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A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A1: Smart Grids and Microgrids".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2020) | Viewed by 67423

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Dr. José Gabriel Oliveira Pinto

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Departamento de Electrónica Industrial, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Azurém, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
Interests: power electronics; power quality; active power conditioners; renewable energy systems; electric vehicles; digital control of power electronics converters
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Electric power systems are experiencing new challenges: distributed generation, the integration of renewable energy systems, the widespread use of plug-in electric and hybrid–electric vehicles, the electrification of railway systems, the distributed control in smart grids, and the interconnected or islanded operation of microgrids elevates the importance of power quality. This scenario stimulates research and development in monitoring technologies and power electronics solutions to ensure the power quality of future power systems. This Special Issue of Energies will collect and disseminate the latest advances in “Power Electronics and Power Quality”, namely in terms of: advanced power quality monitoring; active power conditioners for power quality improvement; power quality in smart grids and microgrids; energy storage systems with power quality ancillary services; electric vehicle battery chargers with smart operation modes; and integration of renewable energy systems with power quality ancillary services.

Dr. José Gabriel Oliveira Pinto
Guest Editor

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Keywords

power electronics
power quality
power quality monitoring
power quality improvement
power quality conditioners
control theories
smart grids
microgrids
energy storage systems
distributed generation
renewable energy systems
electric vehicles

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Related Special Issues

Power Electronics and Power Quality in Energies (17 articles)
Power Electronics and Power Quality 2024 in Energies (3 articles)
Power Electronics and Power Quality 2021 in Energies (4 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 4003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Control System Development for the Three-Ports ANPC Converter

by Silvio Antonio Teston, Kaio Vinicius Vilerá, Marcello Mezaroba and Cassiano Rech

Energies 2020, 13(15), 3967; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13153967 - 1 Aug 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2838

Abstract

This paper proposes a control system for the single-phase Three-Ports Active Neutral- Point-Clamped (ANPC-3P) converter, which can inject a sinusoidal current into the grid, balance the neutral point voltage, and regulate the energy storage system (ESS) current with reduced low-frequency ripple. Despite other applications, ANPC-3P inverter can be used in grid-tied renewable generation to allow the simultaneous connection of a photovoltaic (PV) energy source and an ESS to the AC grid. The ESS is connected directly to the inverter circuit without any auxiliary DC-DC converter, but due to the DC bus pulsed power, it can be subjected to low-frequency current ripple. This undesired current ripple is difficult to filter and can lead to shorter battery life. A control system based on well-known controllers is analyzed and designed. Theoretical analysis is validated experimentally using a single-phase 1-kW prototype. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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39 pages, 6856 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification of Three-Phase Grid-Tied Microinverters in Photovoltaic Applications

by Ahmed Shawky, Mahrous Ahmed, Mohamed Orabi and Abdelali El Aroudi

Energies 2020, 13(11), 2929; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112929 - 7 Jun 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4927

Abstract

Microinverters are an essential part of the photovoltaic (PV) industry with significant exponential prevalence in new PV module architectures. However, electrolyte capacitors used to decouple double line frequency make the single-phase microinverters topologies the slightest unit in this promising industry. Three-phase microinverter topologies are the new trend in this industry because they do not have double-line frequency problems and they do not need the use of electrolyte capacitors. Moreover, these topologies can provide additional features such as four-wire operation. This paper presents a detailed discussion of the strong points of three-phase microinverters compared to single-phase counterparts. The developed topologies of three-phase microinverters are presented and evaluated based on a new classification based on the simplest topologies among dozens of existing inverters. Moreover, the paper considers the required standardized features of PV, grid, and the microinverter topology. These features have been classified as mandatory and essential. Examples of the considered features for classifications are Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT), voltage boosting gain, and four-wire operation. The developed classification is used to identify the merits and demerits of the classified inverter topologies. Finally, a recommendation is given based on the classified features, chosen inverter topologies, and associated features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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16 pages, 11449 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simple Power Quality Compensation with Bidirectional Battery Charger for Electric Vehicles in Single-Phase Three-Wire Distribution Feeders

by Fuka Ikeda, Kei Nishikawa, Yuki Okamoto, Hiroaki Yamada, Toshihiko Tanaka and Masayuki Okamoto

Energies 2020, 13(11), 2894; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13112894 - 5 Jun 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2454

