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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (17 November 2021) | Viewed by 18243

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Prof. Dr. Toshihiko Nakata

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Department of Management Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
Interests: integrated design and analysis for sustainable energy systems

Special Issue Information

Offshore wind is expected to penetrate conventional power supplies, as part of the pursuit of carbon-less energy systems before 2050. In this Special Issue, work related to technological aspects of offshore wind is encouraged, including capacity, efficiency, operation, durability, etc. System approaches, such as combining intermittent output with energy storage devices and energy carriers, are also welcome. Both experimental work and modeling analysis for global/regional studies are within this scope. The real value of offshore wind is its huge potential to implement sustainable development, introducing clean energy, smart cities, and global decarbonization into society.

Prof. Dr. Toshihiko Nakata
Guest Editor

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 7997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Map Optimization Fuzzy Logic Framework in Wind Turbine Site Selection with Application to the USA Wind Farms

by Gorg Abdelmassih, Mohammed Al-Numay and Abdelali El Aroudi

Energies 2021, 14(19), 6127; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14196127 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2023

Abstract

In this study, we analyze observational and predicted wind energy datasets of the lower 48 states of the United States, and we intend to predict an optimal map for new turbines placement. Several approaches have been implemented to investigate the correlation between current wind power stations, power capacity, wind seasonality, and site selection. The correlation between stations is carried out according to Pearson correlation coefficient approach joined with the spherical law of cosines to calculate the distances. The high correlation values between the stations spaced within a distance of 100 km show that installing more turbines close to the current farms would assist the electrical grid. The total power capacity indicates that the current wind turbines are utilizing approximately 70% of the wind resources available in the turbine’s sites. The Power spectrum of Fourier’s spectral density indicates main, secondary, and harmonic frequencies correspond to yearly, semiyearly, and daily wind-speed periodic patterns. We propose and validate a numerical approach based on a novel fuzzy logic framework for wind turbines placement. Map optimizations are fitted considering different parameters presented in wind speed, land use, price, and elevation. Map optimization results show that suitable sites for turbines placement are in general agreement with the direction of the correlation approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Energy Technology and System Integration)

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12 pages, 4955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatial–Temporal Estimation and Analysis of Japan Onshore and Offshore Wind Energy Potential

by Rémi Delage, Taichi Matsuoka and Toshihiko Nakata

Energies 2021, 14(8), 2168; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082168 - 13 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2426

Abstract

In the carbon-neutral scenarios fixed by most developed countries, wind and solar resources play a significant role due to their substantial potential. Their instability can be mitigated through smarter designs of energy systems, including sector coupling and cross-border interconnections, which require detailed information on the spatial and temporal evolution of these intermittent resources. The present study aims at estimating the spatial–temporal energy potential of wind in Japan based on meteorological weather data. These data allow to analyze the potential of resources sharing to reduce power generation’s lack and excess, even in such an isolated country due to its variety of climate conditions and local energy demand. The correlation skewness is introduced as a measure of the sites’ uniqueness to identify important sites for the spatial distribution of capacity toward the efficient stabilization of supply at a national scale in a model-free fashion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Energy Technology and System Integration)

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18 pages, 2884 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Criteria Approach to Evaluate Floating Offshore Wind Farms Siting in the Canary Islands (Spain)

by Hugo Díaz and Carlos Guedes Soares

Energies 2021, 14(4), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14040865 - 7 Feb 2021

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 4252

Abstract

The study presents a methodology for floating wind farms site selection with a Canary Islands case study. The frame combines geographical information systems (GIS) and multiple criteria decision methods (MCDMs). First, the problematic areas for the installation of the turbines are identified through a GIS database application. This tool generates thematic layers representing exclusion criteria. Then, at the second stage of the study, available maritime locations are analyzed and ranked using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), based on technical, economic, and environmental aspects. AHP’s technique guarantee the elimination of the judgment’s subjectivity. The study also compared the solutions of the AHP technique with other methods, such as Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE), ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realité (ELECTRE III), Technique for Order Preferences by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Weighted Sum Algorithm (WSA(). The main result of this study is the creation of a realistic and objective overview of floating offshore wind farm site selection and the contribution to minimize the environmental impacts and to reduce the social conflicts between stakeholders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Energy Technology and System Integration)

