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Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems

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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 March 2025 | Viewed by 7388

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Muhammad Akmal

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Guest Editor

Electrical, Electronic and Future Technologies Subject Group, Department of Engineering and Mathematics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
Interests: renewable energy integration into power systems; microgrids; smart grids; power system operation and stability analysis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on the stability and reliability of advanced control of microgrids and power systems. Microgrids are local electricity distribution systems that can operate independently or in conjunction with the main power grid. The integration of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, into microgrids poses challenges in terms of control, optimization, stability, and reliability. This Special Issue emphasises recent advances in these areas and provides a platform for researchers and practitioners to share knowledge and discuss the latest developments. It aims to delve into various aspects of microgrids and power systems to address the evolving challenges and opportunities in the energy sector.

This Special Issue invites submissions that investigate advanced control strategies, emphasizing the need for efficient and adaptable control systems in microgrids.

The topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

Advanced control of AC and DC microgrids;
Grid interaction studies for all types of microgrids;
Optimization techniques to enhance the performance of microgrids and power systems;
Energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact of microgrids and power systems;
Stability of microgrids and power systems under significant penetration;
Reliability studies in relation to microgrids and power systems;
Methods to enhance the stability of microgrids;
Strategies to ensure the reliable operation of microgrids and power systems, even under adverse conditions or cyber threats.

This Special Issue aims to serves as a comprehensive resource for academics, engineers, and policymakers interested in the sustainable development and improved performance of microgrids and power systems.

Dr. Muhammad Akmal
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

microgrids
power systems
control of microgrids
optimization in microgrids
stability of microgrids
reliability of microgrids and power systems
integrating renewable energy sources

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 14562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Rotating Tidal Current Controller and Energy Router Siting and Capacitation Method Considering Spatio-Temporal Distribution

by Junqing Jia, Jia Zhou, Yuan Gao, Chen Shao, Junda Lu and Jiaoxin Jia

Energies 2024, 17(23), 5919; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17235919 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 635

Abstract

As the proportion of new energy access increases year by year, the resulting energy imbalance and voltage/trend distribution complexity of the distribution network system in the spatio-temporal dimension become more and more prominent. The joint introduction of electromagnetic rotary power flow controller (RPFC) and energy router (ER) can improve the high proportion of new active distribution network (ADN) consumption and power supply reliability from both spatial and temporal dimensions. To this end, the paper proposes an ADN expansion planning method considering RPFC and ER access. A two-layer planning model for RPFC and ER based on spatio-temporal characteristics is established, with the upper model being the siting and capacity-setting layer, which takes the investment and construction cost of RPFC and ER as the optimization objective, and the lower model being the optimal operation layer, which takes the lowest operating cost of the distribution network as the objective. The planning model is solved by a hybrid optimization algorithm with improved particle swarm and second-order cone planning. The proposed planning model and solving algorithm are validated with the IEEE33 node example, and the results show that the joint access of RPFC and ER can effectively improve the spatial-temporal distribution of voltage in the distribution network and has the lowest equivalent annual value investment and operation cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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25 pages, 1985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Power Oscillation Source Location Based on the Combination of Energy Function and Normal Distribution in a Fully Data-Driven Approach

by Shujia Guo, Xu Liu, Chao Jiang and Jing Cong

Energies 2024, 17(20), 5237; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205237 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 807

Abstract

With the deepening of national efforts toward green energy transformation, the power system is evolving into one characterized by “double high”—a high proportion of new energy integration and a high level of power electronic systems. This results in a more complex system topology, necessitating improvements in various prevention and control measures. Traditional model-based methods for locating power oscillation disturbance sources in power systems are no longer sufficient to meet the operational demands of modern power systems. With the rapid development of wide-area measurement systems (WAMS), there is growing interest in disturbance source localization using system response data. System dynamics provide a wealth of easily extractable data that can accurately reflect the power system’s behavior under normal conditions. This paper proposes a numerical method for locating disturbance sources, combining energy functions with normal distribution identification, based on power oscillation mechanisms and system response data. The method identifies potential disturbance sources, including small random load fluctuations and large forced power oscillations. The innovation lies in the introduction of a 3 Sigma value criterion to pinpoint the disturbance source location, addressing the limitations of traditional energy function methods that require manual intervention. By quantifying the localization of power oscillation disturbance sources, this method significantly improves both efficiency and accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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20 pages, 4399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Coordinated Emergency Frequency Control Strategy Based on Output Regulation Approach for an Isolated Industrial Microgrid

