ERA5. This reanalysis has been selected because it has appropriate spatial and temporal resolution and fits the field measurements well. The presented analysis focuses only on the availability of energy potential/resources, so characteristics intrinsic to energy conversion (like wind turbine power curve) were not considered. The analysis considered the last 40 years (1980–2019) of available data. The Spearman coefficient of correlation was considered as a complementarity metric, and the Mann–Kendal test was used to assess the statistical significance of trends. The results revealed that: The temporal complementarity between solar and wind resources exists mostly on a seasonal scale and is almost negligible for daily and hourly observations. Moreover, solar and wind resources in joint operation exhibit a smoother availability pattern (assessed based on coefficient of variation). Further findings show that the probability of ‘resource droughts’ (periods when cumulative generation was less than arbitrary threshold) lasting one day is 11.5% for solar resources, 21.3% for wind resources and only 6.2% if both resources are considered in a joint resource evaluation. This situation strongly favors the growth of local hybrid systems, as their combined power output would exhibit lower variability and intermittency, thus decreasing storage demand and/or smoothing power system operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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14 pages, 4700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Arc Furnace as a Source of Voltage Disturbances—A Statistical Evaluation of Propagation in the Supply Network

by Ryszard Klempka

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041076 - 18 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2036

Abstract

This article presents the results of measuring P_st indicators at three points of a power system supplying a large source of voltage disturbances—an arc furnace. Measurements were made at three voltage levels: 30, 110, and 400 kV. Recorded values of P_st at each point were subjected to statistical analysis, the probability distributions were adjusted to their histograms, and the nature of changes in the basic parameters of these distributions with the distance from the source of disturbances was indicated. The adjustments of the distributions were made using a modified firefly algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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16 pages, 2344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control of the Transformer Phase Powers Using a Single-Phase Voltage Source

by Tomasz Drabek and Paweł Dybowski

Energies 2021, 14(4), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14041038 - 16 Feb 2021

Viewed by 1731

Abstract

Power flow in three-phase distribution grids containing single-phase prosumer voltage sources strongly depends on the RMS value of the voltage of these sources and their phase shifts in relation to the grid voltage. The ideal way to control single-phase prosumer sources should guarantee no return active power to the MV grid through a distribution transformer and no additional reactive power flows in the LV grid. This means that the active power of the one-phase voltage source is consumed by other single-phase customers (in the same phase or in other phases) and the reactive power of this source is equal to zero. The paper presents the results of the investigations of the dynamic control system of a single-phase voltage source that allows meeting these conditions. On the basis of steady-state calculations, the static characteristics of the above-mentioned control, needed to determine of the proper working point of a prosumer source were also obtained. The control process involves the control of the RMS value and phase angle of the voltage source against the phase voltage of the LV grid, to which the source is connected, with simultaneous control of the current phase angle issued by the power source against voltage. The result of the research is the confirmation of the necessity of using a zig–zag connection of the secondary side of distribution transformers. The developed control system of the prosumer voltage source does not fully control the active power of individual phases of the distribution transformer. The paper shows that the power losses in a distribution transformer strongly depend not only on the active power of the prosumer source, but also on its effective voltage and phase in relation to the transformer voltage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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12 pages, 885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Powertrain in EV

by Grzegorz Sieklucki

Energies 2021, 14(3), 725; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030725 - 30 Jan 2021

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3788

Abstract

The method for preliminary powertrain design is presented in the paper. Performance of the EV is realized by motor torque–speed curve and gear ratio optimization. The typical two-zone mechanical characteristic of a PMSM traction motor is included in the optimization program. The longitudinal vehicle model is considered in the paper. Some examples try to show the calculation possibilities in application to existing vehicles: Tesla Model S and Mini Cooper SE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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17 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relative Stability of Electrical into Mechanical Conversion with BLDC Motor-Cascade Control

by Sylwester Sobieraj, Grzegorz Sieklucki and Józef Gromba

Energies 2021, 14(3), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030704 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

The conversion of the electrical energy into the mechanical is usually realized by a motor, power electronics and cascade control. The relative stability (

Θ

-stability), i.e., the displacement of its eigenvalues of this system is analyzed for a drive with a BLDC [...] Read more.

The conversion of the electrical energy into the mechanical is usually realized by a motor, power electronics and cascade control. The relative stability (

Θ

-stability), i.e., the displacement of its eigenvalues of this system is analyzed for a drive with a BLDC motor. The influence of changing the basic parameters of the motor and power supply system on the drive operation is considered. 4th order closed-loop transfer-function of the cascade control is presented, where boundaries of the transfer-function coefficients are used. The cascade system which uncertainty of the resistance, inductance, flux and gain parameters is analyzed. Theoretical calculations for the cascade control, simulations and laboratory tests are included in the article. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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13 pages, 3522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of Harmonic Influence on Electrical Energy Metering

by Yaroslav Shklyarskiy, Zbigniew Hanzelka and Aleksandr Skamyin

Energies 2020, 13(21), 5536; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215536 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2779

Abstract

The paper considers the influence of harmonics on the operating of electrical energy meters in a network with nonlinear loads. It is shown that electronic static meters of active energy are tested in the presence of distortions, and electronic static meters of reactive energy accuracy requirements do not take into account the possible presence of harmonics. It is revealed that the maximum influence on the error in active energy metering is exerted by the number of harmonics taken into account and their amplitude, and the error in reactive energy metering is additionally influenced by the phase angle at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies, which has been confirmed in laboratory conditions. Additionally, experimental studies of the capacitor bank’s influence on reactive energy metering has been carried out in the presence of nonlinear electrical loads. It is shown that when capacitor banks are connected, the error in reactive energy measurement and variation range of the phase shift angle of harmonics significantly increases. The assessment of the computational error of reactive power metering according to various equations were carried out based on the field measurements. If the voltage and current distortion values do not exceed the permissible values, the error can be estimated at, at most, 5–7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from The 12th International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilization (EPQU2020))

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