Abstract

This paper deals with power quality compensation in single-phase three-wire distribution feeders using a constant DC-capacitor voltage-control (CDCVC)-based strategy of the previously proposed bidirectional battery charger (BBC) for electric vehicles under the distorted source-voltage and load-current conditions. Instantaneous active power flowing into the three-leg pulse-width-modulated (PWM) rectifier in the BBC is discussed. The instantaneous power flowing into the three-leg PWM rectifier demonstrates that the CDCVC-based strategy obtains balanced and sinusoidal source currents at a unity power factor, where the source-side active power is balanced with the load-side active power. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate that balanced and sinusoidal source currents at a unity power factor are attained in single-phase three-wire distribution feeders with both battery-charging and -discharging operations for electric vehicles even though both source voltage and load currents are distorted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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16 pages, 11892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A FACTS Devices Allocation Procedure Attending to Load Share

by Samuel Marrero Vera, Ignacio Nuez and Mario Hernandez-Tejera

Energies 2020, 13(8), 1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081976 - 16 Apr 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

Power system stability is a topic which is attracting considerable interest due to the increase of both electrical demand and distributed variable generation. Since Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices are an increasingly widespread solution to these issues, it is important to study how their allocation procedure should be done. This paper seeks to assess the influence of load share in FACTS devices allocation. Despite this interest, researchers, as well as system planners, have mainly focused on studying single power system configuration rather than using a wider approach. Keeping this in mind, we have iteratively created several load share scenarios based on an IEEE 14-bus test system. Subsequently, we have applied an heuristic procedure in order to demonstrate how load share may affect the results of the FACTS devices allocation procedure. Additionally, we have compared results from two different objective functions so as to evaluate our proposal. Finally, we have proposed a solution to FACTS allocation which takes load share into account. Our tests have revealed that, depending on the distribution of load within the power system, the optimal location for a FACTS device may change. Furthermore, we have also found some discrepancies and similarities between results from distinct objective functions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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21 pages, 4632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evolutionary EMI Filter Design Approach Based on In-Circuit Insertion Loss and Optimization of Power Density

by Massimiliano Luna, Giuseppe La Tona, Angelo Accetta, Marcello Pucci and Maria Carmela Di Piazza

Energies 2020, 13(8), 1957; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081957 - 16 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4408

Abstract

Power density is one of the most significant issues in designing electromagnetic interference (EMI) filters for power electronic-based applications. Therefore, an effective EMI filter design should consider both its capability to ensure the compliance with the related EMI standard limits and the possibility to build it by suitable components leading to the most compact configuration as well. To fulfill the above requirements, in this paper, an automatic procedure to get an improved design of EMI filters is proposed. Specifically, according to the proposed method, the values of filter parameters for both common mode (CM) and differential mode (DM) sections are selected by a genetic algorithm (GA) exploiting the in-circuit insertion loss, thus obtaining a more effective design. Besides, the components that set up the filter are selected by a rule-based procedure searching through a suitable database of commercial components to identify those allowing for the maximum power density. Experimental tests were performed using an inverter-fed induction motor drive as a case study, and the obtained results have demonstrated the validity of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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22 pages, 3510 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fault Tolerant Boost Converter with Multiple Serial Inputs and Output Voltage Regulation for Vehicle-to-Aid Services

by Martín Antonio Rodríguez Licea

Energies 2020, 13(7), 1694; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071694 - 3 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2566

Abstract

The operation of electric vehicles (EV) is currently being segmented into a scenario of smart grids, including vehicle-to-grid (V2G), vehicle-to-home (V2H), vehicle-to-building (V2B), and vehicle-to-load (V2L), among others. Energy-providing services from EVs for medical/health assistance (human, animal, agronomist, environmental, etc.), including emergency services (patrols, fire trucks, etc.), are named/classified in this article as vehicle-to-aid (V2A), since it is expected that they will require special characteristics. For instance, an EV for V2A services must supply regulated voltage by a power electronic converter, even during possible failures, including short-circuits and damages on its components. In this paper, a new configuration of boost converter is proposed, with unlimited serial inputs (

n

), and important properties of fault tolerance, even if the power sources are not isolated; this includes robustness against component failures, variations in the parameters and design errors. Analytic, numerical, and experimental results that validate the operation of the proposed configuration against failures and parameter variation are presented. A numerical comparison with series-connected boost converters is also presented, showing best closed loop performance (PI) with

n

fewer diodes and

n

fewer capacitors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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30 pages, 9592 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Impact of Arc Furnaces on the Quality of Power in Supply Systems

by Zbigniew Łukasik and Zbigniew Olczykowski

Energies 2020, 13(6), 1462; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061462 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4965

