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Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage
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Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2024) | Viewed by 15169

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Humbul Suleman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough TS1 3BX, UK
Interests: pre- and post combustion carbon capture, direct air carbon capture, modelling of carbon capture systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Rizwan Nasir

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia
Interests: membrane technology; gas separation membranes; water treatment through membrane; material development
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the largest global greenhouse gas emitted to the atmosphere and is, therefore, a prime driver of climate change. Levels of atmospheric CO2 have shown a sustained rise over the past 30 years, despite efforts to curb emissions, bringing us to the precipice of a climate emergency. If levels of atmospheric CO2 continue to rise, the increase in average global temperature will overshoot the 2oC limit established by the Paris Agreement. This will have adverse effects on ecosystems and the services and livelihoods they sustain.

Nations worldwide have set an ambitious target of achieving net-zero carbon emissions by 2050, which can only be achieved through a broad suite of technologies. Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) is a suite of emerging technologies targeted at mitigating climate change. Without them, achieving a net-zero scenario is impossible, as they offer a reduction in new emissions from key sectors and remove CO2 from the air to balance emissions.

The International Energy Agency’s (IEA) “Energy Technology Perspectives 2020 report” emphasises that CCUS must be one of the key pillars of the global energy transition. By combining it with bioenergy or capturing CO2 directly from air, CCUS can potentially generate negative emissions. A lot of research is being carried out in these technology sectors and many potential technologies are under pilot study or near commercialisation.

This Special Issue explores and promotes research and applications in the field of CCUS to achieve carbon-neutral processes, clean energy development, safe storage methods and climate change mitigation at large.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Pre- and post-combustion carbon capture from the chemical process industry—technologies and methodologies;
  • Carbon capture and storage applications in power generation;
  • Direct air carbon capture;
  • CO2 transmission in pipelines;
  • Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage;
  • Negative emissions technologies;
  • The thermal, electrochemical, and photochemical conversion of CO2 into fuels and chemicals;
  • The biological utilisation of CO2 into value-added products;
  • The CO2 mineralisation into inorganic materials;
  • System optimisation, digital twins, and decision-making models;
  • Techno-economic feasibility and life-cycle analysis evaluation of CCUS;
  • Risk assessment, intelligent monitoring, advanced sensors and process control of CCUS processes;
  • Supply chain, economics, social factors, governmental policies and regulations regarding CCUS applications.

