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Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "I1: Fuel".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 11544

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Talal Yusaf

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, QLD 4009, Australia
Interests: renewable energy; alternative fuels; hydrogen; internal combustion engine; microalgae fuel; water treatment
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The combination of the diminishing supply of conventional energy reserves and the significant environmental issues and global warming have made Advance Alternative Fuels a very important topic of research and attractive source for the future. This Special Issue would address the current and future issues of Advance Alternative Fuel. We are delighted to invite researchers in the area of Energy, Emission and specifically alternative fuels to submit their contribution to our Special Issue of Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution We are interested in articles related to renewable energy resources, biofuel from difference sources such as biomass production, Hydrogen, Microalgae and energy recovery and storages. Energy is the main input of the agricultural industry and technology.

Prof. Dr. Talal Yusaf
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Energies is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advance fuel and emission
  • environmental impacts
  • hydrogen
  • ICE technology and alternative fuels

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 1456 KiB  
Article
Extraction and Performance Analysis of Hydrocarbons from Waste Plastic Using the Pyrolysis Process
by B. T. Ramesh, Javed Sayyad, Arunkumar Bongale and Anupkumar Bongale
Energies 2022, 15(24), 9381; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15249381 - 11 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2053
Abstract
Ecosystem destruction is one of today’s significant challenges due to fast industrialisation and an increasing population. It takes several years for solid trash, such as plastic bottles and super-market bags, to decompose in nature. In addition, plastic disposal techniques such as landfilling, reuse, [...] Read more.
Ecosystem destruction is one of today’s significant challenges due to fast industrialisation and an increasing population. It takes several years for solid trash, such as plastic bottles and super-market bags, to decompose in nature. In addition, plastic disposal techniques such as landfilling, reuse, and incineration pose significant threats to human health and the environment. In this paper, we investigated whether the impact of mixing biodiesel with waste oil from recycled plastic on the resulting fuel mixture’s yields better physical and chemical properties. Consequently, pyrolysis is one of the most advantageous and practical waste disposal methods as it is both environmentally benign and efficient. Pyrolysis is the high-temperature thermal breakdown of solid waste to produce pyrolytic oil. The pyrolytic (plastic) oil produced is converted to a hydrocarbon-rich pyrolytic fuel. Similar to diesel and gasoline, pyrolytic fuel has the same calorific value. Internal combustion engines may operate on pyrolytic fuel without suffering a performance reduction. Researchers examined engine performance and exhaust pollutants. The research discovered that the engine could operate on plastic pyrolysis fuel at full load, enhance brake thermal efficiency by 6–8%, and lower UBHC and CO emissions; however, nitrous oxide (NOx) emissions were noticeably higher. The findings demonstrated the possibility of using plastic pyrolysis fuel as a diesel substitute. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution)
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18 pages, 6827 KiB  
Article
A Reduced Reaction Mechanism for Diesel/2-Methyltetrahydrofuran Dual-Fuel Engine Application
by Song Li, Chen Huang, Chen Yang, Wenbin Yu, Jinping Liu and Tingting Zhang
Energies 2022, 15(20), 7677; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207677 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1367
Abstract
2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF2) has been recently regarded as a promising alternative engine fuel. However, the chemical reaction mechanism for MTHF2 combustion in the engine has not been reported to date. In this study, a reduced diesel/MTHF2 reaction mechanism with only 78 species among 233 [...] Read more.
2-methyltetrahydrofuran (MTHF2) has been recently regarded as a promising alternative engine fuel. However, the chemical reaction mechanism for MTHF2 combustion in the engine has not been reported to date. In this study, a reduced diesel/MTHF2 reaction mechanism with only 78 species among 233 reactions was constructed for diesel/MTHF2 dual-fuel engine simulations. Firstly, a diesel surrogate mechanism involving the sub-mechanisms of n-decane, iso-octane, methylcyclohexane (MCH), toluene, a reduced mechanism of C2-C3 species and a detailed mechanism of H2/CO/C1 was selected. Secondly, a skeletal MTHF2 mechanism containing 54 species and 294 reactions was formulated under engine-relevant conditions using combined mechanism reduction methods. Thirdly, a reduced sub-mechanism of MTHF2 oxidation with 11 species and 13 reactions was extracted and combined with the four-component diesel surrogate fuel mechanism. Subsequently, the reduced diesel/MTHF2 mechanism was obtained by improving the combined five-component mechanism based on sensitivity analysis. Finally, the proposed mechanism was validated with selected experimental data of ignition delay times, flame species concentrations and laminar flame speeds. In addition, the new measurements from diesel/MTHF2 dual-fuel engine combustion were obtained and then utilized to further assess the developed mechanism. Overall, the developed diesel/MTHF2 mechanism can be used for diesel and MTHF2 dual-fuel engine combustion simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution)
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21 pages, 4159 KiB  
Article
Stone Fruit Seed: A Source of Renewable Fuel for Transport
by M. Anwar, M. G. Rasul, N. M. S. Hassan, M. I. Jahirul, Rezwanul Haque, M. M. Hasan, A. G. M. B. Mustayen, R. Karami and D. Schaller
Energies 2022, 15(13), 4667; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134667 - 25 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2244
Abstract
This study investigated the suitability of stone fruit seed as a source of biodiesel for transport. Stone fruit oil (SFO) was extracted from the seed and converted into biodiesel. The biodiesel yield of 95.75% was produced using the alkaline catalysed transesterification process with [...] Read more.
