International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Research

13 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Myofascial Release Using Finding-Oriented Manual Therapy Combined with Foam Roller on Physical Performance in University Athletes. A Randomized Controlled Study

by Diego Fernando Afanador-Restrepo, Carlos Rodríguez-López, Yulieth Rivas-Campo, Mateo Baena-Marín, Yolanda Castellote-Caballero, Raúl Quesada-Ortiz, María Catalina Osuna-Pérez, María del Carmen Carcelén-Fraile and Agustín Aibar-Almazán

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(2), 1364; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021364 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 9338

Abstract

Sport is a science of constant reinvention that is always searching for strategies to improve performance. Objective: This study seeks to compare the effects of myofascial release with Findings-Oriented Orthopedic Manual Therapy (OMT) combined with Foam Roller (FR), versus FR by itself, on [...] Read more.

Sport is a science of constant reinvention that is always searching for strategies to improve performance. Objective: This study seeks to compare the effects of myofascial release with Findings-Oriented Orthopedic Manual Therapy (OMT) combined with Foam Roller (FR), versus FR by itself, on the physical performance of university athletes. A randomized controlled study was conducted with a total of twenty-nine university athletes, measuring Range of Motion (ROM), jump height and flight time, strength and dynamic flexibility using Goniometer pro, CMJ protocol in OptoGait, 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) and Mean Propulsive Velocity (MPV) and the Sit and Reach (V) test, correspondingly. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov prior to the initial measurement of the participants under the code NCT05347303. Through a univariate analysis, together with an analysis of independent groups with ANOVA and an analysis of covariance, it was evidenced that OMT combined with FR generated more and better effects in all the evaluated ROM, jump height and flight time, RM and VMP tests. Finally, it was found that OMT combined with FR is better when it is desired to improve ROM, muscle power, strength and flexibility, while FR alone only improves dynamic flexibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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10 pages, 1309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinematics Analysis of Male Runners via Forefoot and Rearfoot Strike Strategies: A Preliminary Study

by Chao-Fu Chen, Hui-Ju Wu, Chao Liu and Soun-Cheng Wang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 15924; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315924 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1773

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the kinematic characteristics of males using various foot landing strategies. The participants were fifteen male students from Physical Education College, Huaibei (non-professional runners, who did not have a fixed running landing strategy mode) (mean height = 178.20 cm; [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the kinematic characteristics of males using various foot landing strategies. The participants were fifteen male students from Physical Education College, Huaibei (non-professional runners, who did not have a fixed running landing strategy mode) (mean height = 178.20 cm; mean weight = 67.60 kg; mean age = 19.40 years). In this experiment, the running model of different foot landing strategies (forefoot strike, FFS and rearfoot strike, RFS) were analyzed using two high-speed cameras captured simultaneously at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. According to the results, the runners with better sports performance have shorter contact time, longer flight time, lower duty factor, larger stride angle, faster V COG, greater A COG, and knee and ankle angles which were crucial kinematics factors to enhance the running. Therefore, this study recommends that coaches or researchers can use photography to analyze novice runners who do not have a fixed landing pattern when running with RFS, the characteristics of running style was closely related to the flight times, and running with FFS was closely related to the stride angle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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11 pages, 1894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Taping Improves Landing Biomechanics in Young Volleyball Athletes

by Chih-Kuan Wu, Yin-Chou Lin, Chi-Ping Lai, Hsin-Ping Wang and Tsung-Hsun Hsieh

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13716; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013716 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3705

Abstract

Poor landing biomechanics such as hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee valgus have been recognized as modifiable risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Dynamic taping is a newly developed technique with better elasticity and extensibility, which could change the landing biomechanics. [...] Read more.

Poor landing biomechanics such as hip adduction, internal rotation, and knee valgus have been recognized as modifiable risk factors of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Dynamic taping is a newly developed technique with better elasticity and extensibility, which could change the landing biomechanics. The purpose of this study was to identify whether dynamic taping could improve lower limb biomechanics in athletes. Forty-two high school volleyball athletes (21 males and 21 females) participated in the study. Biomechanical properties, including the landing error scoring system (LESS) and anterior–posterior knee laxity, were evaluated before and after the application of dynamic tape while athletes performed the jump-landing task. As a result, we found that dynamic tape significantly reduced the faulty landing strategy by an average of 0.64 errors in all volleyball athletes. The effect induced by dynamic tape was more prominent in female athletes and high-risk athletes (1.1 errors). Furthermore, the application of dynamic tape improved anterior–posterior knee laxity, especially in female athletes (p < 0.001). In conclusion, we found that dynamic tape provided a short-term, passive, and clinically significant means to normalize inadequate biomechanics during landing in athlete groups, which could have a protective effect and further alleviate the risk of ACL injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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13 pages, 1306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 8-Week Exhausting Deep Knee Flexion Flywheel Training on Persistent Quadriceps Weakness in Well-Trained Athletes Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

by Frederick James Henderson, Yu Konishi, Norihiro Shima and Yohei Shimokochi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(20), 13209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013209 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2404

Abstract

Persistent quadriceps weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common hurdle to efficient rehabilitation. Therefore, we evaluated a new treatment strategy for athletes with ACL reconstruction. Eleven athletes with unilateral ACL reconstruction performed one set of flywheel Bulgarian split squats to [...] Read more.

Persistent quadriceps weakness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is a common hurdle to efficient rehabilitation. Therefore, we evaluated a new treatment strategy for athletes with ACL reconstruction. Eleven athletes with unilateral ACL reconstruction performed one set of flywheel Bulgarian split squats to exhaustion with a maximum knee extension of 60°, over 16 sessions, on their reconstructed limb. Quadriceps rate of force development (RFD) 0–50 ms (RFD_{0–50 ms}), and 0–150 ms (RFD_{0–150 ms}), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and central activation ratio (CAR) were measured bilaterally on the week before and after the intervention. In the reconstructed limb, the RFD_{0–50 ms} (p = 0.04; Cohen’s d = 0.8) and RFD_{0–150 ms} (p = 0.03; d = 0.9) increased after training. Before-after changes in MVIC and CAR were not significant (p > 0.05), but the lower the baseline MVIC, the greater the gain in MVIC (r = −0.71, p = 0.02). The between-leg difference in MVIC changed from large before (p = 0.01; d = 0.8) to small after training (p = 0.04; d = 0.4). One set of deep knee flexion flywheel Bulgarian split squats to exhaustion improved quadriceps deficits in well-trained athletes with ACL-reconstruction, particularly those with relatively low quadriceps force production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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10 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intervention for Better Knee Alignment during Jump Landing: Is There an Effect of Internally vs. Externally Focused Instructions?

by Inge Werner, Monika Peer-Kratzer, Maurice Mohr, Steven van-Andel and Peter Federolf

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(17), 10763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710763 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

Externally focused attention is known to induce superior results in the movement outcome, whereas focusing attention on the moving body (internal focus) causes conscious control and constrains action. The study investigated effects on knee trajectory and whole-body movement complexity when addressing knee alignment [...] Read more.

