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38 pages, 5927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Planning of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Wind-Based DGs for Achieving Techno-Economic Objectives across Various Load Models

by Habib Ur Rehman, Arif Hussain, Waseem Haider, Sayyed Ahmad Ali, Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi and Muhammad Huzaifa

Energies 2023, 16(5), 2444; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16052444 - 3 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6776

Abstract

Over the last few decades, distributed generation (DG) has become the most viable option in distribution systems (DSs) to mitigate the power losses caused by the substantial increase in electricity demand and to improve the voltage profile by enhancing power system reliability. In [...] Read more.

Over the last few decades, distributed generation (DG) has become the most viable option in distribution systems (DSs) to mitigate the power losses caused by the substantial increase in electricity demand and to improve the voltage profile by enhancing power system reliability. In this study, two metaheuristic algorithms, artificial gorilla troops optimization (GTO) and Tasmanian devil optimization (TDO), are presented to examine the utilization of DGs, as well as the optimal placement and sizing in DSs, with a special emphasis on maximizing the voltage stability index and minimizing the total operating cost index and active power loss, along with the minimizing of voltage deviation. The robustness of the algorithms is examined on the IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus radial distribution networks (RDNs) for PV- and wind-based DGs. The obtained results are compared with the existing literature to validate the effectiveness of the algorithms. The reduction in active power loss is 93.15% and 96.87% of the initial value for the 33-bus and 69-bus RDNs, respectively, while the other parameters, i.e., operating cost index, voltage deviation, and voltage stability index, are also improved. This validates the efficiency of the algorithms. The proposed study is also carried out by considering different voltage-dependent load models, including industrial, residential, and commercial types. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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38 pages, 17480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Energy Management System of Isolated Multi-Microgrids with Local Energy Transactive Market with Indigenous PV-, Wind-, and Biomass-Based Resources

by Sayyed Ahmad Ali, Arif Hussain, Waseem Haider, Habib Ur Rehman and Syed Ali Abbas Kazmi

Energies 2023, 16(4), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041667 - 7 Feb 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2350

Abstract

The availability of sustainable, efficient electricity access is critical for rural communities as it can facilitate economic development and improve the quality of life for residents. Isolated microgrids can provide a solution for rural electrification, as they can generate electricity from local renewable [...] Read more.

The availability of sustainable, efficient electricity access is critical for rural communities as it can facilitate economic development and improve the quality of life for residents. Isolated microgrids can provide a solution for rural electrification, as they can generate electricity from local renewable energy sources and can operate independently from the central grid. Residential load scheduling is also an important aspect of energy management in isolated microgrids. However, effective management of the microgrid’s energy resources and load scheduling is essential for ensuring the reliability and cost-effectiveness of the system. To cope with the stochastic nature of RERs, the idea of an optimal energy management system (EMS) with a local energy transactive market (LETM) in an isolated multi-microgrid system is proposed in this work. Nature-inspired algorithms such as JAYA (Sanskrit word meaning victory) and teaching–learning based optimization algorithm (TLBO) can get stuck in local optima, thus reducing the effectiveness of EMS. For this purpose, a modified hybrid version of the JAYA and TLBO algorithm, namely, the modified JAYA learning-based optimization (MJLBO), is proposed in this work. The prosumers can sell their surplus power or buy power to meet their load demand from LETM enabling a higher load serving as compared to a single isolated microgrid with multi-objectives, resulting in a reduced electricity bill, increased revenue, peak-average ratio, and user discomfort. The proposed system is evaluated against three other algorithms TLBO, JAYA, and JAYA learning-based optimization (JLBO). The result of this work shows that MJLBO outperforms other algorithms in achieving the best numerical value for all objectives. The simulation results validate that MJLBO achieves a peak-to-average ratio (PAR) reduction of 65.38% while there is a PAR reduction of 51.4%, 52.53%, and 51.2% for TLBO, JLBO, and JAYA as compared to the unscheduled load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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15 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Model for Wind Turbines on Trains

by Mario Hyman and Mohd Hasan Ali

Energies 2022, 15(20), 7629; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15207629 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3352

Abstract

Wind turbines that are consistently exposed to the air displaced by moving trains have a high potential for energy generation. Researchers have developed mathematical models to simulate wind energy generation from turbines on moving trains but there are significant gaps in the developed [...] Read more.

