Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 24166

Special Issue Editors


E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Adjunct Professor, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
Interests: foodborne disease; food poisoning; hazard analysis critical control points; root cause analysis; foodborne pathogens and toxins; seafood toxins; cross-contamination; problems in food service and food processing; expert witness for court cases involving food contamination
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
DFK for Safe Food Environment, 30559 Hannover, Germany
Interests: food safety culture; food contaminants; food safety practices; food microbiology; food safety management; risk assessment; water reuse; food safety governance; food safety regulations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A Special Issue of Foods entitled “Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition” is currently being organized. Despite the continuous improvements in food safety systems and the strengthening of control measures by government and industry, foodborne disease remains unexpectedly high in both developed and developing nations. For instance, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that one in six persons in the United States suffers from gastroenteritis each year, with up to 3000 fatalities arising from the consumption of contaminated food. According to the WHO Initiative to Estimate the Global Burden of Foodborne Diseases, 31 global hazards caused 600 million foodborne illnesses and 420,000 deaths in 2010, and diarrheal disease agents were the leading cause of these in most regions. These are astonishing figures for the 21st century as most foodborne diseases are preventable, yet their burden is also increasing with the global threat of antibiotic resistance. We are familiar with some of the underlying conditions: unsafe water used for the cleaning, production, and processing of food, poor husbandry practices, food production processes, inadequate storage, and food handling practices including infected food workers and cross-contamination of food. These can be coupled with inadequate or poorly enforced regulatory standards and industry compliance. However, knowledge of these is not enough. Making advances in prevention and control practices requires a suite of interlinked actions from improvements in the investigation of complaints and illnesses to finding the root cause of outbreaks; applying rapid and accurate identification of the hazards present; determining the conditions in which pathogens grow and multiply in order to eliminate or reduce these numbers; developing targeted intervention strategies; understanding human behavior with respect to food processing and preparation with recommendations for change; producing effective educational and training programs; evaluating the risks of existing, novel, and modified food production and preparation practices; predicting how effective potential interventions would be; and introducing effective, practical, and enforceable codes of practice for the different harvesting, processing, and preparing industry components.

This Special Issue is open to submissions in the subject area of food-borne disease prevention and risk assessment. For detailed information on the journal, I refer you to https://www.mdpi.com/journal/foods.

Prof. Dr. Ewen C. D. Todd
Dr. Dima Faour-Klingbeil
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • foodborne disease surveillance and monitoring
  • representative surveillance sites such as FoodNet
  • expert elicitation
  • food attribution
  • social media to collect illness data
  • foodborne disease outbreak investigations
  • determining root cause analysis
  • improved surveillance
  • estimating cases and burden of foodborne diseases
  • rapid communication of food contamination/food poisoning issues prevention and control strategies
  • the role of food codes including Codex Alimentarius
  • national and local standards, guidelines, and regulations
  • industry association studies and recommendations
  • prerequisite programs/sanitation
  • hazard analysis critical control points
  • food safety objectives, performance objectives, etc.
  • novel pathogen inactivation methods
  • trend analysis/statistical process control
  • traceback/blockchain along the food chain microbiological testing and identification
  • whole genome sequencing
  • culture independent diagnostic testing the human element
  • food safety education and worker training
  • food safety culture and trust
  • understanding behavior of food preparers
  • exploring artificial intelligence risk analysis
  • quantitative microbiological risk assessment
  • qualitative risk assessment
  • risk profiles
  • predictive modeling
  • dose response assessment
  • exposure assessment
  • risk management
  • risk communication
  • future of the risk assessment process

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

  • Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
  • Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
  • Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
  • External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
  • e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (8 papers)

Order results
Result details
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review, Other

