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18 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Resistance QTLs to Black Leaf Streak Disease (Due to Pseudocercospora fijiensis) in Diploid Bananas (Musa acuminata)

by Françoise Carreel, Guillaume Martin, Sébastien Ravel, Véronique Roussel, Christine Pages, Rémy Habas, Théo Cantagrel, Chantal Guiougou, Jean-Marie Delos, Catherine Hervouet, Pierre Mournet, Angélique D’Hont, Nabila Yahiaoui and Frédéric Salmon

Horticulturae 2024, 10(6), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060608 - 7 Jun 2024

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Abstract

Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is a recent pandemic and the most economically and environmentally important leaf disease of banana. To assist breeding of varieties with durable resistance to the rapidly evolving P. fijiensis, we [...] Read more.

Black Leaf Streak Disease (BLSD), caused by the fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis, is a recent pandemic and the most economically and environmentally important leaf disease of banana. To assist breeding of varieties with durable resistance to the rapidly evolving P. fijiensis, we used a diploid genitor ‘IDN 110’ with partial resistance to BLSD to search for QTLs. We assessed diploid progeny of 73 hybrids between ‘IDN 110’ and the diploid cultivar ‘Khai Nai On’, which is susceptible to BLSD. Hybrids were phenotyped with artificial inoculation under controlled conditions. This method allowed us to focus on resistance in the early stages of the interaction already identified as strongly influencing BLSD epidemiology. Progeny were genotyped by sequencing. As both parents are heterozygous for large reciprocal translocations, the distribution of recombination was assessed and revealed regions with low recombination rates. Fourteen non-overlapping QTLs of resistance to BLSD were identified of which four main QTLs from the ‘IDN110‘ parent, located on chromosomes 06, 07, 08, and 09, were shown to be of interest for marker-assisted selection. Genes that underline those four QTLs are discussed in the light of previous literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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11 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Promising and Failed Breeding Techniques for Overcoming Sterility and Increasing Seed Set in Bananas (Musa spp.)

by Allan Waniale, Settumba B. Mukasa, Arthur K. Tugume, Alex Barekye and Robooni Tumuhimbise

Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050513 - 16 May 2024

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Abstract

Most banana improvement programs are restricted to using a sub-set of edible landraces for sexual hybridization as the majority are female sterile. This results from an array of factors that work in tandem and lead to sterility. Use of pollen germination media (PGM) [...] Read more.

Most banana improvement programs are restricted to using a sub-set of edible landraces for sexual hybridization as the majority are female sterile. This results from an array of factors that work in tandem and lead to sterility. Use of pollen germination media (PGM) during pollination significantly increases seed set, but it is a very small fraction compared to the potential seed set. This research therefore explored early pollination (a day before anthesis), evening pollination, saline treatment, plant growth regulators (PGRs) treatment, and ovule culture as potential techniques for overcoming sterility in bananas. Early and evening pollinations did not increase seed set because of immature flowers and a mismatch of male and female flower opening, respectively (t-prob. = 0.735 and 0.884). Immersion of bunches in a saline solution before pollination and ovule culture also did not overcome pollination barriers. Auxin antagonists (TIBA and salicylic acid) increased seed set, though their respective increases were not statistically significant (t-prob. = 0.123 and 0.164, respectively). The use of auxin antagonists shows great potential for overcoming pollination barriers in bananas. However, application rates and time of application have to be optimized and used holistically with other promising techniques, such as use of PGM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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25 pages, 16623 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Mutation Breeding to Improve the Eating Characteristics of the Fusarium Wilt-Resistant Banana Variety, ‘Goldfinger’ (AAAB)

by Katelyn Robertson, Sharon Hamill, Carole Wright, Massimo Bianco, Ashley Balsom, Simoné Moller, Ishita Pramanik, Philippa Lyons and Jeff Daniells

Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 444; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050444 - 26 Apr 2024

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Abstract

Banana production in Australia is under threat from Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (TR4), and the option of growing a disease-resistant variety is sought after by many farmers. Goldfinger is one such alternative; however, it was previously rejected by Australian consumers. In Phase [...] Read more.

Banana production in Australia is under threat from Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (TR4), and the option of growing a disease-resistant variety is sought after by many farmers. Goldfinger is one such alternative; however, it was previously rejected by Australian consumers. In Phase I of this investigation, mutagenesis was employed as a practical method to generate large numbers of novel variants. In Phase II, 631 variants were established in a field trial where agronomic and postharvest assessments, including taste-testing, identified 20 improved selections. Phase III involved a replicated field evaluation of the selections with favourable mutations, where further taste-testing revealed five selections with the most promising eating characteristics. In Phase IV, the five selections underwent large-scale consumer and sensory evaluations where four of them performed as well as the industry standard controls ‘Williams’ Cavendish and Lady Finger. The sensory analysis revealed differences in the fruit flavour profile and textural attributes, and these features will play a key role in bringing a new banana variety to market and for promotion to consumers. Screening of the variants’ resistance to yellow Sigatoka was integrated into the project, but further work is needed to ensure these four selections have retained their TR4 resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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11 pages, 1922 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoene Desaturase (PDS) Gene-Derived Markers Identify “A” and “B” Genomes in Banana (Musa spp.)

