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Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems
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Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2023) | Viewed by 17448

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Rui Castro

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
INESC-ID/IST, University of Lisbon, 1000-029 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: power systems; renewable energy; renewables grid integration; wind energy; photovoltaic energy; energy economics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Ghanim A. Putrus

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mathematics, Physics and Electrical Engineering, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
Interests: power electronic applications in power systems; integration of electric vehicles and renewable energy sources into smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Wind power is now a mature technology that is expected to profoundly contribute to the ongoing energy transition and ultimately to the desired decarbonization of the power system. This Special Issue aims at bringing together contributions (review and regular research papers) regarding all aspects relevant to the planning, design, operation, analysis, control, monitoring, and prognosis of Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). The following is a non-exhaustive list of topics that are most welcome.

  • Modelling of WECS
  • Control of WECS
  • WECS technology
  • Virtual power plants with WECS
  • Micro-grids with WECS
  • Impact of WECS on power system’s stability
  • Integration in the power system
  • Ancillary services
  • Electrical generators
  • Power electronics for WECS
  • Wind forecast
  • Wind gusts and turbulence
  • Economics of WECS
  • Wind power generation in electricity markets
  • WECS aerodynamics
  • Structural analysis
  • Component design
  • Offshore wind
  • O&M planning and deployment
  • Optimization of WECS siting
  • Hybrid wind/hydrogen systems
  • Hybrid wind/storage systems
  • Hydro-wind coordination
  • Resource assessment
  • Testing and certification
  • Environmental impacts
  • Public policies for promoting wind energy
  • Lightning Protection
  • Electrical protections for WECS
  • Condition monitoring
  • Fault detection
  • Hybrid wind and other renewable in isolated systems
  • Wind energy in urban environment
  • Wind energy in developing countries
  • Next generation of WECS

Prof. Dr. Rui Castro
Prof. Dr. Ghanim A. Putrus
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • wind energy
  • wind generators
  • wind turbines
  • wind turbines failures
  • wind generators fault detection
  • wind generators fault diagnosis
  • wind generators control
  • wind generators models