13 pages, 1330 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Virulence Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus in Wholesale and Retail Pork in Wuhan, Central China
by Zhihao Zhu, Xiaoying Liu, Xingyu Chen, Geng Zou, Qi Huang, Xianrong Meng, Xiaoying Pei, Zhou Chen, Rui Zhou, Dongliang Hu, Mei Liu and Shaowen Li
Foods 2022, 11(24), 4114; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11244114 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2316
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major foodborne pathogens and can cause serious foodborne illness in humans by foods contaminated with S. aureus enterotoxins. In recent years, livestock-associated S. aureus has been a major public health concern for humans and has emerged in [...] Read more.
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major foodborne pathogens and can cause serious foodborne illness in humans by foods contaminated with S. aureus enterotoxins. In recent years, livestock-associated S. aureus has been a major public health concern for humans and has emerged in various countries globally. China is one of the largest producers of pigs and pork in the world. However, there are few studies on the detailed genotypic and pathogenic characterization of pork-associated S. aureus in China. In this study, the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotypic characteristics of S. aureus in raw pork in Wuhan, China, were investigated through multilocus sequence typing (MLST), staphylococcal protein A gene (spa) typing, and whole-genome sequencing analysis. A total of 518 S. aureus isolates (16.9%) were isolated from 3067 retail and wholesale pork samples. The prevalence of S. aureus in retail pork (22.7%) was significantly higher than in wholesale pork (15.1%), while the proportion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates in wholesale pork (12.9%) was significantly higher than in retail pork (6.2%). Among the isolates, 10.8% were resistant to three or more antibiotics, with higher rates of resistance to penicillin (88.8%) and erythromycin (58.1%). A total of 28 sequence types (STs) were identified in the 518 isolates, and the predominant type was ST7 (57.5%), followed by ST5 (9.1%). In addition, based on the whole-genome sequences of 39 representative strains, 17 spa types were identified among the isolates, of which t899, t091, and t437 were the most common. Furthermore, 19 staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) and SE-like (SEl) toxin genes were detected in the isolates, of which selw was the most common type (100%), followed by sei, sem, seo, seu, and selv (46.2%); sey (35.9%); and sea, seg, and sen (33.3%). This study found for the first time that ST7-t091-selw and ST9-t899-SCCmecXII-selw were the predominant genotypes of S. aureus in pork in China, which indicated the spreading of S. aureus with multiple virulence factors, especially with new SE/SEl types in pigs and pork, is a serious new challenge for food safety. Good hygiene and good production practices to prevent interspecies transmission and cross-contamination of S. aureus in the pig–pork chain are of great significance to public health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 1816 KiB  
Article
Application of Quantitative Microbiology and Challenge Tests to Reach a Suggested Food Safety Objective in a Middle Eastern-Style Ready-to-Cook Chicken Product
by Tareq M. Osaili, Vasiliki Giatrakou, Athina Ntzimani, Maria Tsiraki and Ioannis N. Savvaidis
Foods 2022, 11(13), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11131900 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3310
Abstract
The contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) and ready-to-cook (RTC) food products is a major global issue raising worry to consumers. Therefore, the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., inoculated on a traditional Middle Eastern (M.E.) ready-to-cook (RTC) chicken product (“Taouk”-style), using the Risk [...] Read more.
The contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) and ready-to-cook (RTC) food products is a major global issue raising worry to consumers. Therefore, the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., inoculated on a traditional Middle Eastern (M.E.) ready-to-cook (RTC) chicken product (“Taouk”-style), using the Risk Ranger® tool and the necessary management options (to accomplish the hypothetical food safety objectives (FSO)), when unsuspecting consumers may taste such a product were the primary subjects of our study. The behavior of the aforementioned pathogens was studied in the presence and absence of a selected natural antimicrobial combination (chitosan [CH] and thyme oil [T]), and were added as a combined treatment (M-CH-T) to the RTs chicken samples, stored at 4 or 8 °C for a period of 8 d. In the product, wherein no antimicrobials were added (control treatment, M), the initial counts of L. monocytogenes increased by ca. 1.5 (4 °C) and 3.0 (8 °C) log colony-forming units (CFU)/g during an 8-d storage. Salmonella spp. numbers did not increase during storage at 4 °C in the non-treated product, but at 8 °C, an increase of ca. 2.5 log CFU/g occurred. Addition of CH in combination with T to the RTC product (M-CH-T) inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes and produced lower counts of Salmonella at 4 °C. However, M-CH-T treatment was less effective against both pathogens compared to the control after the 6th day of storage (8 °C). Predictive models based on quantitative microbiology, combined with hazard identification applied in the present study, may be potential means of assessing the safety of the RTC chicken products. It must be noted that for warranting the food safety of especially perishable items (e.g., chicken products), an efficient food safety management system must be applied, in addition to testing of the finished product, (e.g., based on the HACCP principles). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3904 KiB  
Article
Quantitative Risk Assessment of Exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via Different Types of Milk for the Slovenian Consumer
by Tanja Knific, Matjaž Ocepek, Andrej Kirbiš, Branko Krt, Jasna Prezelj and Jörn M. Gethmann
Foods 2022, 11(10), 1472; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11101472 - 18 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2257
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via milk for the Slovenian consumer. MAP is suspected to be associated with several diseases in humans, therefore the risk of exposure should be better understood. The primary [...] Read more.
This study aimed to assess the risk of exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) via milk for the Slovenian consumer. MAP is suspected to be associated with several diseases in humans, therefore the risk of exposure should be better understood. The primary source of MAP for humans is thought to be cattle, in which MAP causes paratuberculosis or Johne’s disease. We developed a stochastic quantitative risk assessment model using Monte Carlo simulations. Considering the assumptions and uncertainties, we estimated the overall risk of exposure to MAP via milk to be low. For people consuming raw milk from MAP positive farms, the risk was high. On-farm pasteurisation reduced the risk considerably, but not completely. The risk of exposure via pasteurised retail milk was most likely insignificant. However, with a higher paratuberculosis prevalence the risk would also increase. Given the popularity of raw milk vending machines and homemade dairy products, this risk should not be ignored. To reduce the risk, consumers should heat raw milk before consumption. To prevent a potential public health scare and safeguard farmers’ livelihoods, a reduction in paratuberculosis prevalence should be sought. Our results show that culling clinically infected cows was insufficient to reduce milk contamination with MAP. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 4510 KiB  
Article
Cumulative Dietary Risk Assessment of Benzophenone-Type Photoinitiators from Packaged Foodstuffs
by Mei-Lien Chen, Chih-Hsien Chen, Yu-Fang Huang, Hsin-Chang Chen and Jung-Wei Chang
Foods 2022, 11(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020152 - 7 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3041
Abstract
Photoinitiators used in ultraviolet-cured ink may migrate from food packaging materials into food products. Therefore, we conducted a dietary risk assessment of exposure to benzophenone (BP)-type photoinitiators by quantifying and reducing uncertainties associated with the risk characterization. A total of 362 food packaging [...] Read more.
Photoinitiators used in ultraviolet-cured ink may migrate from food packaging materials into food products. Therefore, we conducted a dietary risk assessment of exposure to benzophenone (BP)-type photoinitiators by quantifying and reducing uncertainties associated with the risk characterization. A total of 362 food packaging samples including 180 cereals, 136 fruit and vegetable juices, and 46 milk samples were subjected to fast pesticides extraction to determine photoinitiator residues. The average daily dose (ADD) of BP was the highest in the age group of zero to three years, with a P97.5 ADD of 2.56 × 10−4 mg/kg bw/day. The ADD of 2-hydroxybenzophenone (2-OHBP) was the highest in the age group of three to six years, with a P97.5 UB ADD of 3.52 × 10−5 mg/kg bw/day. The estimated UB P97.5 ADD for each age group was below the toxicological concern threshold of 0.0015 mg/kg bw/day. The cumulative toxicity of all BPs, evaluated using the MOET value, was at an acceptable level. Although the MOET value of BPs was above the safety limit in the foodstuffs studied herein, this result may be different if Taiwan were to follow regulation guidelines for BP-type photoinitiators based on the specific migration limit for the unmeasured BP residues in other foodstuffs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 265 KiB  
Article
Effect of Essential Oils and Vacuum Packaging on Spoilage-Causing Microorganisms of Marinated Camel Meat during Storage
by Tareq M. Osaili, Fayeza Hasan, Anas A. Al-Nabulsi, Dinesh Kumar Dhanasekaran, Reyad Shaker Obaid, Mona S. Hashim, Hadia M. Radwan, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Haydar Hasan, Moez Al-Islam E. Faris, Farah Naja, Ioannis N. Savvaidis, Amin N. Olaimat, Mutamed Ayyash and Richard Holley
Foods 2021, 10(12), 2980; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10122980 - 3 Dec 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2923
Abstract
The use of essential oils (EOs) and/or vacuum packaging (VP) with meats could increase product shelf-life. However, no studies investigating the effect of EOs and VP on camel meat background microbiota have been conducted previously. The study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial effect [...] Read more.
The use of essential oils (EOs) and/or vacuum packaging (VP) with meats could increase product shelf-life. However, no studies investigating the effect of EOs and VP on camel meat background microbiota have been conducted previously. The study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial effect of essential oils (EOs) carvacrol (CA), cinnamaldehyde (CI), and thymol (TH) at 1 or 2% plus vacuum packaging (VP) on the growth of spoilage-causing microorganisms in marinated camel meat chunks during storage at 4 and 10 °C. VP is an effective means to control spoilage in unmarinated camel meat (CM) and marinated camel meat (MCM) compared to aerobic packaging (AP). However, after EO addition to MCM, maximum decreases in spoilage-causing microorganisms were observed under AP on day 7. Increasing the temperature from 4 to 10 °C under AP increased the rate of spoilage-causing bacterial growth in CM and MCM; however, EOs were more effective at 10 °C. At 10 °C the maximum reductions in total mesophilic plate counts, yeast and molds, mesophilic lactic Acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas spp. were 1.2, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, and 4.8 log CFU/g, respectively. Incorporating EOs at 2% in MCM, held aerobically under temperature abuse conditions, delayed spoilage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
20 pages, 8632 KiB  
Article
Inactivation of Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in Tahini by Microwave Heating
by Tareq M. Osaili, Anas A. Al-Nabulsi, Yasmeen M. Al Sheikh, Akram R. Alaboudi, Amin N. Olaimat, Murad Al-Holy, Walid M. Al-Rousan and Richard Holley
Foods 2021, 10(12), 2972; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10122972 - 2 Dec 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3526
Abstract
Tahini (sesame paste) is a traditional food. Numerous foodborne outbreaks have been associated with it. This study aimed to (i) explore the efficiency of 2450 MHz microwave heating at 220, 330, 440, 550, and 660 W on the inactivation of Salmonella spp, Escherichia [...] Read more.
Tahini (sesame paste) is a traditional food. Numerous foodborne outbreaks have been associated with it. This study aimed to (i) explore the efficiency of 2450 MHz microwave heating at 220, 330, 440, 550, and 660 W on the inactivation of Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Listeria monocytogenes in tahini; (ii) determine the impact of desiccation and starvation stresses on pathogen survival; (iii) assess the impact of microwave heating on the physicochemical characteristics of tahini. The inoculated microorganisms in tahini were reduced with higher microwave power levels (p < 0.05) and longer exposure times. The D-values of unstressed Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, and L. monocytogenes ranged from 6.18 to 0.50 min, 6.08 to 0.50 min, and 4.69 to 0.48 min, respectively, at power levels of 220 to 660 W, with z-values of 410, 440, and 460 W, respectively. Generally, desiccation and starvation stress levels prior to heating increased microbial resistance to heat treatment. Microwave heating did not affect acid, peroxide, p-anisidine, or color values of tahini up to 90 °C. These findings reveal microwave heating as a potential method for lowering the risk of Salmonella spp., E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in tahini with no compromise on quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Research, Other