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18 pages, 4100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Spatial Analysis of the Offshore Wind Potential in Japan

by Yannek Bardenhagen and Toshihiko Nakata

Energies 2020, 13(23), 6303; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236303 - 29 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3094

Abstract

This study presents an approach for estimating the offshore wind potential of Japan. Bathymetry data (1 km mesh) and near shore wind speed data of the year 2018 were used to assess the potential. A turbine with a peak power of 10.6 MW was employed for the analysis. The potential was calculated for multiple regions. These regions are based on the service areas of the major electricity supply companies in Japan. Overall, the results show that Japan has the potential to produce up to 32,028 PJ electricity per year. The electricity demand of 2018 amounts to 3231 PJ. The potential is therefore large enough to cover Japan’s electricity needs ten-times over. The capacity that could theoretically be installed amounts to 2720 GW, which is a multiple of the current worldwide installed capacity of 29.1 GW (2019). In addition to the huge potential, the regional assessment shows that the regions vary greatly in their potential; of all the considered regions, Hokkaido and Kyushu have the highest overall potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Energy Technology and System Integration)

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22 pages, 2821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floating Offshore Renewable Energy Farms. A Life-Cycle Cost Analysis at Brindisi, Italy

by Daniela Pantusa, Antonio Francone and Giuseppe Roberto Tomasicchio

Energies 2020, 13(22), 6150; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13226150 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3045

Abstract

The present paper deals with the Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) of an offshore renewable energy farm that is currently a topic of interest for operators and investors. The LCC analysis refers to the Cost Breakdown Structure (CBS) considering all the phases of life span, and it has been carried out for floating offshore wind farms (FOWFs) and hybrid wind-wave farms (HWWFs). For HWWFs, this paper proposes a hybrid wind-wave energy system (HWWES), which provides the coupling of wave energy converter (WEC) with Tension Leg Platform (TLP) or Spar Buoy platform (SB). The LCC analysis has been carried out considering: (i) FOWF consisting of TLP floating platforms; (ii) FOWF consisting of a SB floating platforms; (iii) HWWF realized with the conceived hybrid system coupling the WEC with the TLP platform; (iv) HWWF realized with the conceived hybrid system coupling the WEC with SB platform. In addition to the LCC evaluation, the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) analysis has also been carried out. The site chosen for the study is off the port of Brindisi, southern Italy. This work’s interest lies in having performed a LCC analysis for FOWF and HWWF in the Mediterranean that is an area of growing interest for offshore renewable energy, and obtained results have allowed making assessments on costs for offshore energy farms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Energy Technology and System Integration)

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17 pages, 3817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simplified Assessment on the Wind Farm Noise Impact of the E²O Experimental Offshore Station in the Asturian Coast

by Katia María Argüelles Díaz, Sandra Velarde-Suárez, Jesús Manuel Fernández Oro and José González Pérez

Energies 2020, 13(21), 5788; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215788 - 5 Nov 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2315

Abstract

This paper presents a preliminary evaluation of the acoustic impact of an offshore experimental wind farm (E²O), conceived and planned to be installed in Asturias on Spain’s northwest coast. A simplified assessment of the wind turbines’ noise impact at an offshore platform was performed numerically, adapting commercial software for room acoustics to this particular application. As a result, the sound levels at specific receiver sites on the coastline were estimated to select the most convenient level between the two possible locations. Parameters from acoustic emission data of the selected wind turbines were introduced as inputs to the simulation, and the noise propagation in the analyzed domains (for different values of their basic parameters) was simulated. Complementarily, the numerical results were compared to calculations following the ISO 9613-2 standard on sound propagation outdoors for validation purposes, showing good overall agreement. The results revealed that both projected areas under consideration follow the current normative concerning the prescribed acoustic limits, according to the predicted low sound pressure values at the specific considered receiver sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Offshore Wind Energy Technology and System Integration)

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