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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "F1: Electrical Power System".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 12656

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tahir Khurshiad

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Electrical Engineering Department, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
Interests: power system deregulation; power system optimization techniques; renewable energy sources; power system analysis and design
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Prof. Dr. Sang-Bong Rhee

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Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
Interests: power system protection; smart grid; renewable energy
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Prof. Dr. Saeid Gholami Farkoush

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Department of Electrical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
Interests: power system protection; smart grid; power system; FACT devices; electric vehicle; grounding grid
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Dr. Abdul Wadood

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Guest Editor

Department of Electrical Engineering, Air University Islamabad, Kamra 43570, Pakistan
Interests: power system relaying; power system protection; evolutionary; metaheuristic algorithm
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Dr. Sanam SaeidNahaei

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Guest Editor

Department of Physics, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
Interests: semi-conductor; solar cell; renewable energy; photovoltaics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies entitled “Power System Simulation and Modeling”.

Optimization techniques are required to study and forecast the behavior of complex power systems due to the complexity of energy networks and the amount of data that must be optimized. The incorporation of power system simulation and modeling techniques into a power system creates new obstacles as well as opportunities. As a result, the goal of this Special Issue is to highlight current changes and breakthroughs in the field of power and energy systems. We welcome all papers that provide unique contributions to power systems and future electrical networks, including but not limited to:

Applications of algorithms in the planning and operation of power systems;
Modeling of power system networks;
Renewable energy concepts;
Power system protection;
PV system optimization;
Battery energy storage system;
Grounding grid concepts;
Energy management system of power systems;
Simulation and modeling of FACT devices.

Dr. Tahir Khurshaid
Prof. Dr. Sang-Bong Rhee
Dr. Saeid Gholami Farkoush
Dr. Abdul Wadood
Dr. Sanam SaeidNahaei
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

applications of algorithms in planning and operation of power systems
modeling of power system networks
renewable energy concepts
power system protection
PV system optimization
battery energy storage system
grounding grid concepts
energy management system of power systems
simulation and modeling of FACT devices

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 4449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Empirical Wavelet Transform-Based Intelligent Protection Scheme for Microgrids

by Syed Basit Ali Bukhari, Abdul Wadood, Tahir Khurshaid, Khawaja Khalid Mehmood, Sang Bong Rhee and Ki-Chai Kim

Energies 2022, 15(21), 7995; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15217995 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1729

Abstract

Recently, the concept of the microgrid (MG) has been developed to assist the penetration of large numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) into distribution networks. However, the integration of DERs in the form of MGs disturbs the operating codes of traditional distribution networks. Consequently, traditional protection strategies cannot be applied to MG against short-circuit faults. This paper presents a novel intelligent protection strategy (NIPS) for MGs based on empirical wavelet transform (EWT) and long short-term memory (LSTM) networks. In the proposed NIPS, firstly, the three-phase current signals measured by protective relays are decomposed into empirical modes (EMs). Then, various statistical features are extracted from the obtained EMs. Afterwards, the extracted features along with the three-phase current measurement are input to three different LSTM network to obtain exact fault type, phase, and location information. Finally, a trip signal based on the obtained fault information is generated to disconnect the faulty portion from the rest of the MG. The significant feature of the proposed NIPS is that it does not need adaptive relaying and communication networks. Moreover, it is independent of the operating scenario and hence fault current magnitude. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed NIPS, exhaustive simulations are performed on an international electro-technical commission (IEC) MG. The simulation results confirm the efficiency of the proposed NIPs in terms of accuracy, dependability, and security. Moreover, comparisons with existing intelligent protection schemes validate that the proposed NIPS is highly accurate, secure, and dependable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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19 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Measurement-Based Stiff Equation Methodology for Single Phase Transformer Inrush Current Computations

by Łukasz Majka, Bernard Baron and Paweł Zydroń

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7651; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207651 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1525

Abstract

The present paper describes the research on the mechanism of inrush current formation in a modern single-phase transformer, in which the insulation system must withstand the stresses arising during these transient states. A complete and measurement-verified method for determining the transformer inrush current waveforms and other signals (e.g., fluxes and voltages) is developed. This method makes it possible to determine a steady state solution. However, on account of the electromagnetic phenomena, the solving process is long. To analyze the transient dynamic response of the tested transformer, a nonlinear model was assumed, from which the stiff differential equations were derived. The simulation analyses were performed using dedicated software written in C# with the original implementation of the five-stage Radau IIA algorithm selected from the known variants of the Runge–Kutta implicit methods. The calculations were based on the measurement waveforms recorded during transient (switch-on) and steady-state states when the transformer was not loaded. The full magnetization curve of the core sheets of the tested transformer with an original implementation of the polynomial fitting mechanism was applied. As a representative example and for the purposes of experimental verification of numerical tests, the worst case scenario for switch-on of an unloaded transformer was applied (switch-on is performed when the supplied voltage is zero). Phenomena related to the obtained experimental results, such as saturation and hysteresis, are discussed as well. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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17 pages, 3481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Hybrid Transmission HVAC/HVDC by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)

by Yulianta Siregar and Credo Pardede

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7638; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207638 - 16 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

