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Building Energy Audits-Diagnosis and Retrofitting towards Decarbonization and Sustainable Cities II

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "G: Energy and Buildings".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2024 | Viewed by 7080

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Group Energy Conservation, Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 118 10 Athens, Greece
Interests: high performing buildings; sustainable cities; EUI baselines & benchmarks; environmental impact of buildings; embodied energy; indoor environmental quality; solar heating & cooling; energy audits-diagnosis; building renovations
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Continuing on the success of the second Special Issue that was published in 2023 with 13 article reprints and over 60 contributing authors from 8 countries, we are proceeding with an enhanced third edition of a Special Issue entitled “Building Energy Audits-Diagnosis and Retrofitting towards Decarbonization and Sustainable Cities”.

Building audits, in one form or another, can be used to systematically collect the necessary data in order to gain adequate knowledge and a better understanding on the operations, energy use and prevailing indoor conditions of buildings. The data can be used to identify, quantify and prioritize renovation measures for higher energy efficiency and lower emissions, improve indoor environmental quality for better and healthier living and working conditions. Findings can also be used as input during building certification and studies for assessing the cost effectiveness of renovations. At larger scales, the data can be exploited to develop performance baselines and benchmarks, methods and tools for understanding the building stock in order to facilitate the decarbonization and sustainability assessment of the built environment, assess and improve the outdoor environment and the well-being of area residents, enhancing resilient buildings and cities, among others.

Topics of interest for this Special Issue include, but are not limited to:

  • Methods and tools for building energy audits, surveys, diagnosis, inspections, assessment;
  • Building and city scale energy resilience;
  • Non-destructive testing, measurement, monitoring, and analysis of data;
  • Energy efficiency and conservation measures;
  • Calculation, measurement, and verification of energy savings;
  • Model calibration and gap analysis;
  • Energy performance contracts and certificates, risk analysis, and assessment;
  • Benchmarking energy use and carbon intensity, baselines and breakdown for end uses, financial assessment, and cost analysis;
  • Auditing, monitoring, and assessing decarbonization and sustainability efforts;
  • Facilitating audits, inspections, and data collection using information from smart systems, remote data collection and virtual audits;
  • Exploiting automated processes using novel methods to collect and process data for large-scale built environments from geographic information systems (GISs) and global earth observations (GEOs), among others;
  • Quantifying energy and carbon savings from renovations of large portfolios and building stocks;
  • Case studies, large-scale assessments and lessons learned from the field.

Dr. Constantinos A. Balaras
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • building and HVAC energy audits
  • built environment
  • survey
  • diagnosis
  • inspections
  • monitoring
  • smart systems
  • remote data collection
  • virtual audits
  • automated processes
  • geographic information systems (GISs)
  • global earth observations (GEOs)
  • energy performance
  • energy efficiency
  • energy conservation
  • implementation and verification
  • baselines
  • energy-use intensities
  • carbon-use intensities
  • gap analysis
  • benchmarking
  • building stock modeling
  • decarbonization
  • sustainability assessment
  • case studies

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 1080 KiB  
Article
Heating Energy Performance Gap in Vulnerable Households: Identification and Impact of Associated Variables
by Sebastián Seguel-Vargas, Carlos Rubio-Bellido, Lucía Pereira-Ruchansky and Alexis Pérez-Fargallo
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4995; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194995 - 8 Oct 2024
Viewed by 694
Abstract
Reducing energy consumption in the construction sector is urgently needed. In Chile, where income distribution is unequal and the cost of energy is high, energy demand is seriously affected, especially in vulnerable households. Hence, it is essential to establish public policies with more [...] Read more.
Reducing energy consumption in the construction sector is urgently needed. In Chile, where income distribution is unequal and the cost of energy is high, energy demand is seriously affected, especially in vulnerable households. Hence, it is essential to establish public policies with more realistic energy-saving goals to address this situation. However, reliably predicting the energy performance of buildings remains a challenge. For this reason, this study aims to identify and evaluate the impact of the variables associated with energy performance in vulnerable households in Central-Southern Chile and propose values that would reduce the gap. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to achieve this, adjusting the energy performance parameters in a base model with data analyzed using local standards. In addition, field information was collected in 93 households to obtain the actual energy consumption. The main results show that the variables that most impacted performance were infiltration, COP, heating setpoints, and schedules, which generated a 60% difference between the theoretical and actual consumption. Full article
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20 pages, 9591 KiB  
Article
Decarbonization of Heating and Cooling Systems of Buildings Located Nearby Surface Water Sources: Case Study
by Adriana Tokar, Daniel Muntean, Danut Tokar and Daniel Bisorca
Energies 2024, 17(15), 3673; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153673 - 25 Jul 2024
Viewed by 606
Abstract
The study was carried out to evaluate theoretically and in laboratory conditions the capacity of a hybrid heating and cooling system that sustainably uses thermal energy extracted from surface waters in order to decarbonize buildings located near water sources. The novelty of the [...] Read more.
The study was carried out to evaluate theoretically and in laboratory conditions the capacity of a hybrid heating and cooling system that sustainably uses thermal energy extracted from surface waters in order to decarbonize buildings located near water sources. The novelty of the research consists in the realization of two experimental systems, one for the rapid evaluation of the performance of the water–water heat pump heating system and one for the evaluation of the operating behavior of a cooling system with fan coil units. Starting with the heating and cooling demand, and the climatic and hydrological local characteristics, a hybrid system model for the heating and cooling of the analyzed building was established and implemented. The forecasted energy consumption and CO2 emissions for the operation of the new equipment were compared with the historical values of the old systems with which the building was equipped (thermal energy supply from the district heating and cooling system with an air conditioning unit). Also, the results were extrapolated for forecasting the energy potential of the surface waters. The study highlights a percentage reduction in annual energy consumption of 67.71% and CO2 emissions of 80.13% through the implementation of the hybrid system. Full article
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17 pages, 7583 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Interventions to Mitigate Heat Stress: A Case Study in Dubai
by Talha Batuhan Korkut and Ahmed Rachid
Energies 2024, 17(10), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17102242 - 7 May 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1083
Abstract
Urbanization and changes in microclimate have negative impacts on outdoor thermal comfort, making urban design more important. This study aims to improve outdoor thermal comfort in a local climate zone (LCZ) in Dubai using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. This study evaluates cooling [...] Read more.
Urbanization and changes in microclimate have negative impacts on outdoor thermal comfort, making urban design more important. This study aims to improve outdoor thermal comfort in a local climate zone (LCZ) in Dubai using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods. This study evaluates cooling interventions, such as vegetation, architectural, and pavement material, using Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the SIMPLE scheme. The results show that a combination of cooling interventions affects the average temperature between 4.44 °C and 6.14 °C. Light-colored ground material has a 5.4 °C cooling effect in the LCZ compared with dark-colored materials. The predicted mean vote (PMV) method is used to compare outdoor thermal comfort and the results show that thermal sensation in the LCZ improves from warm to slightly cool. Lastly, the most effective cooling interventions are, in order, shade structures, trees, chimneys, and bushes. Full article
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Review

