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Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 34106

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Mariusz Malinowski

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Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: power electronics; single and multiphase multilevel converters; renewable energy sources; solid state transformer; distributed energy systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Steffen Bernet

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Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony, Germany
Interests: power electronics; power semiconductors; power converters; multilevel converters; electrical drives for industry; energy systems and traction

Prof. Dr. Marcelo A. Perez

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Guest Editor

Department of Electronics, Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria, Valparaíso, Chile
Interests: power converter topologies and control; multilevel converters; power electronics simulation; electromobility; Smart Grids; HVDC systems; energy harvesting

Dr. Sebastian Styński

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Guest Editor

Institute of Control and Industrial Electronics, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland
Interests: single and multiphase multilevel converters; power electronics; renewable energy sources; solid state transformers; distributed energy systems

Special Issue Information

Dear colleagues,

The fast growth of distributed generation systems (DGSs) and smart grids (SGs), including the increasing number of renewable energy sources (RES), active loads, and energy storages, requires the development of high-performance power electronics converters. Therefore, this Special Issue will focus on emerging grid-connected power electronic topologies, control, and applications. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

advanced grid-connected converters (e.g., WBG 2-level converters, cell-based multilevel grid converters);
advanced modulation and control schemes;
modeling and implementation of converters and control;
grid filters, including inductive components, filter design, and active damping;
parallel connected grid converters;
special problems at weak grids and/or small (island) grids;
solid state transformers/smart transformers; and
active filters, active rectifiers, FACTS, Statcom, etc.

Prof. Dr. Mariusz Malinowski
Prof. Dr. Steffen Bernet
Prof. Dr. Marcelo A. Perez
Dr. Sebastian Styński
Guest Editors

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Keywords

power electronics
power systems
new topologies for converters
new control methods for grid-connected converters

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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25 pages, 13234 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Closed-Form Formulas for Automated Design of SiC-Based Phase-Shifted Full Bridge Converters in Charger Applications

by Kornel Wolski, Piotr Grzejszczak, Marek Szymczak and Roman Barlik

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5380; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175380 - 30 Aug 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2870

Abstract

Phase-Shifted Full Bridge (PSFB) topology in its four-diode variant is the choice with the lowest part count in applications that demand high power, high voltage, and galvanic isolation, such as in Electric Vehicle (EV) chargers. Even though the topology is prevalent in power electronics applications, no single, unified analytical model has been proposed for the design process of four-diode PSFB converters. As a result, engineers must rely on simulations and empirical results obtained from previously built converters when selecting components to properly match the DC source voltage level with the DC load voltage requirements. In this work, the authors provide a design-oriented analysis approach for obtaining the output voltage and semiconductor current values, ready for implementation in a spreadsheet- or MATLAB-type software to automate design optimization. The proposed formulas account for all the first-order nonlinear dependencies by considering the impact of each of the following eight design parameters: DC-link voltage, load resistance, phase-shift ratio, switching frequency, transformer turns ratio, magnetizing inductance, series inductance, and output inductance. The results are verified through experiments at the power level of 10 kW and the DC-link voltage level of 800 V by using a grid simulator and a SiC-based two-level Active Front End (AFE) with a DC–DC stage based on the PSFB topology. The accuracy of the output voltage formula is determined to be around 99.6% in experiments and 100.0% in simulations. Based on this exact model, an automated design procedure for high-power high-voltage SiC-based PSFB converters is developed. By providing the desired DC-link voltage, output voltage, output power, output current ripple factor, maximum temperatures, and semiconductor and heatsink databases, the algorithm calculates a set of feasible designs and points to the one with the lowest semiconductor losses, dimensions, or cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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33 pages, 21702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Level Unidirectional Rectifiers under Non-Unity Power Factor Operation and Unbalanced Split DC-Link Loading: Analytical and Experimental Assessment

by Davide Cittanti, Matteo Gregorio, Eugenio Bossotto, Fabio Mandrile and Radu Bojoi

Energies 2021, 14(17), 5280; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175280 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5200