by Fernanda dos Santos Nascimento, Marcelly Santana Mascarenhas, Samantha Costa Boaventura, Carla Catharina Hora de Souza, Andresa Priscila de Souza Ramos, Anelita de Jesus Rocha, Julianna Matos da Silva Soares, Leandro Eugenio Cardamone Diniz, Tiago Antônio de Oliveira Mendes, Claudia Fortes Ferreira and Edson Perito Amorim

Horticulturae 2024, 10(3), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030294 - 19 Mar 2024

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Abstract

Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is a plant enzyme involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. The PDS gene has been used as a selective marker for genome editing in several plant species, including banana (Musa spp.). Its knockout promotes dwarfism and albinism, characteristics that are easily [...] Read more.

Phytoene desaturase (PDS) is a plant enzyme involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. The PDS gene has been used as a selective marker for genome editing in several plant species, including banana (Musa spp.). Its knockout promotes dwarfism and albinism, characteristics that are easily recognizable and highly favorable. In Musa spp., the A genome increases fruit production and quality, whereas the B genome is associated with tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to identify a molecular marker in the PDS gene to easily discriminate the A and B genomes of banana. A 2166 bp fragment for the “PDSMa” marker was identified as polymorphic for the A genome (identification accuracy of 99.33%), whereas ~332 and ~225 bp fragments were detected for the “PDSMb” marker with 100% accuracy using MedCalc software. In this study, we used genotypes with A and B genomes that are used in the genetic improvement of bananas and an accession with the BT genome. It was not possible to differentiate the accession with the BT genome from the others, suggesting that the markers do not have the capacity to separate the T genome from the A and B genomes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to use the PDS gene to determine doses of the A genome and identify the B genome in Musa spp., which will aid in evaluating the genomic constitution of banana hybrids and accessions at the seedling stage and accelerating their classification in crop genetic improvement programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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18 pages, 5600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evidence of Correlation between Pathogenicity, Avirulence Genes, and Aggressiveness of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense in Banana “Cavendish” and “Prata” Subgroups

by Karinna V. C. Velame, Anelita de Jesus Rocha, Mileide dos Santos Ferreira, Fernando Haddad, Vanusia B. Oliveira Amorim, Kátia Nogueira Pestana, Claudia Fortes Ferreira, Saulo Alves Santos de Oliveira and Edson Perito Amorim

Horticulturae 2024, 10(3), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030228 - 27 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1667

Abstract

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the most destructive diseases in banana farming worldwide. Knowledge of the factors of genetic diversity and virulence of the pathogen contributes to the development of resistant cultivars and management strategies based [...] Read more.

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is one of the most destructive diseases in banana farming worldwide. Knowledge of the factors of genetic diversity and virulence of the pathogen contributes to the development of resistant cultivars and management strategies based on exclusion. In this study, phenotypic traits such as virulence and aggressiveness in a sample of 52 Foc isolates were analyzed and their relationship to the presence of putative effectors of gene SIX (Secreted in Xylem) pathogenicity homologs was verified. The similarity matrix revealed three isolates that were closest to the standard Foc race 1 strain. Isolates 229A and 218A were selected according to their aggressiveness profile in ‘Grand Naine’ and ‘Prata-Anã’, respectively, to replace the standard isolate of race 1 in the resistance screening process carried out by the breeding program. Two homologs of the SIX8 gene, SIX8a and SIX8b, are present in isolates of Foc from Brazil, and the SIX8b gene correlates with avirulence in the cultivar ‘Grand Naine’ (Cavendish). These results are important to support the banana genetic breeding program by identifying sources of resistance to Foc and contributing to the establishment of the function of SIX effector proteins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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15 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of the Loci Associated with Resistance to Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum) Using DArTSeq Markers and Continuous Mapping

by Brigitte Uwimana, Gloria Valentine Nakato, Reagan Kanaabi, Catherine Nasuuna, Gerald Mwanje, George Simba Mahuku, Violet Akech, Marnik Vuylsteke, Rony Swennen and Trushar Shah

Horticulturae 2024, 10(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010087 - 16 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1561

Abstract

Banana Xanthomonas wilt, caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm), is a devastating disease that results in total yield loss of affected plants. Resistance to the disease is limited in Musa acuminata, but it has been identified so far in [...] Read more.