Dr. Humbul Suleman
Dr. Rizwan Nasir
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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26 pages, 15067 KiB  
Article
Integrity Experiments for Geological Carbon Storage (GCS) in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Wellbore Components under Cyclic CO2 Injection Conditions
by Taofik H. Nassan, Carsten Freese, Dirk Baganz, Hakan Alkan, Oleksandr Burachok, Jonas Solbakken, Nematollah Zamani, Morten Gunnar Aarra and Mohd Amro
Energies 2024, 17(12), 3014; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17123014 - 19 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1037
Abstract
Integrity of wellbores and near wellbore processes are crucial issues in geological carbon storage (GCS) projects as they both define the confinement and injectivity of CO2. For the proper confinement of CO2, any flow of CO2 along the [...] Read more.
Integrity of wellbores and near wellbore processes are crucial issues in geological carbon storage (GCS) projects as they both define the confinement and injectivity of CO2. For the proper confinement of CO2, any flow of CO2 along the wellbore trajectory must be prevented using engineered barriers. The effect of cyclic stimuli on wellbore integrity, especially in the context of GCS projects, has been given less attention. In this study, the effect of pressure- and temperature-cycling on two types of wellbore composites (i.e., casing-cement and cement-caprock) have been investigated experimentally in small- and large-scale laboratory setups. The experiments have been carried out by measuring the effective permeability of the composites under pressure and thermal cyclic conditions. Furthermore, the permeability of individual samples (API class G and HMR+ cement and caprock) was measured and compared to the permeability of the composites. The results indicate that the permeability of API class G cement when exposed to CO2 is in the order of 10−20 m2 (10−5 mD) as a result of the chemical reaction between the cement and CO2. In addition, the tightness of the composite cement–rock has been confirmed, while the permeability of the composite casing–cement falls within the acceptable range for tight cement and the CO2 flow was identified to occur through or close to the interface casing–cement. Results from thermal cycling within the range −9 to 14 °C revealed no significant effect on the integrity of the bond casing–cement. In contrast, pressure cycling experiments showed that the effective pressure has a larger influence on the permeability. The potential creation of micro-cracks under pressure variations may require some time for complete closing. In conclusion, the pressure and temperature cycling from this study did not violate the integrity of the casing–cement composite sample as the permeability remained low and within the acceptable range for wellbore cement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)
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15 pages, 2864 KiB  
Article
Minimum Carbon Credit Cost Estimation for Carbon Geological Storage in the Mae Moh Basin, Thailand
by Chanapol Charoentanaworakun, Komsoon Somprasong, Anusak Duongkaew, Panita Wongchai, Ploypailin Katunyoo and Purin Thanaphanyakhun
Energies 2024, 17(9), 2231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17092231 - 6 May 2024
Viewed by 2379
Abstract
Carbon geological storage (CGS) is one of the key processes in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, which are used to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve carbon-neutrality and net-zero emissions in developing countries. In Thailand, the Mae Moh basin is a potential [...] Read more.
Carbon geological storage (CGS) is one of the key processes in carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, which are used to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve carbon-neutrality and net-zero emissions in developing countries. In Thailand, the Mae Moh basin is a potential site for implementing CGS due to the presence of a structural trap that can seal the CO2 storage formation. However, the cost of CGS projects needs to be subsidized by selling carbon credits in order to reach the project breakeven. Therefore, this paper estimates the economic components of a CGS project in the Mae Moh basin by designing the well completion and operating parameters for CO2 injection. The capital costs and operating costs of the process components were calculated, and the minimum carbon credit cost required to cover the total costs of the CGS project was determined. The results indicate that the designed system proposes an operating gas injection rate of 1.454 MMscf/day, which is equivalent to 29,530 tCO2e per year per well. Additionally, the minimum carbon credit cost was estimated to be USD 70.77 per tCO2e in order to achieve breakeven for the best case CGS project, which was found to be much higher than the current market price of carbon credit in Thailand, at around USD 3.5 per tCO2e. To enhance the economic prospects of this area, it is imperative to promote a policy of improving the cost of carbon credit for CGS projects in Thailand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)
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18 pages, 1136 KiB  
Article
CCUS Technology and Carbon Emissions: Evidence from the United States
by Min Thura Mon, Roengchai Tansuchat and Woraphon Yamaka
Energies 2024, 17(7), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17071748 - 5 Apr 2024
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2037
Abstract
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) represents a vital technology for addressing pressing global challenges such as climate change and carbon emissions. This research aims to explore the relationship between the CCUS capability and carbon emissions in the United States considering thirteen predictors [...] Read more.
Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) represents a vital technology for addressing pressing global challenges such as climate change and carbon emissions. This research aims to explore the relationship between the CCUS capability and carbon emissions in the United States considering thirteen predictors of CCUS and carbon emissions. Incorporating these predictors, we aim to offer policymakers insights to enhance CCUS capabilities and reduce carbon emissions. We utilize diverse econometric techniques: OLS, Lasso, Ridge, Elastic Net, Generalized Method of Moments, and Seemingly Unrelated Regression. Elastic Net outperforms the other models in explaining CCUS, while OLS is effective for carbon emissions. We observe positive impacts of the number of projects and foreign direct investment on the CCUS capacity, but limited influence from the CCUS technology level. However, the relationship between the CCUS capacity and carbon emissions remains limited. Our study highlights the importance of incentivizing projects to increase CCUS capabilities and recognizes the critical role of legal and regulatory frameworks in facilitating effective CCUS implementation in the US. Moreover, we emphasize that achieving decarbonization goals necessitates the development of affordable green alternatives. It is essential to view CCUS as a complementary, rather than a sole, solution for emission reduction as we work towards achieving net-zero emission targets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)
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14 pages, 5906 KiB  
Article
Optimizing CO2-Water Injection Ratio in Heterogeneous Reservoirs: Implications for CO2 Geo-Storage
by Emad A. Al-Khdheeawi
Energies 2024, 17(3), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17030678 - 31 Jan 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1111
Abstract
The performance of carbon geo-sequestration is influenced by several parameters, such as the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the characteristics of the caprock, the wettability of the rock, and the salinity of the aquifer brine. Although many characteristics, like the formation geology, are fixed [...] Read more.
The performance of carbon geo-sequestration is influenced by several parameters, such as the heterogeneity of the reservoir, the characteristics of the caprock, the wettability of the rock, and the salinity of the aquifer brine. Although many characteristics, like the formation geology, are fixed and cannot be altered, it is feasible to choose and manipulate other parameters in order to design an optimized storage programme such as the implementation of CO2 injection techniques, including continuous injection or water alternating CO2, which can significantly increase storage capacity and guarantee secure containment. Although WAG (water-alternating-gas) technology has been widely applied in several industrial sectors such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and CO2 geo-sequestration, the impact of the CO2-to-water ratio on the performance of CO2 geo-sequestration in heterogeneous formations has not been investigated. In this study, we have constructed a 3D heterogeneous reservoir model to simulate the injection of water alternating gas in deep reservoirs. We have tested several CO2-water ratios, specifically the 2:1, 1:1, and 1:2 ratios. Additionally, we have estimated the capacity of CO2 trapping, as well as the mobility and migration of CO2. Our findings indicate that injecting a low ratio of CO2 to water (specifically 1:2) resulted in a much better performance compared to situations with no water injection and high CO2-water ratios. The residual and solubility trappings were notably increased by 11% and 19%, respectively, but the presence of free mobile CO2 was reduced by 27%. Therefore, in the reservoir under investigation, the lower CO2-water ratio is recommended due to its improvement in CO2 storage capacity and containment security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)
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14 pages, 2575 KiB  
Article
Passive Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide with an Alkaline Amino Acid Salt in Water-Based Paints
by Godwin Ngwu, Humbul Suleman, Faizan Ahmad, Danial Qadir, Zufishan Shamair, Qazi Nasir and Muhammad Nawaz
Energies 2024, 17(2), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17020320 - 9 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1947
Abstract
The current study presents the first results of the passive capture of carbon dioxide from the air in aqueous sodium lysinate solutions at ambient conditions. The salt has shown good passive direct air capture (DAC) properties for carbon dioxide with spent solutions exhibiting [...] Read more.
The current study presents the first results of the passive capture of carbon dioxide from the air in aqueous sodium lysinate solutions at ambient conditions. The salt has shown good passive direct air capture (DAC) properties for carbon dioxide with spent solutions exhibiting more than 5% carbon dioxide by weight. Moreover, different quantities of sodium lysinate solutions were mixed with three commercial water-based paints, and their passive DAC performance was studied for 45 days. An average improvement of 70% in passive DAC capacity compared to the control sample was observed across all the studied paint samples. The results establish that a litre of water-based paint doped with sodium lysinate can absorb up to 40 g of CO2 and fix it stably for a short period of time, i.e., 45 days. Such paints can be used to directly capture carbon dioxide from the air. However, further research is required to address various technicalities and establish long-term sequestration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)
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Review

