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Energies
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State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration
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State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "B3: Carbon Emission and Utilization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 19191

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Sohrab Zendehboudi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Process Engineering, Memorial University, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
Interests: energy and environment; transport phenomena; carbon capture, utilization, and sequestration; multiscale and multi-physics modelling; process systems engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

High concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG), particularly carbon dioxide (CO2), in the atmosphere leads to adverse environmental impacts, such as high temperature, precipitation, and risks of forest fires. Environmental agencies/sectors are always looking for effective ways for mitigation of carbon concentration in the atmosphere. Further, the energy and environmental industries are still interested in injecting CO2 into underground formations for both sequestration and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes. Thus, it seems vital to employ efficient carbon management technologies such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. There are a variety of theoretical and practical challenges with CCS technologies, such as high capital and operating costs, long-term CO2 fate, and leakage risks. The aim of this Special Issue is to publish research papers that address the above issues through proposing new experimental and modeling approaches. The issue will include carbon management methods, transport phenomena involved in CCS processes, process design and optimization of CCS plants, risk analysis of carbon control methods, economic and environmental aspects of CCS strategies, industry developments and case studies in CCS, current status and future prospects of CO2 emissions and control, regulations and policy of governmental and private sectors concerning carbon emissions, and life cycle analysis relevant to carbon management.

Dr. Sohrab Zendehboudi
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • carbon capture
  • carbon sequestration
  • theoretical and practical challenges
  • future of carbon management
  • responsibilities of governmental and private sectors