Banana Xanthomonas wilt, caused by Xanthomonas vasicola pv. musacearum (Xvm), is a devastating disease that results in total yield loss of affected plants. Resistance to the disease is limited in Musa acuminata, but it has been identified so far in the zebrina subspecies. This study identified markers associated with tolerance to Xvm in Monyet, a tetraploid banana from the zebrina subspecies which was identified to be partially resistant to the bacterium. We used a triploid progeny of 135 F₁ hybrids resulting from a cross between Monyet (Xvm partially resistant) and Kokopo (diploid and Xvm susceptible). The F₁ hybrids were screened in pots for resistance to Xvm. The population was genotyped using the genotyping-by-sequencing platform of Diversity Array Technology (DArTSeq). The adjusted means of the phenotypic data were combined with the allele frequencies of the genotypic data in continuous mapping. We identified 25 SNPs associated with resistance to Xvm, and these were grouped into five quantitative traits loci (QTL) on chromosomes 2, 3, 6, and 7. For each marker, we identified the favorable allele and the additive effect of replacing the reference allele with the alternative allele. The comparison between weevil borer (Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar)) and Xvm QTL revealed one QTL shared between the two biotic stresses at the distal end of chromosome 6 but with a repulsion linkage. This linkage should be broken down by generating more recombinants in the region. We also identified 18 putative alleles in the vicinity of the SNPs associated with resistance to Xvm. Among the 18 putative genes, two particularly putative genes, namely, Ma06_g13550 and Ma06_g36840, are most likely linked to disease resistance. This study is a basis for marker-assisted selection to improve banana resistance to banana Xanthomonas wilt, especially in East and Central Africa where the disease is still devastating the crop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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15 pages, 1213 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Crossing Efficiency by Exploiting the Genetic Potential of Allotetraploid Cooking Bananas

by Camille Ulrich Dzokouo Dzoyem, Guy Blaise Noumbissié Touko, Emmanuel Youmbi and Frédéric Bakry

Horticulturae 2024, 10(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010062 - 8 Jan 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

Conventional breeding involves considerable genetic recombination. To maximize breeding efforts, it is necessary to increase seed yield. This study proposes to improve seed yield by using tetraploid bananas as part of a genetic improvement programme for cooking varieties. To this end, the female [...] Read more.

Conventional breeding involves considerable genetic recombination. To maximize breeding efforts, it is necessary to increase seed yield. This study proposes to improve seed yield by using tetraploid bananas as part of a genetic improvement programme for cooking varieties. To this end, the female fertility (seeding rate and embryo sac maturity) of tetraploid banana plants was characterised. The pollen potential of tetraploids was then assessed at anthesis and at the end of meiosis, as well as during crosses with seminiferous diploids, leading to a phenotypic characterisation of the value of an offspring. This study highlighted the low seed production rate of tetraploid genitors. At best, 7% of seeds are produced per fruit, but 57% of the ovules per fruit have mature embryo sacs. The use of tetraploids as male parents, free from any source of sterility associated with the domestication process, did not generally improve the seed rate, except in the case of FHIA 21 (2930 seeds). Its pollen potential was used in a cross with Banksii 0623 (♀). This resulted in progeny with interesting vigour and phenotypic characteristics. This latter combination has the potential to transfer its “cooking” genetic structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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11 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceBrief Report

Visualizing and Inferring Chromosome Segregation in the Pedigree of an Improved Banana Cultivar (Gold Finger) with Genome Ancestry Mosaic Painting

by Alberto Cenci, Guillaume Martin, Catherine Breton, Angélique D’Hont, Nabila Yahiaoui, Julie Sardos and Mathieu Rouard

Horticulturae 2023, 9(12), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9121330 - 11 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Banana breeding faces numerous challenges, such as sterility and low seed viability. Enhancing our understanding of banana genetics, notably through next-generation sequencing, can help mitigate these challenges. The genotyping datasets currently available from genebanks were used to decipher cultivated bananas’ genetic makeup of [...] Read more.

Banana breeding faces numerous challenges, such as sterility and low seed viability. Enhancing our understanding of banana genetics, notably through next-generation sequencing, can help mitigate these challenges. The genotyping datasets currently available from genebanks were used to decipher cultivated bananas’ genetic makeup of natural cultivars using genome ancestry mosaic painting. This article presents the application of this method to breeding materials by analyzing the chromosome segregation at the origin of ‘Gold Finger’ (FHIA-01), a successful improved tetraploid variety that was developed in the 1980s. First, the method enabled us to clarify the variety’s intricate genetic composition from ancestral wild species. Second, it enabled us to infer the parental gametes responsible for the formation of this hybrid. It thus revealed 16 recombinations in the haploid male gamete and 10 in the unreduced triploid female gamete. Finally, we could deduce the meiotic mechanism lying behind the transmission of unreduced gametes (i.e., FDR). While we show that the method is a powerful tool for the visualization and inference of gametic contribution in hybrids, we also discuss its advantages and limitations to advance our comprehension of banana genetics in a breeding context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments in the Genetics and Breeding of Banana Species)

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