Wind turbines that are consistently exposed to the air displaced by moving trains have a high potential for energy generation. Researchers have developed mathematical models to simulate wind energy generation from turbines on moving trains but there are significant gaps in the developed model theory. Most models do not consider the negative effects that additional aerodynamic drag, increased weight, and modified dimensions can have on the train’s operation. To overcome the drawbacks of existing models, this work proposes a novel approach of modeling the wind turbines on trains by considering wind turbine exposure only when the train is decelerating or stationary. There are no models that consider all of these realistic physical effects as a function of time. Real-time analysis and power-system simulations showed that the proposed model could produce over 3 MJ of net energy for favorable train trips. The simulated load profile met the demand of a 1 KW generator connected to onboard electrical components. Some recommendations on possible future research on wind turbines on trains are explained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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24 pages, 7801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Probabilistic Model for Minimization of Solar Energy Operation Costs as Well as CO₂ Emissions in a Multi-Carrier Microgrid (MCMG)

by Hassan Ranjbarzadeh, Seyed Masoud Moghaddas Tafreshi, Mohd Hasan Ali, Abbas Z. Kouzani and Suiyang Khoo

Energies 2022, 15(9), 3088; https://doi.org/10.3390/en15093088 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1801

Abstract

This paper proposes a probabilistic model with the aim to reduce the solar energy operation cost and CO₂ emissions of a multi-carrier microgrid. The MCMG in this study includes various elements such as combined heat and power (CHP), electrical heat pump (EHP), [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a probabilistic model with the aim to reduce the solar energy operation cost and CO₂ emissions of a multi-carrier microgrid. The MCMG in this study includes various elements such as combined heat and power (CHP), electrical heat pump (EHP), absorption chiller, solar panels, and thermal and electrical storages. A MILP model is proposed to manage the commitment of energy producers, energy storage equipment, the amount of selling/buying of energy with the upstream network, and the energy consumption of the responsible electrical loads for the day-ahead optimal operation of this microgrid. The proposed operation model is formulated as a multi-objective optimization model based on two environmental and economic objectives, using a weighted sum technique and a fuzzy satisfying approach. In this paper, the 2 m + 1-point estimate strategy has been used to model the uncertainties caused by the output power of solar panels and the upstream power supply price. In order to evaluate the performance of the proposed model, and also for minimizing cost and CO₂ emissions, the simulation was conducted on two typical cold and hot days. Numerical results show the proposed model’s performance and the effect of electrifying the heating and cooling of the microgrid through the EHP unit on greenhouse gas emissions in the scenarios considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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24 pages, 7646 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Dynamic Performance Enhancement of Power Grids by Operating Solar Photovoltaic (PV) System as Supercapacitor Energy Storage

by Morteza Daviran Keshavarzi and Mohd Hasan Ali

Energies 2021, 14(14), 4277; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144277 - 15 Jul 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1942

Abstract

Energy storage devices are collocated with conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to tackle the intermittency of solar irradiance and maintain the power quality of supplied energy. The energy storage system usually has its own conversion devices that may incur an extra capital cost [...] Read more.

Energy storage devices are collocated with conventional solar photovoltaic (PV) systems to tackle the intermittency of solar irradiance and maintain the power quality of supplied energy. The energy storage system usually has its own conversion devices that may incur an extra capital cost of installation. This paper proposes an integrated and cost-effective photovoltaic-supercapacitor (PVSC) system in which the energy storage functionality of the supercapacitor (SC) is merged into the PV array where the power flow bidirectionally takes place to maintain the system stability under grid disturbances during the daytime, nighttime, and cloudy weather. A nonlinear mathematical model (NMM) was developed to conduct the stability analyses and to design the controller parameters, which facilitates a faster and more accurate numerical analysis compared to existing average models. The effectiveness of the proposed system was evaluated by simulation analysis and compared to that of the basic PV and a conventional SC system in which full energy storage is connected in parallel with the PV. The results demonstrate that the proposed PVSC system is effective in improving the dynamic performance of the connected power grid system. In addition, the proposed PVSC system fulfills the functionality of the conventional SC with merged conversion devices; that is, the performance of the proposed PVSC system is comparable to the conventional SC system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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22 pages, 38444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nyström Minimum Kernel Risk-Sensitive Loss Based Seamless Control of Grid-Tied PV-Hybrid Energy Storage System

by Mukul Chankaya, Ikhlaq Hussain, Aijaz Ahmad, Irfan Khan and S.M. Muyeen

Energies 2021, 14(5), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14051365 - 2 Mar 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2377

Abstract

This paper presents Nyström minimum kernel risk-sensitive loss (NysMKRSL) based control of a three-phase four-wire grid-tied dual-stage PV-hybrid energy storage system, under varying conditions such as irradiation variation, unbalanced load, and abnormal grid voltage. The Voltage Source Converter (VSC) control enables the system [...] Read more.

