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Thermal Management in Electrical Machines
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Thermal Management in Electrical Machines

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "J: Thermal Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 13273

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Christopher Micallef

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta
Interests: thermal management in electrical machines; fluid dynamics; applied thermodynamics; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC); heat transfer; electronics cooling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The Guest Editor is inviting submissions to a Special Issue of Energies on the subject area of “Thermal Management in Electrical Machines”.  Apart from protecting electrical machines from temperature related failures, thermal management of electrical machines is employed in the design phase of electrical machines driving higher efficiencies and higher power densities. There are many techniques for predicting and monitoring thermal performance of electrical machines. Some of the most common techniques in predicting the thermal performance is the use of lumped capacitance thermal networks and more recently Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools. On the other hand, temperature sensors located in critical areas of the machine windings or windings’ resistance monitoring are used for machine monitoring during operation.

This Special Issue will deal with thermal management of electrical machines. Topics of interest for publication include, but are not limited to:

Heat transfer numerical models of electrical machines;

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of fluid and heat flow in electrical machines;

Thermal testing of electrical machines;

Thermal design methodologies used in electrical machines;

Temperature distribution in electrical machine windings;

Temperature measurement techniques in rotor and stator windings of electrical machines;

Common temperature related faults in electrical machines;

Prof. Dr. Christopher Micallef
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 151 KiB  
Editorial
Thermal Management in Electrical Machines
by Christopher Micallef
Energies 2022, 15(4), 1455; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15041455 - 16 Feb 2022
Viewed by 1775
Abstract
Apart from protecting electrical machines from temperature related failures, thermal management of electrical machines is employed in the design phase of electrical machines to achieve higher efficiencies and higher power densities [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management in Electrical Machines)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