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 5559 KiB  
Article
An Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of the Backward-Facing Step Technique on Small-Scale Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Rotor Blades
by Riad Morina and Yahya Erkan Akansu
Energies 2024, 17(5), 1170; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17051170 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 941
Abstract
The aim of this research work was to explore how modifying the design of small-scale HAWT rotor blades through the backward-facing step technique affects their efficiency under varying wind speeds. The study involved altering step parameters such as location, length, and depth to [...] Read more.
The aim of this research work was to explore how modifying the design of small-scale HAWT rotor blades through the backward-facing step technique affects their efficiency under varying wind speeds. The study involved altering step parameters such as location, length, and depth to create four distinct stepped blade shapes and enhance the aerodynamic performance of a rotor with a diameter of 280 mm. A specific blade profile, NREL S822, was selected to meet both aerodynamic and structural criteria. The rotor models were examined at a Reynolds number of 4.7 × 104 for wind speeds between 8.5 and 15.5 m/s and tip-speed ratios between 2 and 5. The experimental results indicated that for certain geometric step parameter values, the efficiency of the rotor model (B3) increased by approximately 47% compared to the base model (B1), particularly for tip-speed ratios lower than around 3.2. However, beyond this point, the rotor efficiency dropped significantly, reaching approximately 60% in one case. Additionally, a hybrid rotor model (B6) was generated by combining the shape of the rotor model (B4) with the most efficient rotor model from the literature, generated using the leading-edge wavy shape technique. This hybrid rotor model enhanced rotor efficiency for specific values of tip-speed ratio and also ensured its smoother operation. Overall, the rotor model (B2), distinguished by smaller step parameter values and a shift as well as broadening of the power coefficient curve towards lower tip-speed ratio values, exhibited a higher peak power coefficient, approximately 1.4% greater than the base rotor (B1). This increase occurred at a lower tip-speed ratio, allowing the rotor to operate with higher efficiency across a broader range of tip-speed ratios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems)
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20 pages, 20505 KiB  
Article
Wind Resource Assessment over the Hellenic Seas Using Dynamical Downscaling Techniques and Meteorological Station Observations
by Georgios V. Kozyrakis, Constantinos Condaxakis, Antonios Parasyris and Nikolaos A. Kampanis
Energies 2023, 16(16), 5965; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165965 - 13 Aug 2023
Viewed by 1112
Abstract
The current work focuses on establishing the parameters that influence the wind’s behavior over the Aegean and Ionian Seas and estimating the wind potential in the region based on long-term historic climate data. Combining a downscaling technique performed with the well-founded WRF-ARW computational [...] Read more.
The current work focuses on establishing the parameters that influence the wind’s behavior over the Aegean and Ionian Seas and estimating the wind potential in the region based on long-term historic climate data. Combining a downscaling technique performed with the well-founded WRF-ARW computational algorithm and a number of simultaneous meteorological station time series, an attempt is made to investigate how regional changes may affect low-altitude wind speed distribution at hub height (100 m a.s.l.). The provided time-series coastal data span the entire region of interest from north to south. WRF-ARW v.3.9 is utilized to associate the geostrophic wind distribution obtained from long-term Copernicus ERA5 wind data with the localized wind potential over lower altitudes. Evaluation and correlation of the observational data to the predicted wind climate are performed, and the statistical differences that arise are investigated. High-accuracy wind resource potential maps are thus obtained in the region. Also, a few distinctive flow patterns are identified, such as wind speed cut-off regions and very high wind speed distributions, which are presented in specific southern regions of the Aegean Sea. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems)
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28 pages, 5199 KiB  
Article
Comparative Study of Wind Energy Potential Estimation Methods for Wind Sites in Togo and Benin (West Sub-Saharan Africa)
by Kwami Senam A. Sedzro, Adekunlé Akim Salami, Pierre Akuété Agbessi and Mawugno Koffi Kodjo
Energies 2022, 15(22), 8654; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15228654 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2068
Abstract
The characterization of wind speed distribution and the optimal assessment of wind energy potential are critical factors in selecting a suitable site for wind power plants (WPP). The Weibull distribution law has been used extensively to analyze the wind characteristics of candidate WPP [...] Read more.
The characterization of wind speed distribution and the optimal assessment of wind energy potential are critical factors in selecting a suitable site for wind power plants (WPP). The Weibull distribution law has been used extensively to analyze the wind characteristics of candidate WPP sites, and to estimate the available and deliverable energy. This paper presents a comparative study of five wind energy resource assessment methods as they applied to the context of wind sites in West Sub-Saharan Africa. We investigated three numerical approaches, namely, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), the multilayer perceptron method (MLP), and support vector regression (SVR), to derive the distribution law of wind speeds and to optimally quantify the corresponding wind energy potential. Next, we compared these three approaches to two well-known Weibull distribution law-based methods: the empirical method of Justus (EMJ) and the maximum likelihood method (MLM). Case study results indicated that the neural network-based methods, ANFIS and MLP, yielded the most accurate distribution fits and wind energy potential estimates, and consequently, are the most recommended methods for the wind sites in Togo and Benin. The orders of magnitude of the root mean squared error (RMSE) in estimating the recoverable energy using ANFIS were, respectively, 10-4 and 10-5 for Lomé and Cotonou, while MLP achieved an RMSE order of magnitude of 10-3 for both sites. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems)
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13 pages, 38430 KiB  
Article
CFD Simulation of Co-Planar Multi-Rotor Wind Turbine Aerodynamic Performance Based on ALM Method
by Yuan Zhang, Xin Cai, Shifa Lin, Yazhou Wang and Xingwen Guo
Energies 2022, 15(17), 6422; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15176422 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2249
Abstract
Considering requirements such as enhanced unit capacity, the geometric size of wind turbine blades has been increasing; this, in turn, results in a rapid increase in manufacturing costs. To this end, in this paper, we examine the aerodynamics of co-planar multi-rotor wind turbines [...] Read more.
Considering requirements such as enhanced unit capacity, the geometric size of wind turbine blades has been increasing; this, in turn, results in a rapid increase in manufacturing costs. To this end, in this paper, we examine the aerodynamics of co-planar multi-rotor wind turbines to achieve higher unit capacity at a lower blade length. The multiple wind rotors are in the same plane with no overlaps. The ALM-LES method is used to investigate the interaction effect of the blade tip vortices, by revealing the regulation of aerodynamic performance and flow field characteristics of the multi-rotor wind turbines. The simulated results suggest an observable reduction in the blade tip vortices generated by blades located closely together, due to the breaking and absorption of the blade tip vortices by the two rotors. This results in increased aerodynamic performance and loads on the multi-rotor wind turbine. The influence between the blade tip vortex is mainly located in the range of 0.2 R from the blade tip, with this range leading to a significant increase in the lift coefficient. Thus, when the wind rotor spacing is 0.2 R, the interaction between the blade tip vortices is low. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems)
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Review