by Xin Ding and Sujie Zhang

Energies 2024, 17(20), 5217; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205217 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 810

Abstract

Constructing isolated industrial microgrids with wind power is beneficial for improving the economic benefits of high-energy-consuming production, such as the electrolytic aluminum industry. Due to the specialized structure of industrial microgrids and the unique characteristics of the electrolytic aluminum load (EAL), the common emergency frequency control methods do not apply to the specific operational requirements of isolated industrial microgrids. Since EALs have huge regulating capacities and fast responses, this paper proposes a coordinated emergency frequency control scheme to deal with power disturbances in isolated industrial microgrids. The coordinated frequency control model of an industrial microgrid considering demand-side participation is derived. With the help of output regulation theory, a practical, feasible coordinated frequency controller is designed by introducing frequency deviation and power disturbance as feedback control signals. The proposed control scheme achieves reserve power distribution between the generation and demand sides. The microgrid frequency can be maintained within a permitted range in the presence of large power imbalances. The simulation results conducted in an actual isolated industrial microgrid validate the effectiveness and dynamic performance of the proposed control scheme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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29 pages, 6734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Modeling of Distribution Power Systems with Renewable Generation for Stability Analysis

by Darko Madjovski, Ivan Dumancic and Carolina Tranchita

Energies 2024, 17(20), 5178; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205178 - 17 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1294

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the dynamic modeling of distribution power systems with a focus on the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) for stability analysis. Our research delves into the static and dynamic behavior of distribution systems, emphasizing the need for enhanced load modeling to mitigate planning and operational uncertainties. Using MATLAB/Simulink^®, we simulate four distinct study cases characterized by varying load types and levels of distributed generation (DG), particularly solar PV, under both balanced and unbalanced conditions. Our findings highlight the critical role of DG in influencing voltage stability, revealing that deviations in voltage and current during grid imbalances remain within acceptable limits. The study underscores the importance of DG-based inverters in maintaining grid stability through reactive power support and sets the stage for future research on microgrid simulations and battery storage integration to further enhance system stability and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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29 pages, 29232 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Current Compensation Method in a Distribution System Based on a Four-Leg Inverter under Unbalanced Load Conditions Using an Artificial Neural Network

by Tae-Gyu Kim, Chang-Gyun An, Junsin Yi and Chung-Yuen Won

Energies 2024, 17(6), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17061325 - 10 Mar 2024

Viewed by 887

Abstract

This study proposes an unbalanced current compensation method based on a four-leg inverter using an artificial neural network (ANN) under unbalanced load conditions. Distribution systems exhibit rapid load variations, and conventional filter-based control methods suffer from the drawback of requiring an extended time period to reach a steady state. To address this problem, an ANN is applied to calculate the unbalanced current reference and enhance dynamic performance. Additionally, because of the periodic incorrect output inherent in the ANN, applying it to a proportional–integral controller would result in an error being directly reflected in the current reference. In the aforementioned problem, an ANN is applied to the dq0 coordinate system current controller to compensate for the periodic incorrect output in the current reference calculation. The proposed ANN-based unbalanced current compensation method is validated through PSIM simulations and experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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23 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multivariable Algorithm Using Signal-Processing Techniques to Identify Islanding Events in Utility Grid with Renewable Energy Penetration

by Ming Li, Anqing Chen, Peixiong Liu, Wenbo Ren and Chenghao Zheng

Energies 2024, 17(4), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17040877 - 14 Feb 2024