Abstract

Three-phase three-level unidirectional rectifiers are among the most adopted topologies for general active rectification, achieving an excellent compromise between cost, complexity and overall performance. The unidirectional nature of these rectifiers negatively affects their operation, e.g., distorting the input currents around the zero-crossings, limiting the maximum converter-side displacement power factor, reducing the split DC-link mid-point current capability and limiting the converter ability to compensate the low-frequency DC-link mid-point voltage oscillation. In particular, the rectifier operation under non-unity power factor and/or under constant zero-sequence voltage injection (i.e., when unbalanced split DC-link loading occurs) typically yields large and uncontrolled input current distortion, effectively limiting the acceptable operating region of the converter. Although high bandwidth current control loops and enhanced phase current sampling strategies may improve the rectifier input current distortion, especially at light load, these approaches lose effectiveness when significant phase-shift between voltage and current is required and/or a constant zero-sequence voltage must be injected. Therefore, this paper proposes a complete analysis and performance assessment of three-level unidirectional rectifiers under non-unity power factor operation and unbalanced split DC-link loading. First, the theoretical operating limits of the converter in terms of zero-sequence voltage, modulation index, power factor angle, maximum DC-link mid-point current and minimum DC-link mid-point charge ripple are derived. Leveraging the derived zero-sequence voltage limits, a unified carrier-based pulse-width modulation (PWM) approach enabling the undistorted operation of the rectifier in all feasible operating conditions is thus proposed. Moreover, novel analytical expressions defining the maximum rectifier mid-point current capability and the minimum peak-to-peak DC-link mid-point charge ripple as functions of both modulation index and power factor angle are derived, the latter enabling a straightforward sizing of the split DC-link capacitors. The theoretical analysis is verified on a 30

k

W

, 20

k

Hz

T-type rectifier prototype, designed for electric vehicle ultra-fast battery charging. The input phase current distortion, the maximum mid-point current capability and the minimum mid-point charge ripple are experimentally assessed across all rectifier operating points, showing excellent performance and accurate agreement with the analytical predictions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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17 pages, 8143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Control Strategies for a Star Connected Cascaded H-Bridge Converter Operating as MV-AC to MV-DC Stage of a Solid State Transformer

by Sebastian Stynski, Marta Grzegorczyk, Cezary Sobol and Radek Kot

Energies 2021, 14(15), 4607; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154607 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2511

Abstract

Nowadays, the increasing number of nonlinear loads and renewable energy resources pose new challenges for the standard electrical grid. Conventional solutions cannot handle most of them. The weakest component in the whole system is a conventional distribution (converting medium to low AC voltage) transformer. It should not operate with unbalanced, heavily distorted voltage and cannot control power flow or compensate current harmonics. One of the promising solutions to replace the conventional transformer and thus minimize power flow and grid distortions is a power electronics device called a solid state transformer (SST). Depending on the SST topology, it can have different functionalities, and, with the proper control algorithm, it is able to compensate any power imbalances in both low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV) grid sides. In the case of a three energy conversion stage SST, the LV and the MV stages can be treated separately. This paper focuses on the MV-AC to the MV-DC stage only based on a star-connected cascaded H-bridge converter. In this paper, a simple control solution for such a converter enabling different current control strategies to distribute power among the phases in an MV grid in the case of voltage imbalances is proposed. Simulation and experimental results proved good performance and verified the validity of the proposed control algorithm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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26 pages, 11788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Predictive Control Method with Optimal Switching Sequence and Filter Resonance Suppression for Two-Stage Matrix Converter

by Zhengfei Di, Demin Xu, Luca Tarisciotti and Pat Wheeler

Energies 2021, 14(12), 3652; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123652 - 19 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2048

Abstract

This paper proposes a vector modulation-based model predictive current control strategy for a two-stage matrix converter. The switching frequency is kept constant by fixing the switching instantly. The control scheme controls the source reactive power on the input side and output currents on the output side. Besides, the advantage of the proposed strategy compared with conventional model predictive control is firstly proved using the principle of vector synthesis and the law of sines in the vector distribution area. Moreover, to ensure zero-current switching operations and reduce the switching losses, an optimal switching sequence is proposed and implemented. Furthermore, considering that the input filter resonance is easier to be inspired by the model predictive control, compared with conventional linear control strategies, an innovative active damping technique is proposed to suppress the input filter resonance. To assess the performance of the proposed method, simulation and experimental results are demonstrated, showing that the control system features both good steady-state and transient performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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20 pages, 16396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SiC-MOSFET or Si-IGBT: Comparison of Design and Key Characteristics of a 690 V Grid-Tied Industrial Two-Level Voltage Source Converter

by Carlos D. Fuentes, Marcus Müller, Steffen Bernet and Samir Kouro

Energies 2021, 14(11), 3054; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113054 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6672

Abstract

In this paper, a design driven comparison between two 190 kVA industrial three-phase two-level voltage source converter (2L-VSC) designs based in silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon (Si) for 690 V grids is presented. These two designs were conceived to have the same nominal power, while switching at reasonable switching speeds and requiring the same case to ambient thermal impedance. Under these conditions, the designs were studied to detect the potential gains and limitations that a pragmatic converter design could feature when using these two technologies regarding cost, efficiency, size and weight. To achieve this, experimentally determined semiconductor characteristics were used to perform simulations, the results of which were then used to design the essential parts of the converter. These designed parts were then corroborated with manufacturers, from which physical characteristics of all designed components were obtained. The results show that the SiC based design presents substantial weight savings and an 11% system cost reduction, while preserving its traditional characteristics such as improved overall efficiency when compared to the silicon based design under the given design requirements and constraints. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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20 pages, 5310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pareto Frontier of the Arm Energy Ripple and the Conduction Losses of a Modular Multilevel Converter

by Mario Lopez, Hendrik Fehr, Marcelo A. Perez and Albrecht Gensior

Energies 2021, 14(2), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020392 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