15 pages, 1617 KiB  
Review
Microbiological Risk Assessment in Foods: Background and Tools, with a Focus on Risk Ranger
by Antonio Bevilacqua, Alessandro De Santis, Gaetano Sollazzo, Barbara Speranza, Angela Racioppo, Milena Sinigaglia and Maria Rosaria Corbo
Foods 2023, 12(7), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12071483 - 31 Mar 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3101
Abstract
Risk assessment is an important phase of the food production path; it is strictly related to the processing chain as a necessary step for safe foods. This paper represents a contribution to understanding what is and how risk assessment could be conducted; it [...] Read more.
Risk assessment is an important phase of the food production path; it is strictly related to the processing chain as a necessary step for safe foods. This paper represents a contribution to understanding what is and how risk assessment could be conducted; it aims to provide some information on the structure of risk assessment, the tools for its identification and measurement and the importance of risk assessment for correct communication. In this context, after a focus on the background and on some commonly used tools (Risk Ranger, FDA-iRisk, decision tree, among others), the paper describes how to perform risk assessment through three case studies: lettuce (for Listeria monocytogenes), chicken salad (for Escherichia coli), and fresh egg pasta (for Staphylococcus aureus) in the first step, and then a comparison of risk for chicken salad contaminated by different pathogens (E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella sp.). As a final step, a critical evaluation of Risk Ranger was carried out, pointing out its pros and cons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Figure 1