Externally focused attention is known to induce superior results in the movement outcome, whereas focusing attention on the moving body (internal focus) causes conscious control and constrains action. The study investigated effects on knee trajectory and whole-body movement complexity when addressing knee alignment using externally (EF) vs. internally (IF) focused instructions. Young ski racers, n = 24 (12 male), performed landings with subsequent jumps to submaximal height. Movements were tracked and analyzed during the ground contact phase. Sets of jumps were executed without instruction (CON), followed by EF and IF instructions on knee alignment in a random order. Medial–lateral displacement of the knee in landing quantified task achievement, and whole-body principal component analysis was used to compute movement complexity. Knee alignment instructions led to a significantly lower medial knee displacement compared to CON (p = 0.001, η_p² = 0.35). EF vs. IF did not reach significance. EF, as well as IF instructions increased the prominence of the first movement pattern (p = 0.01, η_p² = 0.22) with a reduction of higher-order patterns (p = 0.002, W = 0.11), suggesting a strategy of freezing degrees of freedom. Both instructions addressing the movement form positively influenced knee displacement during landing, and both led to a freezing strategy, simplifying whole-body coordination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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7 pages, 807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of an 8-Week Rope Skipping Intervention on Standing Long Jump Performance

by Chao-Fu Chen and Hui-Ju Wu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(14), 8472; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148472 - 11 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3860

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of an 8-week rope skipping intervention in enhancing standing long jump performance was assessed by means of specific kinematic parameters acquired by 3-D space photography. The fifteen male college students from the physical [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of an 8-week rope skipping intervention in enhancing standing long jump performance was assessed by means of specific kinematic parameters acquired by 3-D space photography. The fifteen male college students from the physical education institute were randomly recruited as the research subjects. Participants first completed a standing long jump test without rope skipping intervention. Participants subsequently took part in a second standing long jump test after rope skipping training. Two high-speed digital cameras with 100 Hz sampling rate were synchronized to capture the movement. The captured images were processed using motion analysis suite, and the markers attached to joints on images were optical auto capture. Based on the results, the velocity of the center of gravity at take-off and landing were significantly improved. In addition, the study confirmed the requirement for forward tilt of the hip joint at landing to increase the velocity of the center of gravity and hence long jump distance. The detailed kinematic analysis described here provided further evidence of the benefits of integrating non-specialized and specialized training activities to enhance athletic performance and offers a contribution to movement theory and practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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11 pages, 1461 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Reliability of Field Test Methods for Physical Fitness in Children Aged 2–3 Years

by Dandan Ke, Duona Wang, Hui Huang, Xiangying Hu, Jun Sasaki, Hezhong Liu, Xiaofei Wang, Dajiang Lu, Jian Wang and Gengsheng He

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(12), 7522; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127522 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2451

Abstract

Physical fitness measures overall physical health. It is the ability of the body to work effectively and stay healthy during leisure and emergencies. Given the progressive integration of 2–3-year-olds into preschool, physical fitness testing of these children has become increasingly important. We aimed [...] Read more.

Physical fitness measures overall physical health. It is the ability of the body to work effectively and stay healthy during leisure and emergencies. Given the progressive integration of 2–3-year-olds into preschool, physical fitness testing of these children has become increasingly important. We aimed to develop and test the reliability of an appropriate field test method for physical fitness in 2–3-year-olds children. One hundred and three children (44 boys and 59 girls) volunteered for this study. Their height and weight were tested, and the same tester conducted the test twice for handgrip strength, 3 m balance walking, stair climbing, 5 m run, and kicking a ball at one-minute intervals. Pearson correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used for reliability testing. The reliability of this field test method for physical fitness was high in the repetitive tests of Chinese 2–3-year-olds for the four items of handgrip strength, 3 m balance walking, stair climbing and 5 m run, and the reliability was moderate for the kicking the ball item. This study indicates that these field-based physical fitness test methods have good reliability and are simple, feasible, safe, and easy to be accepted and understood by 2–3-year-old children; thus, it may be used as a reference for professionals in China and abroad. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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10 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effectiveness of Group-Based Core Stability Exercise and Educational Booklet for Hospital Workers in Taiwan with Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study

by Ching-Yueh Lin, Yung-Hsuan Liu, Shu-Mei Chen, Su-Chun Cheng and Mei-Fang Liu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(6), 3324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063324 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

To investigate the effectiveness of health promotion strategies for nonspecific low back pain in hospital workers, we compared the therapeutic effects of group-based core stability exercises and an educational booklet. Subjects participated in a 60-min core stability exercise on a weekly basis for [...] Read more.

To investigate the effectiveness of health promotion strategies for nonspecific low back pain in hospital workers, we compared the therapeutic effects of group-based core stability exercises and an educational booklet. Subjects participated in a 60-min core stability exercise on a weekly basis for 8 weeks (N = 24) or consulted an educational booklet for advice (N = 22). The numerical rating scale (NRS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the brief version of the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) were used as outcome measures. The ODI, as well as the total score and domains of overall, physical, and psychological health in the WHOQOL-BREF were significantly improved in the exercise group (p < 0.05). The NRS score significantly improved in the booklet group (p < 0.05). The total score, psychological domain, and environmental domain of the WHOQOL-BREF improved significantly in the exercise group compared with the booklet group (p < 0.05). Group-based core stability exercises and educational booklets are helpful to hospital workers in different ways for nonspecific low back pain. In contrast to the pain reduction by the educational booklet, more active participation in group-based core stability exercise can provide a better outcome in the overall quality of life, especially in the psychological and environmental domains of hospital workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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17 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Walking Programs in Fibromyalgia: A Concordance Study between Measures

by Sofía López-Roig, Carmen Ecija, Cecilia Peñacoba, Sofía Ivorra, Ainara Nardi-Rodríguez, Oscar Lecuona and María Angeles Pastor-Mira

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2995; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052995 - 4 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2283

Abstract

This study analyzes the degree of agreement between three self-report measures (Walking Behavior, WALK questionnaire and logbooks) assessing adherence to walking programs through reporting their components (minutes, rests, times a week, consecutive weeks) and their concordance with a standard self-report of physical activity [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the degree of agreement between three self-report measures (Walking Behavior, WALK questionnaire and logbooks) assessing adherence to walking programs through reporting their components (minutes, rests, times a week, consecutive weeks) and their concordance with a standard self-report of physical activity (IPAQ-S questionnaire) and an objective, namely number of steps (pedometer), in 275 women with fibromyalgia. Regularized partial correlation networks were selected as the analytic framework. Three network models based on two different times of assessment, namely T1 and T2, including 6 weeks between both, were used. WALK and the logbook were connected with Walking Behavior and also with the IPAQ-S. The logbook was associated with the pedometers (Z-score > 1 in absolute value). When the behavior was assessed specifically and in a detailed manner, participants’ results for the different self-report measures were in agreement. Specific self-report methods provide detailed information that is consistent with validated self-report measures (IPAQ-S) and objective measures (pedometers). The self-report measures that assess the behavioral components of physical activity are useful when studying the implementation of walking as physical exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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12 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Pre-Collegiate Sport Specialization on Cognitive, Postural, and Psychological Functions: Findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium

by Tsung-Yeh Chou, Jaclyn B. Caccese, Yu-Lun Huang, Joseph J. Glutting, Thomas A. Buckley, Steven P. Broglio, Thomas W. McAllister, Michael A. McCrea, Paul F. Pasquina and Thomas W. Kaminski

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 2335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042335 - 18 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3116

Abstract

Background: Early sport specialization has been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries and unfavorable psychological outcomes; however, it is unknown whether sport specialization is associated with worse cognitive, postural, and psychological functions in first-year collegiate student-athletes. Methods: First-year collegiate multisport (MA) [...] Read more.