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34 pages, 4440 KiB  
Review
Wind Energy Harvesting and Conversion Systems: A Technical Review
by Sinhara M. H. D. Perera, Ghanim Putrus, Michael Conlon, Mahinsasa Narayana and Keith Sunderland
Energies 2022, 15(24), 9299; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249299 - 8 Dec 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 7657
Abstract
Wind energy harvesting for electricity generation has a significant role in overcoming the challenges involved with climate change and the energy resource implications involved with population growth and political unrest. Indeed, there has been significant growth in wind energy capacity worldwide with turbine [...] Read more.
Wind energy harvesting for electricity generation has a significant role in overcoming the challenges involved with climate change and the energy resource implications involved with population growth and political unrest. Indeed, there has been significant growth in wind energy capacity worldwide with turbine capacity growing significantly over the last two decades. This confidence is echoed in the wind power market and global wind energy statistics. However, wind energy capture and utilisation has always been challenging. Appreciation of the wind as a resource makes for difficulties in modelling and the sensitivities of how the wind resource maps to energy production results in an energy harvesting opportunity. An opportunity that is dependent on different system parameters, namely the wind as a resource, technology and system synergies in realizing an optimal wind energy harvest. This paper presents a thorough review of the state of the art concerning the realization of optimal wind energy harvesting and utilisation. The wind energy resource and, more specifically, the influence of wind speed and wind energy resource forecasting are considered in conjunction with technological considerations and how system optimization can realise more effective operational efficiencies. Moreover, non-technological issues affecting wind energy harvesting are also considered. These include standards and regulatory implications with higher levels of grid integration and higher system non-synchronous penetration (SNSP). The review concludes that hybrid forecasting techniques enable a more accurate and predictable resource appreciation and that a hybrid power system that employs a multi-objective optimization approach is most suitable in achieving an optimal configuration for maximum energy harvesting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems)
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20 pages, 1708 KiB  
Review
A Practical Review of the Public Policies Used to Promote the Implementation of PV Technology in Smart Grids: The Case of Portugal
by Mágui Lage and Rui Castro
Energies 2022, 15(10), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103567 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
Every country has objectives for climate change, and public policies are implemented to achieve those commitments. This paper aims to review the different public policies used to promote the integration of photovoltaic technology into smart grids, taking the case of Portugal as reference. [...] Read more.
Every country has objectives for climate change, and public policies are implemented to achieve those commitments. This paper aims to review the different public policies used to promote the integration of photovoltaic technology into smart grids, taking the case of Portugal as reference. An analysis of previous supporting policies is performed both in Portugal and some European countries; these policies consist of feed-in tariffs, feed-in premiums, green certificates, electricity compensation, direct capital subsidies, and tax credits. The policies currently in force in Portugal no longer aim to support the technology; instead, they intend to promote it. Energy communities, local markets, and solar auctions are examples of public policies that are currently being used, not only to promote PV power but also the development of microgrids. Finally, the Portuguese solar auctions of 2019 and 2020 are analyzed and compared. It is concluded that auctions are a very effective way of expanding the installed capacity of the PV technology in the country and have more weight on promoting the technology than other promoting policies currently being used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Wind Energy Conversion Systems)
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