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22 pages, 2697 KiB  
Review
A State-of-the-Art Review on Technology for Carbon Utilization and Storage
by Yafei Zhao and Ken-ichi Itakura
Energies 2023, 16(10), 3992; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16103992 - 9 May 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5728
Abstract
Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are regarded as an economically feasible way to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, various aspects of CCUS are reviewed and discussed, including the use of geological sequestration, ocean sequestration and various mineral carbon mineralization [...] Read more.
Carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies are regarded as an economically feasible way to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In this paper, various aspects of CCUS are reviewed and discussed, including the use of geological sequestration, ocean sequestration and various mineral carbon mineralization with its accelerated carbonization methods. By chemically reacting CO2 with calcium or magnesium-containing minerals, mineral carbonation technology creates stable carbonate compounds that do not require ongoing liability or monitoring. In addition, using industrial waste residues as a source of carbonate minerals appears as an option because they are less expensive and easily accessible close to CO2 emitters and have higher reactivity than natural minerals. Among those geological formations for CO2 storage, carbon microbubbles sequestration provides the economic leak-free option of carbon capture and storage. This paper first presents the advantages and disadvantages of various ways of storing carbon dioxide; then, it proposes a new method of injecting carbon dioxide and industrial waste into underground cavities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Volume II: Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage)
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