Viewed by 971

Abstract

This paper designs a multi-variable hybrid islanding-detection method (HIDM) using signal-processing techniques. The signals of current captured on a test system where the renewable energy (RE) penetration level is between 50% and 100% are processed by the application of the Stockwell transform (ST) to compute the Stockwell islanding-detection factor (SIDF) and the co-variance islanding-detection factor (CIDF). The signals of current are processed by the application of the Hilbert transform (HT), and the Hilbert islanding-detection factor (HIDF) is computed. The signals of current are also processed by the application of the Alienation Coefficient (ALC), and the Alienation Islanding Detection Factor (AIDF) is computed. A hybrid islanding-detection indicator (HIDI) is derived by multiplying the SIDF, CIDF, AIDF, and an islanding weight factor (IWF) element by element. Two thresholds, designated as the hybrid islanding-detection indicator threshold (HIDIT) and the hybrid islanding-detection indicator fault threshold (HIDIFT), are selected to detect events of islanding and also to discriminate such events from fault events and operational events. The HIDM is effectively tested using an IEEE-13 bus power network, where solar generation plants (SGPs) and wind generation plants (WGPs) are integrated. The HIDM effectively identified and discriminated against events such as islanding, faults, and operational. The HIDM is also effective at identifying islanding events on a real-time distribution feeder. The HIDM is also effective at detecting islanding events in the scenario of a 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is established that the HIDM has a small non-detection zone (NDZ). The effectiveness of the HIDM is better relative to the islanding-detection method (IDM) supported by the discrete wavelet transform (DWT), an IDM using a hybridization of the slantlet transform, and the Ridgelet probabilistic neural network (RPNN). An IDM using wavelet transform multi-resolution (WT-MRA)-based image data and an IDM based on the use of a deep neural network (DNN) were used. The study was performed using the MATLAB software (2017a) and validated in real-time using the data collected from a practical distribution power system network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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16 pages, 5940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Refined Regulation Method with Modified Genetic Commutation Algorithm to Reduce Three-Phase Imbalanced Ratio in Low-Voltage Distribution Networks

by Dazhao Liu, Zhe Liu, Ti Wang, Zhiguang Xie, Tingting He, Aixin Dai and Zhiqiang Chen

Energies 2023, 16(23), 7838; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16237838 - 29 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1136

Abstract

The three-phase imbalance in low-voltage distribution networks (LVDNs) seriously threatens the security and stability of the power system. At present, a standard solution is automatic phase commutation, but this method has limitations because it does not address the branch imbalance and premature convergence or instability of the commutation algorithm. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel refined regulation commutation system, combined with a modified optimized commutation algorithm, and designs a model and simulation for feasibility verification. The refined regulatory model incorporates branch control units into the traditional commutation system. This effectively disperses the main controller’s functions to each branch and collaborates with intelligent fusion terminals for precise adjustment. The commutation algorithm designed in this paper, combined with the above model, adopts strategies such as symbol encoding, cubic chaotic mapping, and adaptive adjustment based on traditional genetic algorithms. In addition, in order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, this paper establishes a mathematical model with the minimum three-phase imbalance and commutation frequency as objectives and establishes a simulation model. The results of the simulation demonstrate that this method can successfully lower the three-phase imbalance of the low-voltage distribution network. It leads to a decrease of the main circuit’s three-phase load imbalance rate from 27% to 6% and reduces each branch line’s three-phase imbalance ratio to below 10%. After applying the method proposed in this paper, the main and branches circuit three-phase imbalance are both lower than the limit ratio of the LVDNs, which can improve the quality and safety of electricity consumption. Additionally, the results also prove that the commutation algorithm under this method has faster convergence speed, better application effect, and better stability, which has promotion and application value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Control, Optimization, Stability and Reliability of Microgrids and Power Systems)

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