Modular multilevel converters can achieve high power quality and voltage ratings, becoming a good alternative for high-voltage direct-current applications. However, the circulating current and capacitor voltage ripple remain significant drawbacks, mainly due to the impact on efficiency and power density. In this work, a stationary operation of a modular multilevel converter is optimized by calculating the Pareto frontier of the arm energy ripple and the conduction losses for different operating conditions. From the set of optimal solutions, the best trade-off between energy ripple and power losses can be chosen depending on the application requirements. Therefore, an optimal operating point regarding capacitor voltage ripple and circulating current was found, optimizing efficiency and allowing a reduction of capacitance, hence size and cost. The theoretical analysis and results are validated experimentally on a prototype test-bench. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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18 pages, 10818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Control Set MPC with Fixed Switching Frequency Applied to a Grid Connected Single-Phase Cascade H-Bridge Inverter

by Roberto O. Ramírez, Carlos R. Baier, José Espinoza and Felipe Villarroel

Energies 2020, 13(20), 5475; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13205475 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3440

Abstract

Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) has been widely investigated in recent years due to its ability to handle optimization problems with multiple control objectives in a diverse variety of systems. Moreover, its direct implementation in digital-based systems has made it an attractive strategy in static power converter applications. However, its characteristics such as variable switching frequency and spread harmonic spectrum limit the use of standard MPC due to power losses, audible noise, steady-state performance, and resonances. To mitigate these problems and extend the FCS-MPC applications to new areas, this paper proposes a new hybrid predictive control scheme, capable of achieving a harmonic spectrum distribution similar to that obtained with a pulse-width modulation scheme. The proposed strategy is based on a system model to generate an optimization, and, at the same time, an input restriction in the cost function of the standard FCS-MPC. This new approach is validated through experimental tests carried out in a grid-connected Cascaded H-bridge inverter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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19 pages, 13397 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

The Enhanced Average Model of the Smart Transformer with the Wye-Delta Connection of Dual Active Bridges

by Adam Milczarek and Mariusz Michna

Energies 2020, 13(18), 4613; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184613 - 4 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2725

Abstract

Nowadays, many power electronics converters (PECs) are connected to the distribution grid, increasing the energy quality requirements in point of common coupling (PCC). One of the promising solutions to improve the energy quality is a smart transformer (ST) characterised by additional benefits in relation to the classical transformer throughout the possibility to implement advanced functionalities in PCC. However, the ST contains a lot of power semiconductor switches, making a problem for simulation software and the computer hardware when the control algorithm and all the ST functionalities are investigated. Usually, the solver algorithms in simulation software are used to create many linear time-varying states spaces, which increases exponentially with the number of switches. Therefore, very important is a model averaging process of the selected advanced ST topology, which is the aim of the paper. The proposed ST average model is compared with full switching models of each ST power conversion stage. It allows for decreasing the simulation time a dozen times, enabling the control algorithm analysis with a full ST model. The proposed solution and results prove steady-state and dynamic behaviour of the average model and provide a comprehensive averaging process for a novel multiple active bridge direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter inside the ST. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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Review

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35 pages, 1691 KiB

Open AccessReview

Configurations, Power Topologies and Applications of Hybrid Distribution Transformers

by Alvaro Carreno, Marcelo Perez, Carlos Baier, Alex Huang, Sanjay Rajendran and Mariusz Malinowski

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1215; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051215 - 24 Feb 2021

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5066

Abstract

Distribution systems are under constant stress due to their highly variable operating conditions, which jeopardize distribution transformers and lines, degrading the end-user service. Due to transformer regulation, variable loads can generate voltage profiles out of the acceptable bands recommended by grid codes, affecting the quality of service. At the same time, nonlinear loads, such as diode bridge rectifiers without power factor correction systems, generate nonlinear currents that affect the distribution transformer operation, reducing its lifetime. Variable loads can be commonly found at domiciliary levels due to the random operation of home appliances, but recently also due to electric vehicle charging stations, where the distribution transformer can cyclically vary between no-load, rated and overrated load. Thus, the distribution transformer can not safely operate under highly-dynamic and stressful conditions, requiring the support of alternative systems. Among the existing solutions, hybrid transformers, which are composed of a conventional transformer and a power converter, are an interesting alternative to cope with several power quality problems. This article is a review of the available literature about hybrid distribution transformers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control and Topologies of Grid Connected Converters)

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