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

28 pages, 3922 KiB  
Article
Application of Gene Expression Programming (GEP) in Modeling Hydrocarbon Recovery in WAG Injection Process
by Shokufe Afzali, Mohamad Mohamadi-Baghmolaei and Sohrab Zendehboudi
Energies 2021, 14(21), 7131; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217131 - 1 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2585
Abstract
Water alternating gas (WAG) injection has been successfully applied as a tertiary recovery technique. Forecasting WAG flooding performance using fast and robust models is of great importance to attain a better understanding of the process, optimize the operational conditions, and avoid high-cost blind [...] Read more.
Water alternating gas (WAG) injection has been successfully applied as a tertiary recovery technique. Forecasting WAG flooding performance using fast and robust models is of great importance to attain a better understanding of the process, optimize the operational conditions, and avoid high-cost blind tests in laboratory or pilot scales. In this study, we introduce a novel correlation to determine the performance of the near-miscible WAG flooding in strongly water-wet sandstones. We conduct dimensional analysis with Buckingham’s π theorem technique to generate dimensionless numbers using eight key parameters. Seven dimensionless numbers are employed as the input variables of the desired correlation for predicting the recovery factor of a near-miscible WAG injection. A verified mathematical model is used to generate the required training and testing data for the development of the correlation using a gene expression programming (GEP) algorithm. The provided data points are then separated into two subsets: training (67%) to develop the model and testing (33%) to assess the models’ capability. Conducting error analysis, statistical measures and graphical illustrations are provided to assess the effectiveness of the introduced model. The statistical analysis shows that the developed GEP-based correlation can generate target data with high precision such that the training phase leads to R2 = 92.85% and MSE = 1.38 × 10−3 and R2 = 91.93% and MSE = 4.30 × 10−3 are attained for the testing phase. The relative importance of the input dimensionless groups is also determined. According to the sensitivity analysis, decreasing the oil–water capillary number results in a significant reduction in RF in all cycles. Increasing the magnitudes of oil to gas viscosity ratio and oil to water viscosity ratio lowers the RF of each cycle. It is found that oil to gas viscosity ratio has a higher impact on RF value compared to oil to water viscosity ratio due to a higher viscosity gap between the gas and oil phases. It is expected that the GEP, as a fast and reliable tool, will be useful to find vital variables including relative permeability in complex transport phenomena such as three-phase flow in porous media. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration)
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25 pages, 7615 KiB  
Article
On the Evaluation of Interfacial Tension (IFT) of CO2–Paraffin System for Enhanced Oil Recovery Process: Comparison of Empirical Correlations, Soft Computing Approaches, and Parachor Model
by Farzaneh Rezaei, Amin Rezaei, Saeed Jafari, Abdolhossein Hemmati-Sarapardeh, Amir H. Mohammadi and Sohrab Zendehboudi
Energies 2021, 14(11), 3045; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14113045 - 24 May 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2760
Abstract
Carbon dioxide-based enhanced oil-recovery (CO2-EOR) processes have gained considerable interest among other EOR methods. In this paper, based on the molecular weight of paraffins (n-alkanes), pressure, and temperature, the magnitude of CO2–n-alkanes interfacial tension (IFT) was determined by utilizing [...] Read more.
Carbon dioxide-based enhanced oil-recovery (CO2-EOR) processes have gained considerable interest among other EOR methods. In this paper, based on the molecular weight of paraffins (n-alkanes), pressure, and temperature, the magnitude of CO2–n-alkanes interfacial tension (IFT) was determined by utilizing soft computing and mathematical modeling approaches, namely: (i) radial basis function (RBF) neural network (optimized by genetic algorithm (GA), gravitational search algorithm (GSA), imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and ant colony optimization (ACO)), (ii) multilayer perception (MLP) neural network (optimized by Levenberg-Marquardt (LM)), and (iii) group method of data handling (GMDH). To do so, a broad range of laboratory data consisting of 879 data points collected from the literature was employed to develop the models. The proposed RBF-ICA model, with an average absolute percent relative error (AAPRE) of 4.42%, led to the most reliable predictions. Furthermore, the Parachor approach with different scaling exponents (n) in combination with seven equations of state (EOSs) was applied for IFT predictions of the CO2–n-heptane and CO2–n-decane systems. It was found that n = 4 was the optimum value to obtain precise IFT estimations; and combinations of the Parachor model with three-parameter Peng–Robinson and Soave–Redlich–Kwong EOSs could better estimate the IFT of the CO2–n-alkane systems, compared to other used EOSs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration)
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19 pages, 5845 KiB  
Article
Carbon Sequestration by Reforesting Legacy Grasslands on Coal Mining Sites
by James F. Fox, John Elliott Campbell and Peter M. Acton
Energies 2020, 13(23), 6340; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13236340 - 1 Dec 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3157
Abstract
Future carbon management during energy production will rely on carbon capture and sequestration technology and carbon sequestration methods for offsetting non-capturable losses. The present study quantifies carbon sequestration via reforestation using measurements and modeling for recent and legacy surface coal mining grasslands that [...] Read more.
Future carbon management during energy production will rely on carbon capture and sequestration technology and carbon sequestration methods for offsetting non-capturable losses. The present study quantifies carbon sequestration via reforestation using measurements and modeling for recent and legacy surface coal mining grasslands that are re-restored through tree planting. This paper focuses on a case study of legacy coal mining sites in the southern Appalachia the United States. This five million-hectare region has a surface mining footprint of approximately 12% of the land area, and the reclamation method was primarily grassland. The results of the soil carbon sequestration rates for restored forest soils approach 2.0 MgC ha−1 y−1 initially and average 1.0 MgC ha−1 y−1 for the first fifty years after reclamation. Plant, coarse root and litter carbon sequestration rates were 2.8 MgC ha−1 y−1 with plant carbon estimated to equilibrate to 110 MgC ha−1 after forty years. Plant, root and litter carbon stocks are projected to equilibrate at an order of magnitude greater carbon storage than the existing conditions, highlighting the net carbon gain. Reforestation of legacy mine sites shows carbon sequestration potential several orders of magnitude greater than typical land sequestration strategies for carbon offsets. Projections of future scenarios provide results that show the study region could be carbon neutral or a small sink if widespread reforesting during reclamation was implemented, which is contrary to the business-as-usual projections that result in a large amount of carbon being released to the atmosphere in this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration)
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13 pages, 1378 KiB  
Article
Modeling of CO2 Capture with Water Bubble Column Reactor
by Eero Inkeri and Tero Tynjälä
Energies 2020, 13(21), 5793; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215793 - 5 Nov 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4480
Abstract
The demand for carbon capture is increasing over time due to rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Even though fossil emission could be decreased or even eliminated, there is a need to start removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The removed CO [...] Read more.
The demand for carbon capture is increasing over time due to rising CO2 levels in the atmosphere. Even though fossil emission could be decreased or even eliminated, there is a need to start removing CO2 from the atmosphere. The removed CO2 could be either stored permanently to a reservoir (CCS, Carbon Capture and Storage) or utilized as a raw material in a long-lasting product (CCU, Carbon Capture and Utilization). The capture of CO2 could be done by direct air capture, or capturing CO2 from biogenic sources. Amine absorption is the state-of-the-art method to capture CO2, but it has some drawbacks: toxicity, high heat demand, and sorbent sensitivity towards impurities such as sulfur compounds and degradation in cyclic operation. Another potential solvent for CO2 could be water, which is easily available and safe to use in many applications. The problem with water is the poorer solubility of CO2, compared with amines, which leads to larger required flow rates. This study analyzed the technical feasibility of water absorption in a counterflow bubble column reactor. A dynamic, one-dimensional multiphase model was developed. The gas phase was modeled with plug flow assumption, and the liquid phase was treated as axially dispersed plug flow. CO2 capture efficiency, produced CO2 mass flow rate, and the product gas CO2 content were estimated as a function of inlet gas and liquid flow rate. In addition, the energy consumption per produced CO2-tonne was calculated. The CO2 capture efficiency was improved by increasing the liquid flow rate, while the CO2 content in product gas was decreased. For some of the studied liquid flow rates, an optimum gas flow rate was found to minimize the specific energy consumption. Further research is required to study the integration and dynamical operation of the system in a realistic operation environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration)
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20 pages, 1489 KiB  
Article
Economic Conditions for Developing Hydrogen Production Based on Coal Gasification with Carbon Capture and Storage in Poland
by Radosław Kaplan and Michał Kopacz
Energies 2020, 13(19), 5074; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195074 - 28 Sep 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4561
Abstract
This study documents the results of economic assessment concerning four variants of coal gasification to hydrogen in a shell reactor. That assessment has been made using discounting methods (NPV: net present value, IRR: internal rate of return), as well as indicators based on [...] Read more.
This study documents the results of economic assessment concerning four variants of coal gasification to hydrogen in a shell reactor. That assessment has been made using discounting methods (NPV: net present value, IRR: internal rate of return), as well as indicators based on a free cash flow to firm (FCFF) approach. Additionally, sensitivity analysis has been carried out, along with scenario analysis in current market conditions concerning prices of hard coal, lignite, hydrogen and CO2 allowances, as well as capital expenditures and costs related to carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems. Based on NPV results, a negative economic assessment has been obtained for all the analyzed variants varying within the range of EUR −903 to −142 million, although the variants based on hard coal achieved a positive IRR (5.1–5.7%) but lower than the assumed discount rates. In Polish conditions, the gasification of lignite seems to be unprofitable, in the assumed scale of total investment outlays and the current price of coal feedstock. The sensitivity analyses indicate that at least a 20% increase of hydrogen price would be required, or a similar reduction of capital expenditures (CAPEX) and costs of operation, for the best variant to make NPV positive. Analyses have also indicated that on the economic basis, only the prices of CO2 allowances exceeding EUR 40/Mg (EUR 52/Mg for lignite) would generate savings due to the availability of CCS systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art of Carbon Capture and Sequestration)
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