Background: Early sport specialization has been associated with an increased risk of musculoskeletal injuries and unfavorable psychological outcomes; however, it is unknown whether sport specialization is associated with worse cognitive, postural, and psychological functions in first-year collegiate student-athletes. Methods: First-year collegiate multisport (MA) and single-sport (SA) student-athletes were identified using a pre-collegiate sport experience questionnaire. The cognitive, postural, and psychological functions were assessed by the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT), Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC), Balance Error Scoring System (BESS), and Brief Symptom Inventory 18 (BSI-18). Results: MA student-athletes performed higher in cognitive outcomes (e.g., higher ImPACT visual memory composite scores [ß = 0.056, p < 0.001]), but had higher psychological distress (e.g., higher BSI-18 global severity index [ß = 0.057, p < 0.001]) and no difference in postural stability (p > 0.05) than SA student-athletes. Conclusions: This study indicated first-year collegiate athletes with a history of sport specialization demonstrate lower cognitive performance but decreased psychological distress and no differences in static postural stability as compared to their MA counterparts. Future studies should consider involving different health measures to better understand the influence of sport specialization on overall physical and mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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14 pages, 1746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation to Improve the Physiology and Psychology Response, Response-Ability, and Sleep Efficiency in Athletes with Poor Sleep Quality

by Wen-Dien Chang, Yung-An Tsou, Yi-Ying Chen and Bao-Lien Hung

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(4), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19041946 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3779

Abstract

Athletes often have poor sleep quality before a competition. Sleep quality can stabilize mood and improve sports performance. The randomized controlled study explored the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on the physiology, psychology, response-ability, and sleep quality of athletes who had poor [...] Read more.

Athletes often have poor sleep quality before a competition. Sleep quality can stabilize mood and improve sports performance. The randomized controlled study explored the effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) on the physiology, psychology, response-ability, and sleep quality of athletes who had poor sleep quality before a competition. Athletes who had poor sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Scale score > 5) and had a competition in less than 2 months were recruited. The athletes were grouped into the CES group, which received a 2-week CES treatment (n = 20, age = 21.55 ± 2.26 years), and a placebo group (n = 20, age = 21.05 ± 1.46 years), which received a 2-week sham CES treatment. We performed biochemical analysis, a simple reaction time test, choice reaction time tests, the Profile of Mood States, heart rate variability (HRV), and an Actigraphy activity recorder to measure outcomes before and after the interventions. Our results revealed no significant differences in blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphate, testosterone, cortisol, and saliva pH between and within groups (p > 0.05). Significant decreases in negative mood states (i.e., anger, tension, and depression) and choice reaction time in the CES group were noted (p < 0.05), moreover, the anger, tension, and depression mood decreased from 0.36 ± 0.45 (95% CI = 0.16–0.55), 1.62 ± 0.97 (95% CI = 1.19–2.04), and 1.67 ± 1.06 (95% CI = 1.20–2.13) to 0.11 ± 0.20 (95% CI = 0.02–0.19, p = 0.03), 1.12 ± 0.74 (95% CI = 0.79–1.44, p = 0.04), and 0.81 ± 0.75 (95% CI = 0.48–1.13, p = 0.001), respectively. Additionally, choice reaction time was decreased from 420.85 ± 41.22 ms (95% CI = 402.78–438.91) to 399.90 ± 36.71 ms (95% CI = 383.81–415.98, p = 0.04) and was also noted in the CES group. For HRV, and Actigraphy activity for sleep measure, the low-frequency (LF)/high-frequency (HF) ratios changed from 1.80 ± 1.39 (95% CI = 1.19–2.40) to 1.21 ± 0.73 (95% CI = 0.89–1.53, p = 0.10), and sleep efficiency decreased from 87.94 ± 6.76% (95% CI = 84.97–90.90) to 81.75 ± 9.62% (95% CI = 77.53–85.96, p = 0.02) in the CES group. The change in LF/HF after the trial were found between CES and placebo groups (p < 0.05). Yet, the decrease in sleep efficiency in the placebo group were noted (p < 0.05). However, we found that the regression line for sleep efficiency was decreased less during the study while using CES. The CES intervention could reduce negative emotions, improve choice reaction times, enhance the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerve activity imbalances, and slow sleep efficiency deterioration. Regardless, small effect sizes of the application of CES on psychology response, response-ability, and sleep efficiency were concluded in athletes with poor sleep quality before a competition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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13 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Tissue Flossing Coupled with Functional Movements on Knee Range of Motion, Static Balance, in Single-Leg Hop Distance, and Landing Stabilization Performance in Female College Students

by Szu-Ying Wu, Yi-Hsun Tsai, Yu-Ting Wang, Wen-Dien Chang, Chia-Lun Lee, Chun-En Aurea Kuo and Nai-Jen Chang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(3), 1427; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031427 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6464

Abstract

Flexibility, specifically that in the amplitude of sagittal-plane range of motion (ROM), can improve jump landing patterns and reduce the potential for sports injury. The use of floss bands (FLOSS) reportedly increases joint range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder, ankle, and elbow [...] Read more.

Flexibility, specifically that in the amplitude of sagittal-plane range of motion (ROM), can improve jump landing patterns and reduce the potential for sports injury. The use of floss bands (FLOSS) reportedly increases joint range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder, ankle, and elbow joints. However, little research on the effectiveness of FLOSS on the knee joint has been conducted. This study investigated the effects of FLOSS on knee ROM, static balance, single-leg-hop distance, and landing stabilization performance in women. This study had a crossover design. Twenty active female college students without musculoskeletal disorders were randomly assigned to receive a FLOSS intervention or elastic bandage (ELA) control on their dominant knees. The participants underwent FLOSS and ELA activities on two occasions with 48 h of rest between both sets of activities. The outcomes were flexibility of the quadriceps and hamstrings, how long one could maintain a single-leg stance (with and without eyes closed), distance on a single-leg triple hop, and score on the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS); these outcomes were evaluated at preintervention and postintervention (immediately following band removal and 20 min later). After the FLOSS intervention, the participants’ hamstring flexibility improved significantly (immediately after: p = 0.001; 20 min later: p = 0.002), but their quadricep flexibility did not. In addition, FLOSS use did not result in worse single-leg stance timing, single-leg triple-hop distance, or landing stabilization performance relative to ELA use. Compared with the ELA control, the FLOSS intervention yielded significantly better LESS at 20 min postintervention (p = 0.032), suggesting that tissue flossing can improve landing stability. In conclusion, the application of FLOSS to the knee improves hamstring flexibility without impeding static balance, and improves single-leg hop distance and landing stabilization performance in women for up to 20 min. Our findings elucidate the effects of tissue flossing on the knee joint and may serve as a reference for physiotherapists or athletic professionals in athletic practice settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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13 pages, 975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Nicotine on Physiological Responses and Sport Performance in Healthy Baseball Players

by Shih-Hua Fang, Chi-Cheng Lu, Hua-Wei Lin, Kuan-Chen Kuo, Chen-Yu Sun, Yi-Ying Chen and Wen-Dien Chang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(1), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010515 - 4 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5234

Abstract

There is interest in whether nicotine could enhance attention in sporting performance, but evidence on the acute effect of nicotine on physical response and sports performance in baseball players remains scant. This was an observational study to examine whether nicotine gum chewed before [...] Read more.

There is interest in whether nicotine could enhance attention in sporting performance, but evidence on the acute effect of nicotine on physical response and sports performance in baseball players remains scant. This was an observational study to examine whether nicotine gum chewed before exercise could provide acute effects on physiological responses and sport performance. Accordingly, heart rate variability (HRV), saliva cotinine concentration and α-amylase activity, cognitive function, muscle strength, and baseball-hitting performance were measured. Thirteen healthy male non-smoker baseball players were recruited. Conducting two sequences with 7-day intervals, they chewed nicotine gum (nicotine group) or flavor-matched placebo gum (placebo group) for 30 min. HRV and saliva analyses were conducted before gum consumption (S1), after gum consumption (S2), and after test completion (S3). Cognitive, muscle strength, and baseball-hitting performance tests were performed after nicotine or placebo gum chewing. The outcomes of all assessed variables were compared within and between the groups. Significant changes in HRV, α-amylase, testosterone, and cortisol were observed in the nicotine group at S2 and S3 (p < 0.05). Compared with the placebo group, the nicotine group exhibited enhanced motor reaction times, grooved pegboard test (GPT) results on cognitive function, and baseball-hitting performance, and small effect sizes were noted (d = 0.47, 0.46 and 0.41, respectively). Nicotine could induce changes in endocrine and sympathetic nerve activity and enhance cognitive function and baseball-hitting performance. However, no increase in muscle strength was observed after nicotine intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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9 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Motion Analysis for Jumping Discus Throwing Correction

by Chao-Fu Chen, Hui-Ju Wu, Zheng-Sheng Yang, Hui Chen and Hsien-Te Peng

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(24), 13414; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413414 - 20 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6106

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to explore the kinematical characteristics of jumping discus throwing. Eight male right-handed discus throwers who used to practice the jumping throwing technique were recruited as participants. Two high-speed digital cameras with 120 Hz sampling rate were synchronized [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to explore the kinematical characteristics of jumping discus throwing. Eight male right-handed discus throwers who used to practice the jumping throwing technique were recruited as participants. Two high-speed digital cameras with 120 Hz sampling rate were synchronized to capture the movement. The captured images were processed using a motion analysis suite, and the markers attached to joints on images were digitized manually. Based on the results, throwers should keep smaller the shoulder–hip twisting and the right anterior superior iliac spine (abbreviated: ASIS) in front of the right acromion (for right-handed throwers) from the instant the right foot lands to the instant the left foot lands, before the instant of the right foot lands; keep the discus at a depressed position; and reduce the time before discus release, particularly the time of the non-support phase and the second single-support phase. Additionally, release velocity must be improved because throwing distance is directly proportional to squared release velocity. In conclusion, the current study demonstrated comprehensive kinematical analyses, which can be used to instruct the jumping discus throwing technique with duration and angle characteristics of throwing movement for athletes by coaches with videos. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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15 pages, 2867 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Twelve Weeks of a Staged Balance and Strength Training Program Improves Muscle Strength, Proprioception, and Clinical Function in Patients with Isolated Posterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries

by Cheng-Chang Lu, Hsin-I Yao, Tsang-Yu Fan, Yu-Chuan Lin, Hwai-Ting Lin and Paul Pei-Hsi Chou

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(23), 12849; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312849 - 6 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5322

Abstract

Ligament reconstruction is indicated in patients with an isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury who fail conservative treatment. To eliminate the need for PCL reconstruction, an ideal rehabilitation program is important for patients with an isolated PCL injury. The purpose of this study [...] Read more.

Ligament reconstruction is indicated in patients with an isolated posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury who fail conservative treatment. To eliminate the need for PCL reconstruction, an ideal rehabilitation program is important for patients with an isolated PCL injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the improvement in functional outcome, proprioception, and muscle strength after a Both Sides Up (BOSU) ball was used in a balance combined with strength training program in patients with an isolated PCL injury. Ten patients with isolated PCL injuries were recruited to receive a 12 week training program as a study group. In the control group (post-PCL reconstruction group), ten subjects who had undergone isolated PCL reconstruction for more than 2 years were enrolled without current rehabilitation. The Lysholm score, IKDC score, proprioception (active and passive), and isokinetic muscle strength tests at 60°/s, 120°/s, and 240°/s, were used before and after training on the injured and normal knees in the study group, and in the post-PCL reconstruction group. The results were analyzed with a paired t-test to compare the change between pre-training, post-training, and the normal leg in the study group, and with an independent t-test for comparisons between the study and post-PCL reconstruction groups. Both the Lysholm and IKDC scores were significantly improved (p < 0.01) after training, and no difference was observed compared to the post-PCL reconstruction group. The active and passive proprioception was improved post-training compared to pre-training, with no difference to that in the post-PCL reconstruction group. Isokinetic knee quadriceps muscle strength was significantly greater post-training than pre-training in PCL injured knees at 60°/s, 120°/s, and 240°/s, and in hamstring muscle strength at 60°/s and 120°/s. Muscle strength in the post-training injured knee group showed no significant difference compared to that in the post-training normal leg and the post-PCL reconstruction group. The post-training improvement of muscle strength was higher in the PCL injured leg compared to the normal leg and there was no difference between the dominant and non-dominant injured leg in the study group. After 12 weeks of BOSU balance with strength training in patients with an isolated PCL injury, the functional outcome, proprioception, and isokinetic muscle strength were significantly improved, and comparable to the contralateral normal leg and the post-PCL reconstruction group. We suggest that programs combining BOSU balance and strength training should be introduced in patients with a PCL injury to promote positive clinical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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8 pages, 500 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Muscle Strength on Marathon Race-Induced Muscle Soreness

by Marilia Santos Andrade, Carolina Ribeiro Lopes Ferrer, Rodrigo Luiz Vancini, Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis, Beat Knechtle, Thomas Rosemann, André Luis Lacerda Bachi, Aldo Seffrin and Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111258 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2785

Abstract

Background: Muscle soreness after a competition or a training session has been a concern of runners due to its harmful effect on performance. It is not known if stronger individuals present a lower level of muscle soreness after a strenuous physical effort. The [...] Read more.

Background: Muscle soreness after a competition or a training session has been a concern of runners due to its harmful effect on performance. It is not known if stronger individuals present a lower level of muscle soreness after a strenuous physical effort. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the pre-race muscle strength or the

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

level can predict muscle soreness 24, 48 and 72 h after a full marathon in men. Methods: Thirty-one marathon runners participated in this study (age, 40.8 ± 8.8 years old; weight, 74.3 ± 10.4 kg; height, 174.2 ± 7.6 cm; maximum oxygen uptake,

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

, 57.7 ± 6.8 mL/kg/min). The isokinetic strength test for thigh muscles and the

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

level was performed 15–30 days before the marathon and the participants were evaluated for the subjective feeling of soreness before, 24, 48 and 72 h after the marathon. Results: The participants presented more pain 24 h after the race (median = 3, IQR = 1) than before it (median = 0, IQR = 0) (p < 0.001), and the strength values for the knee extensor muscles were significantly associated with muscle soreness assessed 24 h after the race (p = 0.028), but not 48 (p = 0.990) or 72 h (p = 0.416) after the race. The

\dot{V} O_{2} m a x

level was not associated with the muscle pain level at any moment after the marathon. Conclusions: Marathon runners who presented higher muscular strength for the knee extensor muscles presented lower muscle soreness 24 h after the race, but not after 48 h or 72 h after the race. Therefore, the muscle soreness level 3 days after a marathon race does not depend on muscle strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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11 pages, 1647 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Vibration Foam Rolling with Light and Moderate Pressure on Blood Pressure and Senior Fitness Test in Older Women

by Wen-Chieh Yang, Che-Hsiu Chen, Lee-Ping Chu, Chih-Hui Chiu, Chin-Hsien Hsu, Kai-Wei Yu and Xin Ye

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(21), 11186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111186 - 25 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3553

Abstract

Vibration foam rolling (VR) can improve flexibility and sports performance. However, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and senior fitness test (SFT) responses induced by an acute VR session in older women are currently unknown. Fifteen healthy women (72.90 ± 4.32 years) completed [...] Read more.

Vibration foam rolling (VR) can improve flexibility and sports performance. However, blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and senior fitness test (SFT) responses induced by an acute VR session in older women are currently unknown. Fifteen healthy women (72.90 ± 4.32 years) completed three separated randomly sequenced experimental visits. During each visit, they started with a warm-up protocol (general warm up (GW): walking + static stretching (SS), SS + VR with light pressure (VRL), or SS + VR with moderate pressure (VRM)), and completed BP, HR, SFT measurements. The systolic BP increased significantly after all three warm up protocols (p < 0.05). Both VRL and VRM protocols induced statistically significant improvements (effect size range: 0.3–1.04, p < 0.05) in the senior fitness test (back scratch, 30 s chair stand, 30 s arm curl, and 8 foot up and go), as compared to the GW. In addition, the VRM showed greater improvement for the 2 min step test when comparing with the VRL. Therefore, including VR in a warm-up protocol can result in superior SFT performance enhancement than the GW does in healthy older women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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12 pages, 1789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Protective Knee Taping on Knee Landing Mechanics and Muscle Activations during Side Hops

by Yu-Lun Huang, Kuang-Wei Lin, Li-Wei Chou and Eunwook Chang

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910110 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2937

Abstract

Athletic taping is widely used in sports to prevent injury. However, the effect of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) protective taping on neuromuscular control during dynamic tasks remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of ACL protective taping on landing [...] Read more.

Athletic taping is widely used in sports to prevent injury. However, the effect of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) protective taping on neuromuscular control during dynamic tasks remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the immediate effect of ACL protective taping on landing mechanics and muscle activations during side hops in healthy individuals. Fifteen healthy individuals (11 males and 4 females; age, 23.1 ± 1.4 years; height, 175.1 ± 10.4 cm; weight, 66.3 ± 11.2 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. Landing mechanics and muscle activations were measured while each participant performed single-leg hops side-to-side for ten repetitions with and without taping. An optical motion capture system and two force plates were used to collect the kinematic and kinetic data during the side hops. Surface electromyogram recordings were performed using a wireless electromyography system. Paired t-tests were performed to determine the differences in landing mechanics and muscle activations between the two conditions (taping and non-taping). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Compared with the non-taping condition, participants landed with a smaller knee abduction angle, greater knee external rotation angle, and smaller knee extensor moment in the taping condition. Given that greater knee abduction, internal rotation, and knee extension moment are associated with a greater risk of ACL injury, our findings suggest that ACL protective taping can have an immediate effect on dynamic knee stability. Clinicians should consider using ACL protective taping to facilitate the use of favorable landing mechanics for ACL injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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10 pages, 792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Six-Week Resistance Training with or without Vibration on Metabolic Markers of Bone Metabolism

by Patrick Lau, Åsa Beijer, André Rosenberger, Eckhard Schoenau, Christoph Stephan Clemen, Jochen Zange and Jörn Rittweger

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9860; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189860 - 18 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2214

Abstract

Acute and protracted effects of resistive exercise (RE) and resistive exercise with whole-body vibration (RVE) on metabolic markers of bone metabolism were investigated. Twenty-six men participated in a randomized training program including RE (n = 13; age = 23.4 ± 1.4 years) [...] Read more.

Acute and protracted effects of resistive exercise (RE) and resistive exercise with whole-body vibration (RVE) on metabolic markers of bone metabolism were investigated. Twenty-six men participated in a randomized training program including RE (n = 13; age = 23.4 ± 1.4 years) or RVE (n = 13; age = 24.3 ± 3.3 years). During the first session, acute C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) responses decreased by 12.9% (standard deviation, SD 13.7%) after 2 min, followed by a 15.5% (SD 36.0%) increase at 75 min after exercise (both p < 0.001). Procollagen type I amino terminal propeptide (P1NP) increased by 12.9% (SD 9.1%) at 2 min (p < 0.001) but no change occurred at 75 min. Sclerostin showed prolonged responses from 2 to 75 min post-exercise in the first session (p < 0.001). Acute responses at the first session were comparable between groups for CTX and P1NP, acute sclerostin responses were substantially greater in RE than in RVE (p = 0.003). No significant differences were noted in the resting baseline levels of CTX, P1NP, or sclerostin from the beginning to the end of the six-week progressive training. The present study therefore did not demonstrate any sizeable enhancement of bone turnover that could match the effects that have been repeatably made in response to countermeasure exercise during bed rest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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10 pages, 1262 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chinese Herbal Medicine Significantly Impacts the Haematological Variables of the Athlete Biological Passport

by William Chih-Wei Chang, Chih-Yuan Wang, Wan-Yi Liu, Chin-Chuan Tsai, Yu-Tse Wu and Mei-Chich Hsu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(18), 9533; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189533 - 10 Sep 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3129

Abstract

In the fight against sports doping, the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) system aims to indirectly unveil the doping incidents by monitoring selected biomarkers; however, several unexplored extrinsic factors may dampen a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plays a pivotal [...] Read more.

In the fight against sports doping, the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) system aims to indirectly unveil the doping incidents by monitoring selected biomarkers; however, several unexplored extrinsic factors may dampen a fair interpretation of ABP profiles. Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) plays a pivotal role in the health care system, and some remedies have a long history of being used to treat anaemia. In this study, we addressed the concerns of whether the CHM administration could yield a measurable effect on altering the ABP haematological variables. Forty-eight healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to receive two-week oral administration of one of the six selected CHM products that are commonly prescribed in Taiwan (eight subjects per group). Their blood variables were determined longitudinally in the phases of baseline, intervention, and recovery over 5 weeks. Blood collection and analyses were carried out in strict compliance with relevant operating guidelines. In the groups receiving Angelicae Sinensis Radix, Astragali Radix, and Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, a significant increased reticulocyte percentage and decreased OFF-hr Score were manifested during the intervention, and such effects even sustained for a period of time after withdrawal. All other variables, including haemoglobin and Abnormal Blood Profile Score, did not generate statistical significance. Our results show that the use of CHM may impact the ABP haematological variables. As a consequence, we recommend athletes, particularly those who have been registered in the testing pool, should be aware of taking specific Chinese herbal-based treatment or supplementation, and document any of its usage on the anti-doping forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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12 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Types of Exercise Training on Fine Motor Skills and Testosterone Concentration in Adolescents: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

by Justė Knatauskaitė, Kazimieras Pukėnas, Laima Trinkūnienė and Henning Budde

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(16), 8243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168243 - 4 Aug 2021

Viewed by 2455

Abstract

We sought to compare the effect of two types of exercise training on fine motor skills and to establish their association with the salivary testosterone. Research participants, 135 adolescents (68 adolescent females; mean age = 12.76, SD = 0.85) were assigned into three [...] Read more.

We sought to compare the effect of two types of exercise training on fine motor skills and to establish their association with the salivary testosterone. Research participants, 135 adolescents (68 adolescent females; mean age = 12.76, SD = 0.85) were assigned into three groups: coordinative exercise (CE), cardiovascular exercise (CVE), and the control group (CON). Fine motor skills were assessed with a drawing trail test and salivary testosterone concentration was measured before and after 10 weeks of intervention. There were no significant changes in fine motor skills and testosterone concentration after either CE or CVE training. However, a significant positive correlation between post-test fine motor skills and post-test testosterone concentration was found after the CVE training. One type of exercise training cannot be singled out as more effective for fine motor skills and testosterone activity. Nevertheless, our results showed a relationship between fine motor skills and testosterone concentration after the CVE training. Thus, the type of exercise training is important in the exercise-induced testosterone effect on fine motor skills. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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12 pages, 2798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Acute Exposure to Thermal Stress on Cardiorespiratory Function, Skeletal Muscle Oxygenation, and Exercise Performance in Healthy Males

by Won-Sang Jung, Sung-Woo Kim, Hun-Young Park, Jisu Kim and Kiwon Lim

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(14), 7404; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147404 - 11 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3038

Abstract

We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) [...] Read more.

We investigated the effects of acute thermal stress (30 °C and 40 °C) and ordinary temperature (20 °C) on cardiorespiratory function, skeletal muscle oxygenation, and exercise performance in healthy men. Eleven healthy males (21.5 ± 2.3 years) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) using a cycle ergometer in each environmental condition (20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C) in a random order with an interval of 1 week between each test. Before the test, they were allowed to rest for 30 min in a given environmental condition. All dependent variables (body temperature, cardiorespiratory function parameters, skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles, and exercise performance) were measured at rest and during GXT. GXT was started at 50 W and increased by 25 W every 2 min until subjects were exhausted. Body temperature increased proportionally at rest and at the end of exercise as thermal stress increased. There were no differences in the rating of perceived exertion, oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and carbon dioxide excretion between environmental conditions. Heart rate (HR), minute ventilation (VE), and blood lactate levels were significantly higher at 30 °C and 40 °C than at 20 °C, and oxygen pulse was significantly lower at 40 °C than at 20 °C at various exercise loads. None of the skeletal muscle oxygenation profiles showed significant changes at rest or during exercise. Maximal oxygen uptake, peak power, and exercise time significantly decreased proportionally as thermal stress increased, and this decrease was most pronounced at 40 °C. Acute thermal stress induces a decrease in exercise performance via increased body temperature, HR, VE, and blood lactate levels and decreased oxygen pulse during load-homogenized exercise. This phenomenon was more prominent at 40 °C than at 30 °C and 20 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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9 pages, 536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Maximal Aerobic Capacity in Ski Mountaineering: A Laboratory-Based Study

by Verena Menz, Martin Niedermeier, Rainer Stehle, Hendrik Mugele and Martin Faulhaber

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 7002; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18137002 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3165

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the agreement in maximum oxygen consumption (

\dot{V}

O₂max) between a running protocol and a ski mountaineering (SKIMO) protocol. Eighteen (eleven males, seven females) ski mountaineers (age: 25 ± 3 years) participated in the study. [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate the agreement in maximum oxygen consumption (

\dot{V}

O₂max) between a running protocol and a ski mountaineering (SKIMO) protocol. Eighteen (eleven males, seven females) ski mountaineers (age: 25 ± 3 years) participated in the study.

\dot{V}

O₂max, maximum heart rate (HRmax), and maximum blood lactate concentration (BLAmax) were determined in an incremental uphill running test and an incremental SKIMO-equipment-specific test.

\dot{V}

O₂max did not differ between the SKIMO and uphill running protocols (p = 0.927; mean difference –0.07 ± 3.3 mL/min/kg), nor did HRmax (p = 0.587, mean difference –0.7 ± 5.1 bpm). A significant correlation was found between

\dot{V}

O₂max SKIMO and

\dot{V}

O₂max running (p ≤ 0.001; ICC = 0.862 (95% CI: 0.670−0.946)). The coefficient of variation was 4.4% (95% CI: 3.3−6.5). BLAmax was significantly lower for SKIMO compared to running (12.0 ± 14.1%; p = 0.002). This study demonstrates that

\dot{V}

O₂max determined with a traditional uphill running protocol demonstrates good agreement with an equipment-specific SKIMO protocol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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8 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Decreases the Decline of Speed during Repeated Sprinting in Basketball Athletes

by Che-Hsiu Chen, Yu-Chun Chen, Ren-Shiang Jiang, Lok-Yin Lo, I-Lin Wang and Chih-Hui Chiu

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6967; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136967 - 29 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2708

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve countermovement jump performance, fatigue index and alleviate the speed decline during repeated shuttle sprints in trained basketball players. Thirteen trained basketball players were divided into the tDCS [...] Read more.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve countermovement jump performance, fatigue index and alleviate the speed decline during repeated shuttle sprints in trained basketball players. Thirteen trained basketball players were divided into the tDCS trial and sham trial by the random crossover design. The tDCS trial was stimulated with 2-mA current in the M1 area in the middle of the top of the head for 20 min. For the sham trial, the current was turned off after 5 s, stopping the electrical stimulation. After warming up, the players underwent countermovement jump test, weighted countermovement jump test and then performed 40 × 15-m sprints with with a 1:4 exercise: rest ratio. The jump height, sprinting time, fatigue index, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were analyzed by paired-sample t-test, when significance was discovered by two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. The study results revealed that the tDCS trial significantly increase the countermovement jump performance (p = 0.04), decrease the sprinting time (p = 0.016), and had improved fatigue index during the sprinting process (p = 0.009). However, the heart rate and RPE during sprinting were nonsignificantly different between the trials. This study has identified that tDCS can decrease the speed decline, fatigue index during sprinting and increase countermovement jump performance without affecting heart rate or the rating of perceived exertion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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9 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Custom-Made Foot Orthoses as Non-Specific Chronic Low Back Pain and Pronated Foot Treatment

by Aurora Castro-Méndez, Inmaculada Concepción Palomo-Toucedo, Manuel Pabón-Carrasco, Javier Ramos-Ortega, Juan Antonio Díaz-Mancha and Lourdes María Fernández-Seguín

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136816 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4632

Abstract

Excessive foot pronation has been reported as being related to chronic low back pain symptoms and risk factors in sports-specific pathologies. Compensating custom-made foot orthotics treatment has not been entirely explored as an effective therapy for chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study [...] Read more.

Excessive foot pronation has been reported as being related to chronic low back pain symptoms and risk factors in sports-specific pathologies. Compensating custom-made foot orthotics treatment has not been entirely explored as an effective therapy for chronic low back pain (CLBP). This study aims to observe the effects of custom-made foot orthoses, in subjects with foot pronation suffering from CLBP. A total of 101 patients with nonspecific CLBP and a pronated foot posture index (FPI) were studied. They were randomized in two groups: an experimental one (n = 53) used custom-made foot orthotics, and the control group (n = 48) were treated with non-biomechanical effect orthoses. The CLBP was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Questionnaire and a visual analogue scale (VAS), both for lower back pain. The symptoms were evaluated twice, at first when the subject was included in the study, and later, after 4 weeks of treatment. The analysis of outcomes showed a significant decrease in CLBP in the custom-made foot orthoses participants group (p < 0.001 ODI; p < 0.001 VAS). These findings suggest that controlling excessive foot pronation by using custom-made foot orthoses may significantly contribute to improving CLBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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11 pages, 630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships of Bone Mineral Variables with Body Composition, Blood Hormones and Training Volume in Adolescent Female Athletes with Different Loading Patterns

by Vita Tamolienė, Liina Remmel, Rita Gruodyte-Raciene and Jaak Jürimäe

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(12), 6571; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126571 - 18 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2768

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationships of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and content (BMC) with body composition, blood hormone and training load variables in adolescent female athletes with different loading patterns. The participants were 73 healthy adolescent females [...] Read more.

The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationships of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and content (BMC) with body composition, blood hormone and training load variables in adolescent female athletes with different loading patterns. The participants were 73 healthy adolescent females (14–18 years), who were divided into three groups: rhythmic gymnasts (RG; n = 33), swimmers (SW; n = 20) and untrained controls (UC; n = 20). Bone mineral and body compositional variables were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), estradiol and leptin were analyzed from blood samples. In addition, aerobic performance was assessed by a peak oxygen consumption test. No differences (p > 0.05) in weekly training volume were observed between rhythmic gymnasts (17.6 ± 5.3 h/week) and swimmers (16.1 ± 6.9 h/week). Measured areal bone mineral density and bone mineral content values were higher in rhythmic gymnasts compared with other groups (p < 0.05), while no differences (p > 0.05) in measured bone mineral values were seen between swimmers and untrained control groups. Multiple regression models indicated that IGF-1 alone explained 14% of the total variance (R² × 100) in lumbar spine aBMD, while appendicular muscle mass and training volume together explained 37% of the total variance in femoral neck BMC in the rhythmic gymnast group only. In swimmers, age at menarche, estradiol and appendicular muscle mass together explained 68% of the total variance in lumbar spine BMC, while appendicular muscle mass was the only predictor and explained 19 to 53% of the total variance in measured bone mineral values in untrained controls. In conclusion, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts with specific weight-bearing athletic activity present higher areal bone mineral values in comparison with swimmers and untrained controls. Specific training volume together with appendicular muscle mass influenced cortical bone development at the femoral neck site of the skeleton in rhythmic gymnasts, while hormonal values influenced trabecular bone development at the lumbar spine site in both athletic groups with different loading patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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12 pages, 751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Self-Efficacy and Locus of Control on Body Image: A Path-Analysis in Aspiring Fashion Models, Athletes and Students

by Donatella Di Corrado, Marinella Coco, Maria Guarnera, Nelson Mauro Maldonato, Alessandro Quartiroli and Paola Magnano

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 6128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116128 - 6 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5408

Abstract

It is widely documented that negative body image is a significant public health concern due to its association with symptoms of disordered eating and worse psychological well-being. The purpose of the study was to develop a path model of intrapersonal dimensions (self-efficacy and [...] Read more.

It is widely documented that negative body image is a significant public health concern due to its association with symptoms of disordered eating and worse psychological well-being. The purpose of the study was to develop a path model of intrapersonal dimensions (self-efficacy and internal locus of control) as antecedents of perceived stress toward females’ body dissatisfaction and eating attitude disorders. A total of 300 females, including 100 aspiring fashion models, 100 athletes and 100 students (controls), between 15 and 24 years of age (M = 19.6, SD = 1.85) participated in the study. Measures included level of psychological stress, self-efficacy and locus of control dimensions, body dissatisfaction and eating attitude disorder indices. A path analysis confirmed our research hypothesis. Comparing the three subsamples, we found better fit indexes in the two subgroups with elevated investment on their body image with respect the control group. More specifically, the model in the group of aspiring fashion models showed the best fit index. These results indicated that aspiring fashion models have a strong desire to maintain their low body mass or to become thinner. For this reason, a suitable involvement of expert health workers in the nutritional and psychological field could be extremely essential in the fashion world to maintain a healthier well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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12 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Acupuncture on Timeliness of Male Shoulder Joint Endurance

by I-Lin Wang, Rui Hu, Yi-Ming Chen, Che-Hsiu Chen, Jun Wang and Chun-Sheng Ho

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(11), 5638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115638 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4125

Abstract

Acupuncture as a traditional and commonly used treatment has been used to improve the performance of athletes. In the improvement of female shoulder joint explosive force and muscle endurance also has an immediate effect. However, whether the effect of acupuncture therapy can be [...] Read more.

Acupuncture as a traditional and commonly used treatment has been used to improve the performance of athletes. In the improvement of female shoulder joint explosive force and muscle endurance also has an immediate effect. However, whether the effect of acupuncture therapy can be maintained after improving athletic performance still worth further discussion. The purpose of this study was to explore the timeless of the physical neurophysiological response induced by acupuncture at specific acupoints in improving endurance performance. Seventeen healthy male participants completed six groups of shoulder joint isokinetic exercises. The isokinetic exercise completed in the first group was taken as the baseline. After acupuncture for 15 min, the following 5 isokinetic experiments were completed. Acupuncture acupoints included Binao (LI14), Jianliao (SJ14), Naohui (SJ13), Zhongfu (LU1), Xiabai (LU4), Tianfu (LU3) and Xiaoluo (SJ12). The results show that acupuncture can improve physical performance for 10–20 min. After acupuncture, the maximum torque, average power, average work and total work values significantly increased (p < 0.05). Stimulation of acupoints can effectively improve the performance of periarticular muscle endurance around the shoulder, but this improvement is limited by time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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7 pages, 626 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Effects of Handheld Loading on Standing Broad Jump in Youth Athletes

by Wei-Hsun Tai, Ray-Hsien Tang, Chen-Fu Huang, Shin-Liang Lo, Yu-Chi Sung and Hsien-Te Peng

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(9), 5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18095046 - 10 May 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4595

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the acute effects of handheld loading on standing broad jump (SBJ) performance and biomechanics. Fifteen youth male athletes (mean age: 14.7 ± 0.9 years; body mass: 59.3 ± 8.0 kg; height: 1.73 ± 0.07 m) volunteered to participate [...] Read more.