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38 pages, 2584 KiB  
Review
Review and Evaluation of Multi-Agent Control Applications for Energy Management in Buildings
by Panagiotis Michailidis, Iakovos Michailidis and Elias Kosmatopoulos
Energies 2024, 17(19), 4835; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17194835 - 26 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1054
Abstract
The current paper presents a comprehensive review analysis of Multi-agent control methodologies for Integrated Building Energy Management Systems (IBEMSs), considering combinations of multi-diverse equipment such as Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning (HVAC), domestic hot water (DHW), lighting systems (LS), renewable energy sources (RES), [...] Read more.
The current paper presents a comprehensive review analysis of Multi-agent control methodologies for Integrated Building Energy Management Systems (IBEMSs), considering combinations of multi-diverse equipment such as Heating, Ventilation, and Air conditioning (HVAC), domestic hot water (DHW), lighting systems (LS), renewable energy sources (RES), energy storage systems (ESS) as well as electric vehicles (EVs), integrated at the building level. Grounded in the evaluation of key control methodologies—such as Model Predictive Control (MPC) and reinforcement learning (RL) along with their synergistic hybrid integration—the current study integrates a large number of impactful applications of the last decade and evaluates their contribution to the field of energy management in buildings. To this end, over seventy key scholarly papers from the 2014–2024 period have been integrated and analyzed to provide a holistic evaluation on different areas of interest, including the utilized algorithms, agent interactions, energy system types, building typologies, application types and simulation tools. Moreover, by analyzing the latest advancements in the field, a fruitful trend identification is conducted in the realm of multi-agent control for IBEMS frameworks, highlighting the most prominent solutions to achieve sustainability and energy efficiency. Full article
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35 pages, 2701 KiB  
Review
AI-Driven Innovations in Building Energy Management Systems: A Review of Potential Applications and Energy Savings
by Dalia Mohammed Talat Ebrahim Ali, Violeta Motuzienė and Rasa Džiugaitė-Tumėnienė
Energies 2024, 17(17), 4277; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17174277 - 27 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3131
Abstract
Despite the tightening of energy performance standards for buildings in various countries and the increased use of efficient and renewable energy technologies, it is clear that the sector needs to change more rapidly to meet the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario by 2050. [...] Read more.
Despite the tightening of energy performance standards for buildings in various countries and the increased use of efficient and renewable energy technologies, it is clear that the sector needs to change more rapidly to meet the Net Zero Emissions (NZE) scenario by 2050. One of the problems that have been analyzed intensively in recent years is that buildings in operation use much more energy than they were designed to. This problem, known as the energy performance gap, is found in many countries and buildings and is often attributed to the poor management of building energy systems. The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS) has untapped potential to address this problem and lead to more sustainable buildings. This paper reviews different AI-based models that have been proposed for different applications and different buildings with the intention to reduce energy consumption. It compares the performance of the different AI-based models evaluated in the reviewed papers by presenting the accuracy and error rates of model performance and identifies where the greatest potential for energy savings could be achieved, and to what extent. The review showed that offices have the greatest potential for energy savings (up to 37%) when they employ AI models for HVAC control and optimization. In residential and educational buildings, the lower intelligence of the existing BEMS results in smaller energy savings (up to 23% and 21%, respectively). Full article
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