Other

Jump to: Research, Review

12 pages, 495 KiB  
Perspective
Scheme of Effective Epidemiological Investigations in Trichinella Outbreaks on Pig Farms
by Ewa Bilska-Zając, Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba, Aneta Bełcik, Jacek Karamon, Jacek Sroka and Tomasz Cencek
Foods 2023, 12(6), 1320; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12061320 - 20 Mar 2023
Viewed by 2087
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a parasitic, zoonotic disease caused by larvae of the genus Trichinella. Infection occurs via the consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing this parasite. Symptoms of the disease manifest as intestinal disorders, followed by facial swelling, fever, muscle pain and [...] Read more.
Trichinellosis is a parasitic, zoonotic disease caused by larvae of the genus Trichinella. Infection occurs via the consumption of raw or undercooked meat containing this parasite. Symptoms of the disease manifest as intestinal disorders, followed by facial swelling, fever, muscle pain and other symptoms, eventually leading to neurological and cardiac complications and even death. In Europe, trichinellosis is most often associated with the consumption of meat from wild boars, pigs and horses. In recent years, wild boars that are hunted illegally and not tested for Trichinella spp. have been the most common cause of trichinellosis in humans; however, there have also been cases where infected pigs have been the source of infection. When trichinellosis is suspected in humans, epidemiological measures are taken to identify the source. Similarly, an epidemiological investigation should be initiated whenever Trichinella spp. has been detected in pigs. However, commonly used actions do not provide sufficient data to determine the source of infection for pigs and to prevent further transmission. Therefore, in this article, we propose a scheme for effective epidemiological investigations into Trichinella outbreaks on pig farms that can help trace the transmission mechanisms of the parasite and that takes into account currently available testing tools. The proposed pathway can be easily adopted for epidemiological investigations in routine veterinary inspection work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Borne Disease Prevention and Risk Assessment 2.0 Edition)
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop