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Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health

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A special issue of International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (ISSN 1660-4601). This special issue belongs to the section "Sport and Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 30308

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Ambrozy

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Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Krakow, Poland
Interests: physical fitness; training; training strain; training control individual sports; martial arts combat sports; performance analysis technical and tactical preparation; trainer control
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Dr. Tomasz Grzywacz

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Department of Sport, Institute of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland
Interests: sport physiology; water sports; high altitude medicine; health-related fitness; exercise energy metabolism; inflammation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki

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Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
Interests: kinesiology; body balance; sports theory; sports and exercise physiology; water sports; health-related fitness; physiotherapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Doing water sports brings a number of benefits both in terms of improving health and physical fitness. By practicing and mastering the technical elements in water sports, you gain a number of useful skills, such as the ability to move in the aquatic environment and to protect yourself against hazards in the aquatic environment. It is undeniable that selected physical activities in the aquatic environment affect human health. Consider general and special physical fitness, which is the basis for the success of athletes in water sports, and its monitoring, which allows you to assess the effectiveness of training and identify any errors in training carried out in the aquatic environment. When modeling various forms of activity or impact on humans in water-related conditions, the training programs can be modified through the use of various forms of control, which allows one to determine the optimal possibilities of influencing the athlete/human in relation to the conditions of practicing water-related activities. The Special Issue "The implications of water sports for training, the environment and health" aims to present the results of various forms of control and the effects of progress in sports training, as well as pro-health, when practicing sports and recreational physical activity in an aquatic environment. The results of research presenting innovative issues in the field of the development of physical fitness and the assessment of the methods used in sports training in individual sports disciplines based on the water environment, as well as solving problems related to the health-promoting effects of water on humans from various perspectives, are particularly welcome.

Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Ambrozy
Prof. Dr. Tomasz Grzywacz
Prof. Dr. Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki
Guest Editors

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Keywords

water sports
physical fitness
aquatic environment
sport training
training loads
training control
individual sports
health training
technical and tactical preparation
health-related fitness

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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11 pages, 1406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reliability Study of a Functional Test for the Offensive Agility Performance in Water Polo

by Marcell Fridvalszki, János Matlák, Bálint Kovács, Leonidas Petridis, Dávid Horváth, Krisztián Havanecz, Donatella Dudás, Gergely Langmár and Levente Rácz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(16), 10040; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610040 - 15 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2311

Abstract

The aim of the study was to develop and assess the reliability of a functional agility test containing offensive elements for water polo players. Eighteen young male (15.3 ± 0.5 years, 178.3 ± 4.7 cm, 69.4 ± 10.0 kg) water polo players with a minimum of 5 years of sport-specific experience participated in this study. The test contained reactive high-intensity short-term swimming with changes in direction and manoeuvres after perceiving unknown stimuli given by tester players, and also included a shooting task at a goal, first from 7 m and then from 5 m. Execution time and shooting efficiency were measured by two experienced water polo coaches (Evaluators A and B). All statistical analyses were calculated using SPSS. The intrarater reliability between attempts showed good reliability for both evaluators (Evaluator A: ICC: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.66–0.95 and Evaluator B: ICC: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.68–0.96). Interrater reliability between Evaluators A and B was excellent at both attempts (Attempt 1: ICC: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.93–0.99 and Attempt 2: ICC: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.91–0.99). A lack of correlation between shooting performance from 7 m and 5 m distances and execution time was observed in the protocol. The test we presented in this study was found to be a reliable measurement tool for testing offensive agility performance based on open skill nature among water polo players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Turn Performance Variation in European Elite Short-Course Swimmers

by Francisco Cuenca-Fernández, Jesús J. Ruiz-Navarro, Marek Polach, Raúl Arellano and Dennis-Peter Born

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(9), 5033; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095033 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2058

Abstract

Turn performances are important success factors for short-course races, and more consistent turn times may distinguish between higher and lower-ranked swimmers. Therefore, this study aimed to determine coefficients of variation (CV) and performance progressions (∆%) of turn performances. The eight finalists and eight fastest swimmers from the heats that did not qualify for the semi-finals, i.e., from 17th to 24th place, of the 100, 200, 400, and 800 (females only)/1500 m (males only) freestyle events at the 2019 European Short Course Championships were included, resulting in a total of 64 male (finalists: age: 22.3 ± 2.6, FINA points: 914 ± 31 vs. heats: age: 21.5 ± 3.1, FINA points: 838 ± 74.9) and 64 female swimmers (finalists: age: 22.9 ± 4.8, FINA points: 904 ± 24.5 vs. heats: age: 20.1 ± 3.6, FINA points: 800 ± 48). A linear mixed model was used to compare inter- and intra-individual performance variation. Interactions between CVs, ∆%, and mean values were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed impaired turn performances as the races progressed. Finalists showed faster turn section times than the eight fastest non-qualified swimmers from the heats (p < 0.001). Additionally, turn section times were faster for short-, i.e., 100 and 200 m, than middle- and long-distance races, i.e., 400 to 1500 m races (p < 0.001). Regarding variation in turn performance, finalists showed lower CVs and ∆% for all turn section times (0.74% and 1.49%) compared to non-qualified swimmers (0.91% and 1.90%, respectively). Similarly, long-distance events, i.e., 800/1500 m, showed lower mean CVs and higher mean ∆% (0.69% and 1.93%) than short-distance, i.e., 100 m events (0.93% and 1.39%, respectively). Regarding turn sections, the largest CV and ∆% were found 5 m before wall contact (0.70% and 1.45%) with lower CV and more consistent turn section times 5 m after wall contact (0.42% and 0.54%). Non-qualified swimmers should aim to match the superior turn performances and faster times of finalists in all turn sections. Both finalists and non-qualified swimmers should pay particular attention to maintaining high velocities when approaching the wall as the race progresses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a 12-Week Detraining Period on Physical Capacity, Power and Speed in Elite Swimmers

by Wojciech Głyk, Maciej Hołub, Jakub Karpiński, Wojciech Rejdych, Wojciech Sadowski, Alina Trybus, Jakub Baron, Łukasz Rydzik, Tadeusz Ambroży and Arkadiusz Stanula

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4594; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084594 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effects of a prolonged transition period (detraining) on the physical capacity, power, and speed parameters of elite swimmers. Fourteen swimmers (seven females and seven males) aged 20.4 ± 1.7 years participated in the study. The athletes were subjected to two rounds of identical tests at 12-week intervals during the detraining period (DP), which consisted of an evaluation of the athletes’ body weight and composition, a measurement of the power of their lower limbs (Keiser squat, countermovement jump (CMJ), akimbo countermovement jump (ACMJ)) and upper limbs (Keiser arms) on land, and 20-m swimming using the legs only (Crawl Legs test), arms only (Crawl Arms test), and full stroke (Front Crawl test). An analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of the main factor, Gender, on all the measured parameters, while for the factor Detraining, except for Front Crawl (W) (F = 4.27, p = 0.061), no significant interaction effect (Gender × Detraining) was revealed. Among both the male and the female participants, a reduction in lactate-threshold swimming speed (LT Dmax) and a reduction in swimming speed and power on the Crawl Arms, Crawl Legs, and Front Crawl tests was observed after 12 weeks. There were also statistically significant reductions in ACMJ and CMJ jump height and upper-limb power (Keiser squat) among the female and male swimmers. There were no significant changes in body weight or body composition. The study showed a clear deterioration in results for most of the parameters, both for those measured on land and for those measured in water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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13 pages, 1210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validity of the Swimming Capacities and Anthropometric Indices in Predicting the Long-Term Success of Male Water Polo Players: A Position-Specific Prospective Analysis over a Ten-Year Period

by Goran Dimitric, Dean Kontic, Sime Versic, Tijana Scepanovic and Natasa Zenic

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(8), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084463 - 7 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2027

Abstract

Long-term predictors of success in water polo are rarely reported. This study aimed to evaluate the position-specific validity of the swimming and anthropometric/body build tests on the prediction of the long-term success of male water polo players. The participants were 85 top-level players observed at baseline (junior level, when they were 17–18 years of age; 35 centers and 50 perimeter players) in tests of swimming capacities (15 m water polo sprint, 25 m sprint, and 100 and 400 m freestyle swimming) and anthropometric/body build indices (body mass, body height, arm span, body mass index, and body fat percentage). Over a period of 10 years, participants’ senior-level success was prospectively observed. Multinomial logistic regression with three levels of criteria (high achievement, medium achievement, and low achievement at the senior level) was applied to identify the predictive validity of the swimming and anthropometric/body build indices. For the total sample (not dividing perimeter from center players), all observed swimming capacities, body height, and arm span were significantly associated with success, with more successful players being taller, with a longer arm span, and superior swimming capacities. Body height and 100 m freestyle swimming were significant predictors of success among centers. Achievement in 100 and 400 m freestyle swimming, body height, and a lower percentage of body fat were correlated with higher senior-level performance in perimeter players. The results showed better validity of the anaerobic-lactate and aerobic swimming tests than sprint swimming in predicting the long-term achievement of male water polo players. Differences in the influence of swimming capacities and body-build indices on senior-level success between observed playing positions are related to differences in game duties, playing time, and consequent metabolic demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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18 pages, 732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Significance of Angling in Stress Reduction during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Environmental and Socio-Economic Implications

by Emil Andrzej Karpiński and Andrzej Robert Skrzypczak

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(7), 4346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074346 - 5 Apr 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2604

Abstract

Recreational fishing and other outdoor recreational activities have been proven to have positive effects on mental health, including neutralizing pandemic stress. This study aims to identify the perceptions and behavior of recreational anglers during the COVID-19 pandemic along with identifying the factors that determine attitudes. This study is essential for understanding the complex economic, social, and environmental implications associated with a pandemic. Perceptions of pandemic stress reduction were confirmed by 63.8% of anglers, and nearly 98% felt there was no risk of infection from fishing. These feelings were most strongly positively associated and explained by a preference for fishing with friends and family and the frequency of fishing. Over 26% of respondents fished more frequently during the pandemic. Additional free time and the need to escape the pandemic media hype were the main factors for the increase in angler activity. The balance of benefits from changes in angler pandemic behavior was ambiguous. This was determined by considering the potential increase in pressure on the environmental resources that anglers use. Given the positive effects of angling on stress reduction, it is not advisable for policymakers to restrict recreational fishing access. Instead, best management practices should reduce sanitary bottlenecks to increase safety on fishing grounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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13 pages, 37615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Lakeshore Zone Development: A Comparison of Polish and Hungarian Lakes over 30-Year Period

by Grażyna Furgała-Selezniow, Małgorzata Jankun-Woźnicka, Paweł Woźnicki, Xuecheng Cai, Timea Erdei and Zsombor Boromisza

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042141 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2282

Abstract

(1) Background: This paper presents the land use and land cover change processes in the lakeshore zone in Poland and Hungary during 30 years. (2) Methods: Land use and land cover (LU/LC) maps were prepared using topographic maps and orthophotograph maps scaled 1:10,000. The study based on GIS data and field research. (3) Results: A significant increase in the area occupied by tourist and recreational infrastructure and forests in the lake shore zone was found in both countries. In Poland, this increase occurred mainly at the expense of arable land, which was a positive phenomenon. In Hungary, however, the main threat to the lakeshore zone was the increase of built-up area at the expense of semi-natural area. While the decrease in arable land was positive from an environmental point of view, the main threat to the Hungarian lake shore zone was the increase in built-up areas at the expense of semi-natural land. The results showed a positive correlation between the area of urbanized land and the area occupied by tourist and recreational buildings on the Polish lakes. There was no such correlation at the Hungarian lakes. (4) Conclusions: The most beneficial change in land cover for the lakes was the increase in forest area in the lake shore zone in both countries studied. Taking into account the results of previous studies, three main trends of changes in land cover and land use in the lakeshore zone were identified. These results shed new light on the problem of land use around lakeshores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 2282 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transferability of Cardiopulmonary Parameters between Treadmill and Cycle Ergometer Testing in Male Triathletes—Prediction Formulae

by Szczepan Wiecha, Szymon Price, Igor Cieśliński, Przemysław Seweryn Kasiak, Łukasz Tota, Tadeusz Ambroży and Daniel Śliż

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031830 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3076

Abstract

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) on a treadmill (TE) or cycle ergometry (CE) is a common method in sports diagnostics to assess athletes’ aerobic fitness and prescribe training. In a triathlon, the gold standard is performing both CE and TE CPET. The purpose of this research was to create models using CPET results from one modality to predict results for the other modality. A total of 152 male triathletes (age = 38.20 ± 9.53 year; BMI = 23.97 ± 2.10 kg·m⁻²) underwent CPET on TE and CE, preceded by body composition (BC) analysis. Speed, power, heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO₂), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), ventilation (VE), respiratory frequency (fR), blood lactate concentration (LA) (at the anaerobic threshold (AT)), respiratory compensation point (RCP), and maximum exertion were measured. Random forests (RF) were used to find the variables with the highest importance, which were selected for multiple linear regression (MLR) models. Based on R² and RF variable selection, MLR equations in full, simplified, and the most simplified forms were created for VO_2AT, HR_AT, VO_2RCP, HR_RCP, VO_2max, and HR_max for CE (R² = 0.46–0.78) and TE (R² = 0.59–0.80). By inputting only HR and power/speed into the RF, MLR models for practical HR calculation on TE and CE (both R² = 0.41–0.75) were created. BC had a significant impact on the majority of CPET parameters. CPET parameters can be accurately predicted between CE and TE testing. Maximal parameters are more predictable than submaximal. Only HR and speed/power from one testing modality could be used to predict HR for another. Created equations, combined with BC analysis, could be used as a method of choice in comprehensive sports diagnostics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 1025 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Leg Dominance and OSB12 Kick Start Performance in Young Competitive Swimmers

by Ivan Matúš, Pavel Ružbarský, Bibiana Vadašová and Pavol Čech

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413156 - 14 Dec 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2385

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in starting and kick-plate positions, pointing to an effect on kick-start performance with the dominant and non-dominant feet placed on the front edge of the OSB12 starting block. The sample included 20 female competitive swimmers whose average age was 16.1 ± 0.6 years. To assess swimmers’ lower body explosive strength and determine leg dominance, a triple hop distance test was administered. We determined the swimmers’ preferred starting position on a starting block in terms of the kick-plate setting and body position on the starting block. The results of our study demonstrate the importance of leg dominance and positioning on the OSB12 starting block. After the preferred starting position was determined, the optimal position for the kick start was selected. When the dominant leg was placed on the front edge of the starting block (p < 0.05; Cohen’s d—large effect), swimmers produced shorter block times and times to 2 and 5 m. For most of the tested swimmers, the optimal basic position on the starting block included neutral- and rear-weighted positions with the kick plate set to positions 3–4 and the right leg placed on the front edge of the OSB12 starting block. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Key Parameters Affecting Kick Start Performance in Competitive Swimming

by Ivan Matúš, Pavel Ružbarský and Bibiana Vadašová

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(22), 11909; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211909 - 12 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2844

Abstract

The study aims to determine the contribution of kinematic parameters to time to 5 m without underwater undulating and kicking. Eighteen male competitive swimmers started from three weighted positions and set the kick plate to positions 1–5. We used SwimPro cameras and the Dartfish© software. In the on-block phase, we found significant correlations (p < 0.01) between the front ankle angle and block time. The correlations between start phases were statistically significant (p < 0.01) between block time and rear ankle angle, respectively, to time to 2 m; rear knee angle and glide time; block time and time to 5 m; time to 2 m and time to 5 m; and flight distance and glide distance. The multiple regression analysis showed that the on-block phase and flight phase parameters, respectively, contributed 64% and 65% to the time to 5 m. The key block phase parameters included block time and rear knee angle. The key flight phase parameters determining time to 5 m included take-off angle and time to 2 m. The key parameters determining the performance to 5 m during the above-water phase include rear knee angle, block time, takeoff angle, and time to 2 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Repeated Thermal Stress on the Physiological Parameters of Young Physically Active Men Who Regularly Use the Sauna: A Multifactorial Assessment

by Robert Podstawski, Krzysztof Borysławski, Andrzej Pomianowski, Wioletta Krystkiewicz, Tomasz Boraczyński, Dariusz Mosler, Jacek Wąsik and Jarosław Jaszczur-Nowicki

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11503; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111503 - 1 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3343

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of thermal stress (TS) on changes in blood biochemical parameters and fluid electrolyte levels in young adult men with moderate and high levels of physical activity. Thirty men (22.67 ± 2.02 years) were exposed to four 12-min sauna sessions (temperature: 90–91 °C; relative humidity: 14–16%) with four 6-min cool-down breaks. The evaluated variables were anthropometric, physiological, and hematological characteristics. The mean values of HR_avg (102.5 bpm) were within the easy effort range, whereas HR_peak (143.3 bpm) values were within the very difficult effort range. A significant increase was noted in pO2 (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.008), HDL (p < 0.006) and LDL cholesterol (p < 0.007). Significant decreases were observed in the SBP (by 9.7 mmHg), DBP (by 6.9 mmHg) (p < 0.001), pH (p < 0.001), aHCO₃- (p < 0.005), sHCO3- (p < 0.003), BE (ecf) (p < 0.022), BE (B), ctCO₂ (for both p < 0.005), glucose (p < 0.001), and LA (p < 0.036). High 72-min TS did not induce significant changes in the physiological parameters of young and physically active men who regularly use the sauna, excluding significant loss of body mass. We can assume that relatively long sauna sessions do not disturb homeostasis and are safe for the health of properly prepared males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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11 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Electrophoretic Determination of Trimethylamine (TMA) in Biological Samples as a Novel Potential Biomarker of Cardiovascular Diseases Methodological Approach

by Marek Konop, Mateusz Rybka, Emilia Waraksa, Anna K. Laskowska, Artur Nowiński, Tomasz Grzywacz, Wojciech J. Karwowski, Adrian Drapała and Ewa Maria Kłodzińska

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312318 - 23 Nov 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2478

Abstract

In competitive athletes, the differential diagnosis between nonpathological changes in cardiac morphology associated with training (commonly referred to as “athlete’s heart”) and certain cardiac diseases with the potential for sudden death is an important and not uncommon clinical problem. The use of noninvasive, fast, and cheap analytical techniques can help in making diagnostic differentiation and planning subsequent clinical strategies. Recent studies have demonstrated the role of gut microbiota and their metabolites in the onset and the development of cardiovascular diseases. Trimethylamine (TMA), a gut bacteria metabolite consisting of carnitine and choline, has recently emerged as a potentially toxic molecule to the circulatory system. The present work aims to develop a simple and cost-effective capillary electrophoresis-based method for the determination of TMA in biological samples. Analytical characteristics of the proposed method were evaluated through the study of its linearity (R² > 0.9950) and the limit of detection and quantification (LOD = 1.2 µg/mL; LOQ = 3.6 µg/mL). The method shows great potential in high-throughput screening applications for TMA analysis in biological samples as a novel potential biomarker of cardiovascular diseases. The proposed electrophoretic method for the determination of TMA in biological samples from patients with cardiac disease is now in progress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water Sports Implications for Training, Environment and Health)

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