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3 pages, 160 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Green Energy Economies Are Continually On-Going

by Jin-Li Hu

Energies 2022, 15(13), 4683; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134683 - 26 Jun 2022

Viewed by 1584

Abstract

The Special Issue on “Green Energy Economies” was open for submission on 30 March 2021 and closed on 30 March 2022 [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

Research

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15 pages, 1227 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Investment Strategies Matter for Trading Global Clean Energy and Global Energy ETFs?

by Min-Yuh Day, Yensen Ni, Chinning Hsu and Paoyu Huang

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3328; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093328 - 3 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2950

Abstract

Based on technological innovation and climate change, clean energy has been paid increasing attention to by worldwide investors, thereby increasing their interest in investing in firms that specialize in clean energy. However, traditional energy still plays an important role nowadays, because extreme weather [...] Read more.

Based on technological innovation and climate change, clean energy has been paid increasing attention to by worldwide investors, thereby increasing their interest in investing in firms that specialize in clean energy. However, traditional energy still plays an important role nowadays, because extreme weather has often occurred in the winters of recent years. We thus explore whether investing the strategies adopted by diverse technical trading rules would matter for investing in energy-related ETFs. By employing two representative global ETFs with more than 10 years of data, iShares Global Clean Energy ETF as the proxy of clean energy performance and iShares Global Energy ETF as that of traditional energy performance, we then revealed that momentum strategies would be proper for buying the green energy ETF, but contrarian strategies would be appropriate for buying the energy ETF. Furthermore, based on investment strategies adopted by diverse technical trading rules, we showed that the performance of clean energy outperforms that of energy, indicating that green energy does matter for the economy. Moreover, while observing the price trend of these two ETFs, we found that such two ETFs may have opposite share price performances, implying that, while the green energy ETF reached a relatively high price, investors following the contrarian strategies suggested in this study may reap profits by investing the energy ETF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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16 pages, 3139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Feasibility Study of Developing eLCV Shared Architecture in Taiwan

by I-Hua Wei, Fu-Ming Wang and Chung-Hao Chang

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3283; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093283 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

Vehicle electrification has become an important strategy adopted worldwide, including in Taiwan, as a means to achieving net zero emissions. Taiwan is capable of building a whole light commercial vehicle and has technological strength in producing critical EV parts. This study applies the [...] Read more.

Vehicle electrification has become an important strategy adopted worldwide, including in Taiwan, as a means to achieving net zero emissions. Taiwan is capable of building a whole light commercial vehicle and has technological strength in producing critical EV parts. This study applies the Bass diffusion model to assess the feasibility of developing eLCV shared architecture in Taiwan and estimates that the annual replacement demand for eLCVs could reach 20,221 units. This exceeds the threshold number of 5000 units, which could motivate the automakers to develop eLCV shared architecture. The simulation result shows that achieving full market penetration would take at least 13 years and would be highly correlated with policy support, the vehicle selling price and the battery pack price. The B2B model is a suitable way of introducing eLCVs into the logistics fleets. In the initial promotion phase, policy support and complementary measures would be needed, e.g., public sectors’ purchases, financial incentives and constructing a user-friendly environment. The simulation results further indicate that Taiwan’s eLCV market has a high price elasticity, and in the future, a tendency for the battery pack price to decline may speed up the replacement process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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13 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study of Total-Factor Energy Efficiency for Regional Sustainable Development in China: An Application of Bootstrapped DEA and Clustering Approach

by Yang Li, An-Chi Liu, Shu-Mei Wang, Yiting Zhan, Jingran Chen and Hsiao-Fen Hsiao

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3093; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093093 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2354

Abstract

Total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) is widely used to measure energy efficiency under the data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework, but the efficiencies obtained from DEA are structurally biased upward, and thus TFEE tends to overestimate energy efficiency. This research thus applies the bootstrapped DEA [...] Read more.