There are considerable power losses in Indonesia’s SUMBAGUT 150 kV transmission High Voltage Alternating Current Network (HVAC) system. These power losses and the voltage profile are critical problems in the transmission network system. This research provides one possible way to reduce power losses involving the use of a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) network system. Determining the location to convert HVAC into HVDC is very important. The authors of the current study used Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to determine the optimal location on the 150 kV SUMBAGUT HVAC transmission network system. The study results show that, before using the HVDC network system, the power loss was 68.41 MW. On the other hand, power loss with the conversion of one transmission line to HVDC was 57.31 MW for “Paya Pasir–Paya Geli” (efficiency 16.22%), 51.79 MW for “Paya Pasir–Sei Rotan” (efficiency 24.29%), and 60.8 MW for “Renun–Sisikalang” (efficiency 110.12%). The power loss with the conversion of two transmission lines to HVDC was 45.7 MW for “Paya Pasir–Paya Geli” and “Paya Pasir–Sei Rotan” (efficiency 33.19%), 44.95 MW for “Paya Pasir–Paya Geli” and “Renun–Sidikalang” (efficiency 26.98%), and 44.69 MW for “Paya Pasir–Sei Rotan” and “Renun–Sidikalang” (efficiency 34.67%). The power loss with the conversion of three transmission lines to HVDC was 38.71 MW for “Paya Pasir–Paya Geli,” “Paya Pasir–Sei Rotan,” and “Renun–Sidikalang” (efficiency 41.41%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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9 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Analytical Model for Lithium Storage in Spherical Fullerenes

by Mansoor H. Alshehri

Energies 2022, 15(19), 7154; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15197154 - 28 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1309

Abstract

In this paper, the encapsulation of lithium atoms in spherical fullerenes of varying sizes is investigated. The 6–12 Lennard–Jones potential function and the continuum approximation, in which it is assumed that the atoms can be replaced with a uniform distribution across the surface of the molecules, are exploited to model the interaction energies between lithium atoms and spherical fullerenes. Thus, the total interaction energies can be approximated by applying surface integrations. The results show that for a lithium atom interacting inside a spherical fullerene, the interaction energies are minimized at a position that approaches the fullerene wall as the size of the fullerene increases. However, the results show that an external force would need to be applied to a lithium atom in order to overcome the repulsive energy barrier so that it can be encapsulated in C

_{N}

fullerenes with a radius of less than 2 Å. The present study indicates that the optimal radius that gives the minimum energy for the storage of Li inside C

_{N}

fullerenes occurs for a fullerene with a radius of

\approx 2.4

Å. Overall, this study provides an analytical formulation that may facilitate rapid computational results, and an application of this work is in the design of future high-energy-density batteries that utilize C

_{N}

fullerenes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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16 pages, 6045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constant Power Factor Model of DFIG-Based Wind Turbine for Steady State Load Flow Studies

by Rudy Gianto

Energies 2022, 15(16), 6077; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15166077 - 22 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2314

Abstract

DFIG (Doubly Fed Induction Generator)-based WPP (Wind Power Plant) is the most popular type of wind-driven electric power generation configuration. The main reason for its popularity is that the DFIG system can capture wind energy more optimally than other WPP configurations. Due to the increasing penetration of WPP in power systems, the need to study its impact on power system performance is becoming increasingly important. To enable such a study to be conducted properly, the first and probably the most crucial step is to model all system components (including the WPP). This paper proposes a new steady state model of DFIG-based WPP for load flow analysis. The proposed model is derived based on DFIG power formulas (i.e., DFIG stator and rotor power formulas). The model in the present work is simple and can easily be incorporated into load flow analysis. Representation of the DFIG in both sub-synchronous and super-synchronous conditions can be carried out by using a single mathematical model. Furthermore, since DFIG can be operated at a constant power factor (i.e., unity, leading, or lagging power factor), this important feature is also considered in the proposed model development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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17 pages, 4983 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Directional Relay for Efficient Energy Optimization in a Radial Distribution System

by Tahir Khurshaid, Abdul Wadood, Saeid Gholami Frakoush, Tae-Hwan Kim, Ki-Chai Kim and Sang-Bong Rhee

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4709; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134709 - 27 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1291

Abstract

The optimal allocation of protective devices is a serious issue in an electrical power system; in order to reduce the possibility of faults, the protection devices should be optimally placed. The paper presents a continuous genetic algorithm (CGA) for the optimal allocation of directional relays for the efficient energy minimization in a radial distribution system (DG). The algorithm is flexible to use for the changes and improvements in the optimal location for a DG unit and can optimize the energy consumption in the radial distribution system. The proposed algorithm has been implemented on IEEE 33 and 69-bus system using MATLAB (R2014b, MathWorks). Low energy consumption is a common design objective in an energy-constrained distribution system. Engineers, power utilities, and network operators can profit from the proposed methodology to enhance the use of DG in distribution networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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17 pages, 1642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Technique of Hybridization of PSO for the Optimal Coordination of Directional Overcurrent Protection Relays of IEEE Bus System

by Kashif Habib, Xinquan Lai, Abdul Wadood, Shahbaz Khan, Yuheng Wang and Siting Xu

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3076; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093076 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2035

Abstract

The use of a directional overcurrent protection relay (DOPR) to protect an electrical power system is a crucial instrument for keeping the system dynamic and avoiding undue interruption. The coordination of a DOPR’s primary and backup relays is modelled as a highly constrained optimization problem. The goal is to determine an ideal value that will reduce the overall working time of all primary relays. The coordination is accomplished by the use of particle swarm optimization hybridization (HPSO). Comprehensive simulation experiments are carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed HPSO by employing the time multiplier setting (TMS) and plug setting (PS) as an optimization variable and constant, respectively. The HPSO has been examined satisfactorily utilizing certain IEEE benchmark test systems (9-bus and 14-bus). The outcomes are contrasted with earlier heuristics and evolutionary approaches. Based on the acquired findings, it is clear that the obtained results exceed the other conventional and state of the art procedures in terms of total DOPR operation and the computing time necessary to achieve the global optimal solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power System Simulation and Modeling)

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