16 pages, 5006 KiB  
Article
Stator Winding Second-Order Thermal Model including End-Winding Thermal Effects
by Aldo Boglietti, Fabio Mandrile, Enrico Carpaneto, Mircea Popescu, Sandro Rubino and David Staton
Energies 2021, 14(20), 6578; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206578 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2113
Abstract
This paper proposes a second-order thermal model for electrical machines. The goal of this model is the prediction of the average winding temperature during short and long thermal transients up to the steady-state conditions. First, the thermal parameters of the electrical machine are [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a second-order thermal model for electrical machines. The goal of this model is the prediction of the average winding temperature during short and long thermal transients up to the steady-state conditions. First, the thermal parameters of the electrical machine are determined by a DC test. Then, the proposed model is characterized and validated using AC tests. The accuracy of the proposed thermal model has been verified comparing the computed temperatures with the measured ones. The maximum error found during the thermal transient is lower than 3%, an excellent result comparing the complexity of a total enclosed fan cooled induction motor and the simplicity of the proposed model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management in Electrical Machines)
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18 pages, 7874 KiB  
Article
Lumped-Parameters Thermal Network of PM Synchronous Machines for Automotive Brake-by-Wire Systems
by Federica Graffeo, Silvio Vaschetto, Alessio Miotto, Fabio Carbone, Alberto Tenconi and Andrea Cavagnino
Energies 2021, 14(18), 5652; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185652 - 8 Sep 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
Thermal analysis represents a key factor in electrical machine design due to the impact of temperature increase on insulation lifetime. In this context, there has been a wide investigation on thermal modeling, particularly for machines used in harsh working conditions. In this perspective, [...] Read more.
Thermal analysis represents a key factor in electrical machine design due to the impact of temperature increase on insulation lifetime. In this context, there has been a wide investigation on thermal modeling, particularly for machines used in harsh working conditions. In this perspective, brake-by-wire (BBW) systems represent one of the most challenging applications for electrical machines used for automotive smart actuators. Indeed, electro-actuated braking systems are required to repeatedly operate the electric machine in high overload conditions in order to limit the actuator response time, as well as to enhance gravimetric and volumetric specific performance indexes. Moreover, BBW systems often impose unconventional supply conditions to the electric machine, consisting of dc currents in three-phase windings to keep the rotor fixed during the braking intervals. However, a dc supply leads to uneven temperature distributions in the machine, and simplified thermal models may not accurately represent the temperature variations for the different machine parts. Considering such unconventional supply conditions, this paper initially investigates the applicability of a conventional lumped-parameters thermal network (LPTN) based on symmetry assumptions for the heat paths and suitable for surface-mounted PM synchronous machines used in BBW systems. An extensive test campaign consisting of pulses and load cycle tests representative of the real machine operations was conducted on a prototype equipped with several temperature sensors. The comparison between measurements and predicted average temperatures, together with insights on the unbalanced heat distribution under the dc supply obtained by means of finite element analyses (FEA), paved the way for the proposal of a phase-split LPTN with optimized parameters. The paper also includes a critical analysis of the optimized parameters, proposing a simplified, phase-split lumped-parameters thermal model suitable to predict the temperature variations in the different machine parts for PM synchronous electric machines used in BBW systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management in Electrical Machines)
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18 pages, 25120 KiB  
Article
Integrating a Heat Sink into Concentrated Wound Coils to Improve the Current Density of an Axial Flux, Direct Liquid Cooled Electrical Machine with Segmented Stator
by Robert Camilleri and Malcolm D. McCulloch
Energies 2021, 14(12), 3619; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123619 - 17 Jun 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3238
Abstract
This paper proposes a new construction with a heat sink integrated into the concentrated wound coils of an axial flux, direct liquid cooled electrical machine. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the heat sink and its position is made using computational fluid [...] Read more.
This paper proposes a new construction with a heat sink integrated into the concentrated wound coils of an axial flux, direct liquid cooled electrical machine. A preliminary assessment of the effectiveness of the heat sink and its position is made using computational fluid dynamics. Lumped-parameter thermal models are also developed, thus allowing accurate comparison of the thermal profile of the two constructions. Following experimental calibration of the model and thermal validation, the temperature profile of the new construction is compared to that from a traditional concentrated wound coil. The model is then used to estimate the effect of the new construction on the current density of the stator windings. The paper demonstrates that for an axial flux motor run at a typical operating point of 300 Nm and 1500 rpm, the maximum temperature is reduced by 87 K. The current density can be increased by 140% before the limiting maximum coil temperature is achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management in Electrical Machines)
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20 pages, 33748 KiB  
Article
Stator Non-Uniform Radial Ventilation Design Methodology for a 15 MW Turbo-Synchronous Generator Based on Single Ventilation Duct Subsystem
by Ruiye Li, Peng Cheng, Hai Lan, Weili Li, David Gerada and Yingyi Hong
Energies 2021, 14(10), 2760; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102760 - 11 May 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2904
Abstract
Within large turboalternators, the excessive local temperatures and spatially distributed temperature differences can accelerate the deterioration of electrical insulation as well as lead to deformation of components, which may cause major machine malfunctions. In order to homogenise the stator axial temperature distribution whilst [...] Read more.
Within large turboalternators, the excessive local temperatures and spatially distributed temperature differences can accelerate the deterioration of electrical insulation as well as lead to deformation of components, which may cause major machine malfunctions. In order to homogenise the stator axial temperature distribution whilst reducing the maximum stator temperature, this paper presents a novel non-uniform radial ventilation ducts design methodology. To reduce the huge computational costs resulting from the large-scale model, the stator is decomposed into several single ventilation duct subsystems (SVDSs) along the axial direction, with each SVDS connected in series with the medium of the air gap flow rate. The calculation of electromagnetic and thermal performances within SVDS are completed by finite element method (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD), respectively. To improve the optimization efficiency, the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) model is employed to approximate the finite element analysis, while the novel isometric sampling method (ISM) is designed to trade off the cost and accuracy of the process. It is found that the proposed methodology can provide optimal design schemes of SVDS with uniform axial temperature distribution, and the needed computation cost is markedly reduced. Finally, results based on a 15 MW turboalternator show that the peak temperature can be reduced by 7.3 °C (6.4%). The proposed methodology can be applied for the design and optimisation of electromagnetic-thermal coupling of other electrical machines with long axial dimensions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management in Electrical Machines)
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