The study aimed to investigate the acute effects of handheld loading on standing broad jump (SBJ) performance and biomechanics. Fifteen youth male athletes (mean age: 14.7 ± 0.9 years; body mass: 59.3 ± 8.0 kg; height: 1.73 ± 0.07 m) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants were assigned to perform SBJ with and without 4 kg dumbbells in a random order. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected using 10 infrared high-speed motion-capture cameras at a 250 Hz sampling rate and two force platforms at a 1000 Hz sampling rate. A paired t-test was applied to all variables to determine the significance between loading and unloading SBJs. Horizontal distance (p < 0.001), take-off distance (p = 0.001), landing distance (p < 0.001), horizontal velocity of center of mass (CoM; p < 0.001), push time (p < 0.001), vertical impulse (p = 0.003), and peak horizontal and vertical ground reaction force (GRF; p < 0.001, p = 0.017) were significantly greater in loading SBJ than in unloading SBJ. The take-off vertical velocity of CoM (p = 0.001), take-off angle (p < 0.001), peak knee and hip velocity (p < 0.001, p = 0.007), peak ankle and hip moment (p = 0.006, p = 0.011), and peak hip power (p = 0.014) were significantly greater in unloading SBJ than in loading SBJ. Conclusions: Acute enhancement in SBJ performance was observed with handheld loading. The present findings contribute to the understanding of biomechanical differences in SBJ performance with handheld loading and are highly applicable to strength and conditioning training for athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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Review

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18 pages, 12431 KiB

Open AccessReview

Kinesio Taping Relieves Pain and Improves Isokinetic Not Isometric Muscle Strength in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Hsin-Yu Mao, Meng-Tzu Hu, Yea-Yin Yen, Shou-Jen Lan and Shin-Da Lee

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(19), 10440; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910440 - 4 Oct 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6988

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of kinesio taping (KT) or KT plus conventional therapy on pain, muscle strength, funrefction, and range of motion in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Data sources: Databases included PubMed, Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Airiti Library, EMBASE, and WOS search [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of kinesio taping (KT) or KT plus conventional therapy on pain, muscle strength, funrefction, and range of motion in patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Data sources: Databases included PubMed, Ovid Medline, CINAHL, Airiti Library, EMBASE, and WOS search engines. Search terms related to KT and knee OA were combined and searched. Articles that met the inclusion criteria and were graded with a Jadad score ≥3 were included in a meta-analysis to calculate the total effect. The exclusion criteria were non-English-language articles, non-original articles, non-full-text articles, no description of the intervention, or articles with a Jadad score ≤2. Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis. KT treatment had a significant small total effect on pain reduction (p < 0.001; n = 1509; standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.42; 95% CI = −0.65 to −0.18) and a significant moderate total effect on isokinetic muscle strength improvement (p = 0.001; n = 447; SMD = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.28 to 1.16). No significant total effects of KT on isometric muscle strength, time to complete functional tasks, or ROM improvement were found. KT or KT plus conventional therapy has a significant effect on pain relief and isokinetic but not isometric muscle strength improvement in patients with knee OA. KT can be an effective tool for treating knee OA pain and is especially valuable for aiding in isokinetic muscle strength. (PROSPERO register ID: CRD42021252313) Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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17 pages, 1092 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of Foot Orthoses and Exercises on Pain and Navicular Drop for Adult Flatfoot: A Network Meta-Analysis

by Ngoc-Tuyet-Trinh Hoang, Shuya Chen and Li-Wei Chou

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(15), 8063; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158063 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 9699

Abstract

Background: Adult flatfoot leads to injury and decreased quality of life. The most widely applied noninvasive approaches are wearing foot orthoses or exercising. Both interventions raise controversy about reducing pain and neutralizing foot posture. This study investigated the impact of foot orthoses and [...] Read more.

Background: Adult flatfoot leads to injury and decreased quality of life. The most widely applied noninvasive approaches are wearing foot orthoses or exercising. Both interventions raise controversy about reducing pain and neutralizing foot posture. This study investigated the impact of foot orthoses and exercise on pain and navicular drop (present for foot posture). Methods: Four databases were used: MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane, from the earliest records to November 2020. Randomized controlled studies focused on adult flatfoot that evaluated the effect of exercise and foot orthoses on pain and navicular drop were extracted. We used data analysis to estimate the relative effect of heterogeneity using I² and publication bias using funnel plots. Results: Ten studies were identified through to November 2020. Active interventions (AIs) were exercise and exercise combined with foot orthoses; passive interventions (PIs) were foot orthoses and added stretching. Both AIs and PIs decreased pain significantly (SMD −0.94, 95% CI −1.35, −0.54 and SMD −1.4, 95% CI −1.87, −0.92). The AIs reduced pain level better than PIs. Controversially, no treatment was found to affect navicular drop. Conclusion: Both exercise and foot orthoses can reduce pain but not realign foot posture. Exercise alone or combined with foot orthoses showed a better effect on adult flatfoot than only wearing foot orthoses. Active intervention was shown to have better efficacy in reducing pain than passive intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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17 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessReview

Acute Effects of Wearing Bite-Aligning Mouthguards on Muscular Strength, Power, Agility and Quickness in a Trained Population: A Systematic Review

by Adrià Miró, Bernat Buscà, Joan Aguilera-Castells and Jordi Arboix-Alió

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18(13), 6933; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136933 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3455

Abstract

The purpose of the present systematic review was to determine the acute effects of wearing bite-aligning mouthguards on muscle strength, power, agility and quickness in athletes. A search of the current literature was performed using the electronic databases (until 1 May 2021) Web [...] Read more.

The purpose of the present systematic review was to determine the acute effects of wearing bite-aligning mouthguards on muscle strength, power, agility and quickness in athletes. A search of the current literature was performed using the electronic databases (until 1 May 2021) Web of Science, Scopus and Medline. The inclusion criteria were: (1) descriptive design studies; (2) with randomized clinical trials; (3) examining the within-subject acute effects of wearing mouthguards on functional and neuromuscular performance parameters; (4) in physical active, recreational or high-standard athletes. Twenty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen reported positive effects in some of the variables assessed, two reported negative effects and the rest found no significant differences. Overall, the main findings described in the literature are inconclusive concerning the neuromuscular advantages of using mouthguards in muscle strength, power, agility and quickness. These discrepancies might be related to several factors such as differences in testing protocols, poor control of the jaw magnitude and improper mouthguard designs. Despite these differences, after conducting the present systematic review, the authors speculate that jaw clenching while wearing custom-made, bite-aligning oral devices might promote beneficial effects in lower limb power actions, especially in jump ability and knee extension movements. Thus, athletes might consider the use of mouthguards, not only for their protective role but also for the potential ergogenic effects in specific actions, mainly those for which lower limb muscular power are required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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Other

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8 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Effect of Autogenic Training in a Form of Audio Recording on Sleep Quality and Physiological Stress Reactions of University Athletes—Pilot Study

by Kamila Litwic-Kaminska, Martyna Kotyśko, Tadeusz Pracki, Monika Wiłkość-Dębczyńska and Błażej Stankiewicz

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(23), 16043; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316043 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2543

Abstract

Despite the growing popularity of relaxation training, the effectiveness of an autogenic training (AT) as a method of dealing with sleep problems in group of student athletes is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap. University athletes with decreased sleep quality [...] Read more.

Despite the growing popularity of relaxation training, the effectiveness of an autogenic training (AT) as a method of dealing with sleep problems in group of student athletes is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to fill this gap. University athletes with decreased sleep quality (selected from 209 participants) were randomly assigned to the experimental (EG, n = 11) and control (CG, n = 11) groups similar in terms of sleep quality, age, gender, type of sport discipline and sport experience. During the 14 days dedicated to performing relaxation training in the form of an audio recording, electronic daily logs and actigraphy were used to monitor the athletes’ sleep and daily activity. The EG listened to the recording with suggestions based on AT and CG only to the background music. Pre- and post-measurements of sleep quality by means of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and physiological stress reactions by biofeedback device were performed. In EG and CG, the parameters of sleep and daily activity obtained by actigraphy and daily logs as well as physiological indicators of emotional reactivity did not differ. Sleep quality in PSQI significantly increased after AT usage in EG. AT seems to be an effective method for university athletes in improving subjective sleep quality, but further studies are necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sports Medicine and Sports Science)

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