Total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) is widely used to measure energy efficiency under the data envelopment analysis (DEA) framework, but the efficiencies obtained from DEA are structurally biased upward, and thus TFEE tends to overestimate energy efficiency. This research thus applies the bootstrapped DEA approach to correct the bias of TFEE. Using a dataset consisting of 30 provinces of China in the period 2016–2019, the bootstrapped-based test supports technology with variable returns to scale. The biased-corrected TFEE also indicates that energy consumption on average can be scaled down by 42.36%, rather than the biased value of 19.4%. The bootstrapped clustering partitions provinces into three groups: Cluster 1, with Guizhou as the representative medoid, includes half of the superior coastal provinces in terms of actual energy consumption and TFEE and half of the competitive inland provinces, whereas Cluster 3 outperforms Cluster 2 in terms of TFEE, but the actual energy consumption is higher, with Shandong and Hebei as the representative medoids, respectively. Lastly, empirical results imply that the northeast and central regions need more government attention and resources to practice sustainable development and improve TFEE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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31 pages, 1777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Energy System Development Scenarios: Case of Poland

by Radoslaw Wisniewski, Piotr Daniluk, Tomasz Kownacki and Aneta Nowakowska-Krystman

Energies 2022, 15(8), 2962; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15082962 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3088

Abstract

Europe’s ambition to be the first climate-neutral continent and to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will result in changes to the energy systems of many countries. This overlaps with the principles of circular economy, energy independence, and the continuity of operations [...] Read more.

Europe’s ambition to be the first climate-neutral continent and to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 will result in changes to the energy systems of many countries. This overlaps with the principles of circular economy, energy independence, and the continuity of operations enshrined in many national and regional documents. From the above, a scenario based on renewable resources emerges. However, in a country such as Poland, with conventional energy sources and large state participation in the sector, is this feasible? The authors assumed that the urgent need for a turbulence-sensitive analysis of energy sector changes can be met by using a new view, defined by the authors as a matrix of four oceans scenarios. Black, Grey, Red and Green scenarios are determined by the proportion of the state and the local-community sector. Then, assuming the possibility of introducing two of them by 2050—Green (radical) and Red (competitive)—empirical research was carried out on a purposively selected group of experts. The business model of the sector was analyzed in terms of six links that create economic and social value: energy sources, energy producers, transmission networks with infrastructure, energy storage, energy system management and energy consumers. According to experts, development of business model links will be based on the Red scenario. Thus, we get a picture of a model that should be considered by politicians, scientists, as well as a wide audience that absorbs the effects of environmental pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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18 pages, 1370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact Analysis of a National and Corporate Carbon Emission Reduction Target on Renewable Electricity Use: A Review

by Chung-Hao Chang and Shih-Fang Lo

Energies 2022, 15(5), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15051794 - 28 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3010

Abstract

The Paris Agreement requires countries to propose their National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and encourages companies to engage in climate action. This two-stage study explores the mutual influence of national and corporate carbon reduction targets and their effect on the adoption of renewable energy [...] Read more.

The Paris Agreement requires countries to propose their National Determined Contributions (NDCs) and encourages companies to engage in climate action. This two-stage study explores the mutual influence of national and corporate carbon reduction targets and their effect on the adoption of renewable energy using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). The subjects are companies nested in the G20, engaging in the Science-Based Target initiative (SBT_i) or the RE100 initiative. These empirical results show corporate targets are positively correlated to adoption of renewable energy, and development of renewable energy varies by country groups, however; national targets are insignificantly correlated. Our key findings: (1) companies which set SBTs are more willing to use renewable energy to achieve their targets but prefer power purchase agreements (PPAs) and renewable energy certificates (RECs) to investment in renewables. (2) The effect of a national-level target on corporate renewable energy use is non-significant, probably because most multinational corporations are used to compliance and their performances are likely to be better than the national deployment on climate change. We argue that an industrial energy transition to renewables is economically beneficial and needs substantial support in the form of policies or subsidies, instead of just setting targets or attracting publicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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11 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Intention toward Using an Electric Scooter: Integrating the Technology Readiness and Acceptance into Norm Activation Model (TRA-NAM)

by Chien-Wei Ho and Chi-Chuan Wu

Energies 2021, 14(21), 6895; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216895 - 21 Oct 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3548

Abstract

The issues of renewable energy, energy crisis, and carbon reduction have caught people’s attention all over the world, and governments have put forth greater effort to proactively solve these problems. Electric transportation not only benefits the environment, but can also utilize renewable energy [...] Read more.