This study investigated the suitability of stone fruit seed as a source of biodiesel for transport. Stone fruit oil (SFO) was extracted from the seed and converted into biodiesel. The biodiesel yield of 95.75% was produced using the alkaline catalysed transesterification process with a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt% (weight %), and a reaction temperature of 55 °C for 60 min. The physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesel were determined and found to be the closest match of standard diesel. The engine performance, emissions and combustion behaviour of a four-cylinder diesel engine fuelled with SFO biodiesel blends of 5%, 10% and 20% with diesel, v/v basis, were tested. The testing was performed at 100% engine load with speed ranging from 200 to 2400 rpm. The average brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency of SFO blends were found to be 4.7% to 15.4% higher and 3.9% to 11.4% lower than those of diesel, respectively. The results also revealed that SFO biodiesel blends have marginally lower in-cylinder pressure and a higher heat release rate compared to diesel. The mass fraction burned results of SFO biodiesel blends were found to be slightly faster than those of diesel. The SFO biodiesel 5% blend produced about 1.9% higher NOx emissions and 17.4% lower unburnt HC with 23.4% lower particulate matter (PM) compared to diesel fuel. To summarise, SFO biodiesel blends are recommended as a suitable transport fuel for addressing engine emissions problems and improving combustion performance with a marginal sacrifice of engine efficiency. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution)
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13 pages, 2149 KiB  
Article
Solar Desiccant Cooling System for a Commercial Building in Kuwait’s Climatic Condition
by Ramadas Narayanan, Abeer Abdullah Al Anazi, Roberto Pippia and Mohammad G. Rasul
Energies 2022, 15(11), 4102; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15114102 - 2 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2572
Abstract
The use of air conditioning in buildings to provide a comfortable environment accounts for up to 75% of the electricity consumed in Kuwait for the hot season from April through to the end of October. The widespread adoption of air conditioning systems in [...] Read more.
The use of air conditioning in buildings to provide a comfortable environment accounts for up to 75% of the electricity consumed in Kuwait for the hot season from April through to the end of October. The widespread adoption of air conditioning systems in buildings has resulted in an increased demand for electricity. This has led to an increased peak load demand that has resulted in a larger carbon footprint and placed the electricity grid under significant strain. Heat-driven air conditioning systems that use solar energy are now emerging as alternatives to electricity-driven conventional refrigerated air conditioners. These systems are more energy-efficient, with lower carbon emissions while also ensuring better indoor air quality and comfort when optimally designed. Among the heat-driven air conditioning systems, the desiccant cooling system is among the systems with the most potential. This paper presents a numerical investigation of the design optimization of solar desiccant cooling systems for Kuwait’s climate. The numerical model of the system is developed using validated components. The various design configurations analysed include a solar heating system and regeneration air for the desiccant wheel. It is found that an evacuated tube solar collector in conjunction with return air from the building to regenerate the desiccant wheel provides the best results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution)
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19 pages, 1865 KiB  
Article
Nano-Iron Oxide-Ethylene Glycol-Water Nanofluid Based Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) System with Spiral Flow Absorber: An Energy and Exergy Analysis
by Amged Al Ezzi, Miqdam T. Chaichan, Hasan S. Majdi, Ali H. A. Al-Waeli, Hussein A. Kazem, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Mohammed A. Fayad, Hayder A. Dhahad and Talal Yusaf
Energies 2022, 15(11), 3870; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15113870 - 24 May 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2443
Abstract
Both electrical and thermal efficiencies combine in determining and evaluating the performance of a PV/T collector. In this study, two PV/T systems consisting of poly and monocrystalline PV panels were used, which are connected from the bottom by a heat exchanger consisting of [...] Read more.
Both electrical and thermal efficiencies combine in determining and evaluating the performance of a PV/T collector. In this study, two PV/T systems consisting of poly and monocrystalline PV panels were used, which are connected from the bottom by a heat exchanger consisting of a spiral tube through which a nanofluid circulates. In this study, a base fluid, water, and ethylene glycol were used, and iron oxide nanoparticles (nano-Fe2O3) were used as an additive. The mixing was carried out according to the highest specifications adopted by the researchers, and the thermophysical properties of the fluid were carefully examined. The prepared nanofluid properties showed a limited effect of the nanoparticles on the density and viscosity of the resulting fluid. As for the thermal conductivity, it increased by increasing the mass fraction added to reach 140% for the case of adding 2% of nano-Fe2O3. The results of the zeta voltage test showed that the supplied suspensions had high stability. When a mass fraction of 0.5% nano-Fe2O3 was added the zeta potential was 68 mV, while for the case of 2%, it reached 49 mV. Performance tests showed a significant increase in the efficiencies with increased mass flow rate. It was found when analyzing the performance of the two systems for nanofluid flow rates from 0.08 to 0.17 kg/s that there are slight differences between the monocrystalline, and polycrystalline systems operating in the spiral type of exchanger. As for the case of using monocrystalline PV the electrical, thermal, and total PV/T efficiencies with 2% added Fe2O3 ranged between 10% to 13.3%, 43–59%, and 59 to 72%, respectively, compared to a standalone PV system. In the case of using polycrystalline PV, the electrical, thermal, and total PV/T efficiencies ranged from 11% to 13.75%, 40.3% to 63%, and 55.5% to 77.65%, respectively, compared to the standalone PV system. It was found that the PV/T electrical exergy was between 45, and 64 W with thermal exergy ranged from 40 to 166 W, and total exergy from 85 to 280 W, in the case of using a monocrystalline panel. In the case of using polycrystalline, the PV/T electrical, thermal, and total exergy were between 45 and 66 W, 42–172 W, and 85–238 W, respectively. The results showed that both types of PV panels can be used in the harsh weather conditions of the city of Baghdad with acceptable, and efficient productivity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Alternative Fuels for Internal Combustion Engine and Environmental Pollution)
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