This paper presents Nyström minimum kernel risk-sensitive loss (NysMKRSL) based control of a three-phase four-wire grid-tied dual-stage PV-hybrid energy storage system, under varying conditions such as irradiation variation, unbalanced load, and abnormal grid voltage. The Voltage Source Converter (VSC) control enables the system to perform multifunctional operations such as reactive power compensation, load balancing, power balancing, and harmonics elimination while maintaining Unity Power Factor (UPF). The proposed VSC control delivers more accurate weights with fewer oscillations, hence reducing overall losses and providing better stability to the system. The seamless control with the Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) facilitates the system’s grid-tied and isolated operation. The HESS includes the battery, fuel cell, and ultra-capacitor to accomplish the peak shaving, managing the disturbances of sudden and prolonged nature occurring due to load unbalancing and abnormal grid voltage. The DC link voltage is regulated by tuning the PI controller gains utilizing the Salp Swarm Optimization (SSO) algorithm to stabilize the system with minimum deviation from the reference voltage, during various simulated dynamic conditions. The optimized DC bus control generates the accurate loss component of current, which further enhances the performance of the proposed VSC control. The presented system was simulated in the MATLAB 2016a environment and performed satisfactorily as per IEEE 519 standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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19 pages, 8079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Modular Multilevel Converter with an Advanced PWM Control Technique for Grid-Tied Photovoltaic System

by Safa Haq, Shuvra Prokash Biswas, Md. Kamal Hosain, Md. Ashib Rahman, Md. Rabiul Islam and Sumaya Jahan

Energies 2021, 14(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/en14020331 - 8 Jan 2021

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 4010

Abstract

Due to global warming and shortage of fossil fuels, the grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system has gained significant popularity all over the world. The modular multilevel cascaded (MMC) inverter is the natural choice for step-up transformer and line filter less direct medium voltage [...] Read more.

Due to global warming and shortage of fossil fuels, the grid-connected solar photovoltaic (PV) system has gained significant popularity all over the world. The modular multilevel cascaded (MMC) inverter is the natural choice for step-up transformer and line filter less direct medium voltage grid integration of solar PV systems. However, power quality and loss are the important issues while connecting the PV system to the medium voltage grid through MMC inverter. Modulation technique is the key to maintain output power quality, e.g., total harmonic distortion (THD) and to ensure low switching and conduction losses. In this paper, an advanced modulation technique named “triangle saturated common mode pulse width modulation (TSCMPWM)” control is proposed for a 3-phase 5-level MMC inverter-based grid-tied PV system. Compared to traditional modulation techniques, the proposed TSCMPWM control offers the lowest voltage THD as well as lower inverter power losses. Performance of the proposed modulation technique is evaluated in MATLAB/Simulink environment and tested with a reduced scale prototype test platform. Both simulation and experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed modulation technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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Review

Jump to: Research

18 pages, 4296 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies, Architecture, and Its Applications to Improved Efficiency

by Sai Nikhil Vodapally and Mohd Hasan Ali

Energies 2023, 16(1), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010319 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 11619

Abstract

Since the discovery of Photovoltaic (PV) effect, numerous ways of utilizing the energy that can be generated by the free everlasting solar radiation using solar panels were put forward by many researchers. However, the major disadvantage of solar panel to date is its [...] Read more.

Since the discovery of Photovoltaic (PV) effect, numerous ways of utilizing the energy that can be generated by the free everlasting solar radiation using solar panels were put forward by many researchers. However, the major disadvantage of solar panel to date is its low efficiency, which is affected by the panel temperature, cell type, panel orientation, irradiance level, etc. Though there are certain multi-junction solar panels that offer higher efficiencies, their application is very minimal due to high manufacturing cost. With the growing demand for the reduction of carbon footprint, there is a need to use and manufacture these panels in the most effective way to harness the maximum power and increase their efficiency. Another major concern is the availability of land/space for the installation of these panels. Several authors have focused on discussing the different technologies that have evolved in the manufacturing of the PV cells along with their architectures. However, there exists a gap that needs to be addressed by combining the latest PV technologies and architectures with a focus on PV applications for increasing the efficiency. Due to the technical limitations on the efficiency of PV panels, applications are to be designed that can extract the maximum power from the PV systems by minimizing the technical difficulties. Considering all these factors, this paper presents an overview of the types of silicon based solar cell architectures with efficiencies of at least 25%, and different integration methods like Building integrated PVs (BIPV), floating PVs, which can increase the efficiency by harnessing more power from a limited space. An extensive bibliography on the PV cell structures and methods of maintaining the efficiencies in real world installations are presented. The challenges with the integration of solar panels and the future work are also discussed. This work benefits the readers and researchers and serves as a basis to understand the solar panel efficiency structure and ways to improve the efficiency and associated challenges to come over in the successful implementation of these systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-Effective and Intelligent Controller Based Design for Wind and Photovoltaic Power Generation Systems)

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