The issues of renewable energy, energy crisis, and carbon reduction have caught people’s attention all over the world, and governments have put forth greater effort to proactively solve these problems. Electric transportation not only benefits the environment, but can also utilize renewable energy to prevent an energy crisis. Based on previous theoretical strands of the literature, this research integrates the technology readiness and acceptance model (TRAM) into the norm activation model (NAM) and proposes an integrated model denoted as TRA-NAM. It takes TRA-NAM as our theoretical foundation and aims to explore the effect of technology readiness and awareness of consequence on the intention toward using an electric scooter (ES). The results display that technology readiness positively influences perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use and further improves consumers’ intention toward adopting ES. In addition, personal norm mediates the relationship between awareness of consequence and intention to adopt ES. This study offers the integrated TRAM-NAM model in order to understand the crucial factors affecting consumers’ intention to adopt electric vehicles (EVs). Overall, this research fills the gap in the field of government policies and transportation and proposes ponderable suggestions, in particular that if they want to encourage or attract consumers to drive an ES, they should not overlook the effect of technology readiness and awareness of consequence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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13 pages, 296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meta-Frontier Analysis of Disclosing Sustainable Development Information: Evidence from China’s AI Industry

by An-Chi Liu, Junyi Wang, Yiting Zhan, Chien-Jung Li and Yang Li

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6139; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196139 - 27 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2204

Abstract

China currently adopts voluntary principles to disclose sustainable development information, and so considerable numbers of listed companies have chosen not to disclose such information. Since disclosure and non-disclosure groups face different production opportunities, this research uses the meta-frontier framework to completely analyze sustainable [...] Read more.

China currently adopts voluntary principles to disclose sustainable development information, and so considerable numbers of listed companies have chosen not to disclose such information. Since disclosure and non-disclosure groups face different production opportunities, this research uses the meta-frontier framework to completely analyze sustainable development practices of China’s artificial intelligence (AI) industry. Empirical results show that the disclosure group outperforms the non-disclosure group in operating scales, efficiencies, and technologies, while the superior efficiency of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) comes entirely from the non-disclosure group. Hence, the government should mandate or actively encourage capable corporations, especially SOEs, to disclose sustainable development information, as doing so improves the overall sustainable development of society and also enhances these firms’ performance. Finally, the authority can formulate a nationwide disclosure policy regardless of the existing differences in regional development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

10 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Context-Dependent Total-Factor Energy Efficiency of Counties and Cities in Taiwan

by Jin-Li Hu and Tzu-Pu Chang

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4615; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154615 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2242

Abstract

This paper applies the context-dependent total-factor energy efficiency (CD-TFEE) to determine the multi-layer disaggregate energy efficiency frontiers of twenty administrative regions in Taiwan for the year of 2016. The CD-TFEE overcomes the shortcoming of conventional TFEE index that TFEE is not able to [...] Read more.

This paper applies the context-dependent total-factor energy efficiency (CD-TFEE) to determine the multi-layer disaggregate energy efficiency frontiers of twenty administrative regions in Taiwan for the year of 2016. The CD-TFEE overcomes the shortcoming of conventional TFEE index that TFEE is not able to find the “closest target” for each inefficient region in the short run. Furthermore, the CD-TFEE scores here deal with four types of energy inputs (electricity for production, electricity for household and non-household lighting, diesel sales, and gasoline sales), illustrating that multi-layer TFEE frontiers for each energy input in the case of Taiwan can be computed. Empirical results indicate that there are three levels of TFEE frontiers for electricity for production and four levels for other types of energy inputs. In addition, New Taipei City, Taipei City, Keelung City, and Penghu County are at the top level of TFEE frontier for all four energy inputs. This paper also demonstrates that the CD-TFEE procedure generates results different from the CD-DEA introduced by Seiford and Zhu (2003). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

16 pages, 1152 KiB

Open AccessArticle

International Environmental Efficiency Trends and the Impact of the Paris Agreement

by Wen-Chi Yang, Wen-Min Lu and Alagu Perumal Ramasamy

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4503; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154503 - 26 Jul 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2365

Abstract

This study estimates the environmental efficiency of 150 economies during the period of 2010–2017 to understand the environmental efficiency trend worldwide. This research adopts the meta-Malmquist approach to compare and capture the dynamic change in environmental efficiency among different income groups. The empirical [...] Read more.

