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PHEVs: Latest Advances and Prospects

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "E: Electric Vehicles".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2020) | Viewed by 11010

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Interests: mechanical design; control systems; plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEV); internal combustion engine design; dynamics of machines; automated highways; and ground transportation systems

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) can use both electric energy and liquid fuel energy. There are many advantages to such a vehicle but their usefulness is dependent on component sizing and system design, which vary among current models. Data on customer use have been collected by the USDOE Idaho National Labs and vehicle manufacturers but have not been disseminated in an understandable fashion. In addition, there is a lot of misunderstanding surrounding the usefulness of the PHEV concept because of biases towards pure EVs being the final solution towards achieving Zero CO2.

The benefits of PHEVs include the following:

  1. They represent the lowest vehicle costs, due to I/C engine simplification and downsizing, their low cost battery pack, and the lack of transmission needs.
  2. No electrical infrastructure changes are needed for vehicles distributed worldwide.
  3. Charged directly by low-powered rooftop solar and wind sources.
  4. Can act as a form of energy storage for the home and industry through V2G and system management, thus greatly improving the efficiency of the existing grid with no range anxiety.
  5. Eventually, they will become the integrator of energy for both the home and transportation with no changes to the current energy infrastructure.
  6. Vehicles of all sizes can follow this model.
  7. Their use preserves all major industries, from the car companies to the fossil material companies.
  8. The goal is to preserve the fossil industry to use their materials for recyclable products rather than energy. This strategy has the potential to provide a much more profitable and sustainable industry
  9. Data collected by Idaho National Labs show correlations over the whole electric range in a fleet of similar PHEVs with annual electric energy use and liquid fuel use for all vehicles. This data has not been incorporated into vehicle design due to biases in the industry.
  10. Simple low-cost additional hardware is needed to make the transition from fossil to solar, wind, and biofuel energy completely seamless with no change to the current energy infrastructure and utility. This can be provided using PHEVs.

Prof. Dr. Andrew A. Frank
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • PowerTrain simplification in PHEVs
  • low-cost charging infrastructure for PHEVs
  • low-cost PHEV system vs. other concepts
  • Zero CO2 PHEVs
  • direct solar and wind charging
  • energy collection and management
  • energy reliability and durability
  • separation of energy and power in vehicle design
  • energy storage for reliable solar and wind systems by managed PHEVs

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 3213 KiB  
Article
A Case Study to Identify the Hindrances to Widespread Adoption of Electric Vehicles in Qatar
by Amith Khandakar, Annaufal Rizqullah, Anas Ashraf Abdou Berbar, Mohammad Rafi Ahmed, Atif Iqbal, Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury and S. M. Ashfaq Uz Zaman
Energies 2020, 13(15), 3994; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153994 - 3 Aug 2020
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5325
Abstract
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) have proven to be a crucial factor to decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. However, there are various hurdles that impede people from purchasing EVs. For example, long charging time, short driving range, [...] Read more.
The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) have proven to be a crucial factor to decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. However, there are various hurdles that impede people from purchasing EVs. For example, long charging time, short driving range, cost and insufficient charging infrastructures available, etc. This article reports the public perception of EV-adoption using statistical analyses and proposes some recommendations for improving EV-adoption in Qatar. User perspectives on EV-adoption barriers in Qatar were investigated based on survey questionnaires. The survey questionnaires were based on similar studies done in other regions of the world. The study attempted to look at different perspectives of the adoption of EV, when asked to a person who is aware of EVs (technical respondents—people studying/working at universities/research centers and policy makers) or a person who may or may not be aware of EVs (non-technical respondents—people working in banks, governments and private non-academic organizations, etc.). Cumulative survey responses from the two groups were compared and analyzed using two-sample t-test statistical analysis. Detailed analyses showed that—among various major hindrances—raising of public awareness of such greener modes of transportation, the availability of charging options in more places and policy incentives towards EVs would play a major role in EV-adoption. The authors provide recommendations that—along with government incentives—could help make a gradual shift to a greater number of EVs convenient for people of Qatar. The proposed systematic approach for such a study and analysis may help in streamlining research on policies, infrastructures and technologies for efficient penetration of EVs in Qatar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PHEVs: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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21 pages, 4736 KiB  
Article
Synthesis of Optimal Battery State-of-Charge Trajectory for Blended Regime of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles in the Presence of Low-Emission Zones and Varying Road Grades
by Jure Soldo, Branimir Škugor and Joško Deur
Energies 2019, 12(22), 4296; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224296 - 11 Nov 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2808
Abstract
The powertrain efficiency for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can be maximized by gradually discharging the battery in a blended regime, where the engine is regularly used all over the driving cycle. A key step in designing an optimal PHEV control strategy for [...] Read more.
The powertrain efficiency for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) can be maximized by gradually discharging the battery in a blended regime, where the engine is regularly used all over the driving cycle. A key step in designing an optimal PHEV control strategy for the blended regime corresponds to synthesis of battery state-of-charge (SoC) reference trajectory. The paper first demonstrates that the optimal SoC trajectory can significantly differ from a typical linear-like shape in the case of varying road grade and presence of low-emission zones (LEZ). Next, dynamic programming (DP)-based optimizations of PHEV control variables are conducted for the purpose of extracting and analyzing optimal SoC trajectory patterns. It is shown that the optimality is closely related to the minimization of SoC trajectory length with respect to travelled distance. This finding is used for SoC reference trajectory synthesis in the presence of LEZ and varying road grades. Finally, the overall PHEV control strategy is applied to a PHEV-type city bus and verified by means of computer simulations in comparison with the DP optimization benchmark. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PHEVs: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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23 pages, 4210 KiB  
Article
Development of Global Optimization Algorithm for Series-Parallel PHEV Energy Management Strategy Based on Radau Pseudospectral Knotting Method
by Kegang Zhao, Jinghao Bei, Yanwei Liu and Zhihao Liang
Energies 2019, 12(17), 3268; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173268 - 25 Aug 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2548
Abstract
The powertrain model of the series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is more complicated, compared with series PHEVs and parallel PHEVs. Using the traditional dynamic programming (DP) algorithm or Pontryagin minimum principle (PMP) algorithm to solve the global-optimization-based energy management strategies of the [...] Read more.
The powertrain model of the series-parallel plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) is more complicated, compared with series PHEVs and parallel PHEVs. Using the traditional dynamic programming (DP) algorithm or Pontryagin minimum principle (PMP) algorithm to solve the global-optimization-based energy management strategies of the series-parallel PHEVs is not ideal, as the solution time is too long or even impossible to solve. Chief engineers of hybrid system urgently require a handy tool to quickly solve global-optimization-based energy management strategies. Therefore, this paper proposed to use the Radau pseudospectral knotting method (RPKM) to solve the global-optimization-based energy management strategy of the series-parallel PHEVs to improve computational efficiency. Simulation results showed that compared with the DP algorithm, the global-optimization-based energy management strategy based on the RPKM improves the computational efficiency by 1806 times with a relative error of only 0.12%. On this basis, a bi-level nested component-sizing method combining the genetic algorithm and RPKM was developed. By applying the global-optimization-based energy management strategy based on RPKM to the actual development, the feasibility and superiority of RPKM applied to the global-optimization-based energy management strategy of the series-parallel PHEVs were further verified. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PHEVs: Latest Advances and Prospects)
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