Abstract

Arc furnaces, due to their high unit power and load nature, belong to the receivers affecting the power quality. A dynamically changing electric arc is the main source of disturbances generated by arc devices. This current article presents the results of model tests of disturbances caused by arc furnaces. It also presents the attempts to estimate the power supply conditions for arc furnaces, so that they do not generate unacceptable disturbances to the power system. Various models of the electric arc are proposed. The values of the elements making up the furnace supply system were based on actual parameters. In these networks, measurements of electricity quality indicators were carried out, which allowed us to refer to the obtained results of model tests with the real values. Accordingly, to the real conditions, the values of the short-circuit power of the network and the power of furnace transformers were also adopted in the tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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14 pages, 3329 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Hybrid Predictive Control for a Current Source Converter in an Aircraft DC Microgrid

by Hui Yang, Rui Tu, Ke Wang, Jiaxing Lei, Wenjia Wang, Shuang Feng and Chaofan Wei

Energies 2019, 12(21), 4025; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12214025 - 23 Oct 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2471

Abstract

A current source converter (CSC) is a promising topology for interfacing aircraft generators with the onboard DC microgrid. In this paper, a hybrid predictive control is proposed for the CSC with an output LC filter in such application. Deadbeat predictive control with larger sampling time is applied to the output circuit, generating reference source currents. Finite-set model predictive control with smaller sampling time is applied to the input circuit to achieve sinusoidal source currents, which is simplified by saving the source current predictions. The proposed scheme eliminates both the proportional-integral controller and the weighting factor, which are required in the existing studies. Besides, it has lower control complexity. A SiC-MOSFET-based prototype is used to verify the validity of the proposed scheme. Experimental results under 150 V/350–800 Hz AC input and 270 V DC output demonstrate the superior control performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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18 pages, 9935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Admittance Reshaping Control Methods to Mitigate the Interactions between Inverters and Grid

by Ling Yang, Yandong Chen, An Luo and Kunshan Huai

Energies 2019, 12(13), 2457; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12132457 - 26 Jun 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2643

Abstract

With the increasing impedance coupling between inverters and grid caused by the phase-locked loop (PLL), traditional three-phase inverters suffer from the harmonic distortion or instability problems under weak grid conditions. Therefore, the admittance reshaping control methods are proposed to mitigate the interactions between inverters and grid. Firstly, a dynamics model of traditional inverter output admittance including main circuit and PLL is developed in the direct-quadrature (dq) frame. And the qq channel impedance of the inverter presents as a negative incremental resistance with the PLL effect. Secondly, two admittance reshaping control methods are proposed to improve the system damping. The first reshaping technique uses the feedforward point of common coupling (PCC) voltage to modify the inverter output admittance. The second reshaping technique adopts the active damping controller to reconstruct the PLL equivalent admittance. The proposed control methods not only increase the system phase margin, but also ensure the system dynamic response speed. And the total harmonic distortion of steady-state grid-connected current is reduced to less than 2%. Furthermore, a specific design method of control parameters is depicted. Finally, experimental results are provided to prove the validity of the proposed control methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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Review

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31 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessReview

Battery Energy Storage Systems in the United Kingdom: A Review of Current State-of-the-Art and Future Applications

by Ioannis Mexis and Grazia Todeschini

Energies 2020, 13(14), 3616; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13143616 - 14 Jul 2020

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 14633

Abstract

The number of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) installed in the United Kingdom and worldwide is growing rapidly due to a variety of factors, including technological improvements, reduced costs and the ability to provide various ancillary services. The aim of this paper is to carry out a comprehensive literature review on this technology, its applications in power systems and to identify potential future developments. At first, the main BESSs projects in the UK are presented and classified. The parameters provided for each project include rated power, battery technology and ancillary services provided, if any. In the next section, the most commonly deployed ancillary services are classified and described. At the same time, the nomenclature found in the literature is explained and harmonised. The second part of the paper focuses on future developments and research gaps: ancillary services that currently are not common but that are likely to be deployed more widely in the future will be described, and more general research topics related to the development of BESSs for power system applications will be outlined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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22 pages, 3013 KiB

Open AccessReview

Possibilities and Challenges for the Inclusion of the Electric Vehicle (EV) to Reduce the Carbon Footprint in the Transport Sector: A Review

by Aritra Ghosh

Energies 2020, 13(10), 2602; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13102602 - 20 May 2020

Cited by 213 | Viewed by 21901

Abstract

To combat global climate change moving towards sustainable, mobility is one of the most holistic approaches. Hence, decarbonization of the transport sector by employing electric vehicles (EVs) is currently an environmentally benign and efficient solution. The EV includes the hybrid EV (HEV), the plug-in hybrid EV (PHEV), and the battery EV (BEV). A storage system, a charging station, and power electronics are the essential components of EVs. The EV charging station is primarily powered from the grid which can be replaced by a solar photovoltaic system. Wide uptake of EVs is possible by improving the technologies, and also with support from the government. However, greenhouse gas emission (GHG) saving potential of the EV is debatable when the required power to charge the EV comes from traditional fossil fuel sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Electronics and Power Quality 2019)

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