This study estimates the environmental efficiency of 150 economies during the period of 2010–2017 to understand the environmental efficiency trend worldwide. This research adopts the meta-Malmquist approach to compare and capture the dynamic change in environmental efficiency among different income groups. The empirical results indicate that among the four income groups, only the low-income group suffers from regression in terms of environmental efficiency, while the high-income group achieves the greatest progress. For the high-income group, the source of improvement originates from the frontier shift rather than from efficiency change. By contrast, the improvement of the lower-income groups results from the catching-up effect. With regard to the effect of the Paris Agreement, only the lower middle-income group exhibits a statistical difference between the two periods, and environmental efficiency increases after the adoption of the Paris Agreement. The fight against global warming cannot succeed by relying only on specific countries. The whole world must cooperate and improve together, and thus, additional help must be devoted to the low-income group. The statistical results support that differences exist in terms of environmental efficiency among the four income groups. In particular, the low-income group is deteriorating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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14 pages, 1246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Energy Transition Policy in Taiwan—A View of Sustainable Development Perspectives

by Chun-Kai Wang, Chien-Ming Lee, Yue-Rong Hong and Kan Cheng

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4402; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154402 - 21 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2714

Abstract

Energy transition has become a priority for adaptive policy and measures taken in response to climate change around the world. This is an opportunity and a challenge for the Taiwan government to establish a climate-resilient power generation mixed to ensure electricity security as [...] Read more.

Energy transition has become a priority for adaptive policy and measures taken in response to climate change around the world. This is an opportunity and a challenge for the Taiwan government to establish a climate-resilient power generation mixed to ensure electricity security as well as climate change mitigation. This study adopted a sustainable development perspective and applied optimal control theory to establish a cost-effective model to evaluate a long-term (2050), climate-resilient power generation mix for Taiwan. Furthermore, this study applies the STIRPAT approach to predict the demand of electricity by 2050 for the demand side management. The results not only showed the share of various power generation mixed, but also recommended the trajectory of electricity saving by 2050. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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20 pages, 454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Dynamic Energy Production Efficiency in APEC Economies

by Dan Wu, Ching-Cheng Lu, Xiang Chen, Pei-Chieh Tu, An-Chi Yang and Chih-Yu Yang

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4343; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144343 - 19 Jul 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

This study introduces the translation adjustment model of Seiford and Zhu (2002) into dynamic DEA models to measure and analyze the dynamic energy efficiency of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies from 2010 to 2014. The APEC economies are divided into annual energy and [...] Read more.

This study introduces the translation adjustment model of Seiford and Zhu (2002) into dynamic DEA models to measure and analyze the dynamic energy efficiency of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies from 2010 to 2014. The APEC economies are divided into annual energy and overall energy efficiency ratings, and improvement directions are proposed for the different variables. With the proposal of magnitude, this study discusses the changes in intertemporal conversion variables and proposes suggestions for improvement. Finally, this study analyzes the implications of energy investment and the efficiency policies of APEC economies. The results show that economies with the lowest overall energy efficiency ratings have great potential for improvement. Reducing capital stock, labor, fossil fuel consumption, and CO₂ emissions while increasing GDP can increase energy efficiency ratings. However, economies do not want to reduce the state’s capital stock, and labor and population birth adjustments are difficult. Energy efficiency can only start by adjusting the consumption of fossil fuels, CO₂ emissions, and GDP. The results indicate that to improve energy efficiency and reduce fossil fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions, economies are expected to increase their GDP unless they enact cuts through policy and technical approaches, appropriately adjust their energy policies, and actively develop new energy technologies to effectively reduce CO₂ emissions and achieve optimal energy efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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Review

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18 pages, 424 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Development and Issues of Energy-ICT: A Review of Literature with Economic and Managerial Viewpoints

by Jin-Li Hu, Yi-Chou Chen and Ya-Po Yang

Energies 2022, 15(2), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15020594 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5390

Abstract

This paper reviews the economic and managerial literature on the relationship between energy-ICT and the development of the green energy economy. It is summarized that there are four lines of existing literature on energy-ICT: cost and benefit analysis, fair competition issues, cybersecurity issues, [...] Read more.

This paper reviews the economic and managerial literature on the relationship between energy-ICT and the development of the green energy economy. It is summarized that there are four lines of existing literature on energy-ICT: cost and benefit analysis, fair competition issues, cybersecurity issues, and promotion policy issues. Even though ICT is energy-consuming, most of the existing empirical studies support the idea that energy-ICT has net positive effects on energy savings, energy efficiency improvement, emission reduction, and economic growth at both enterprise and economy-wide levels. Energy-ICT equips the platform operator with higher bargaining power, such that a governance mechanism to assure the fair access right of each entitled participant is required. A smarter energy-ICT network also becomes riskier, and hence the cybersecurity protection is more important than before. Future research and development opportunities remain on these issues of the fair competition, cybersecurity, and promotion policy of energy-ICT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Energy Economies)

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