International Journal of Plant Biology

14 pages, 1841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Response of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) Accessions to Moisture Stress

by Nyimasata Manneh, Victor O. Adetimirin, Ibnou Dieng, Solomon O. Ntukidem, Christian A. Fatokun and Ousmane Boukar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1201-1214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040083 - 20 Nov 2024

Abstract

Cowpea is one of the most important leguminous crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and moisture stress is among the constraints affecting its productivity. This study was conducted to understand the response of cowpea accessions to moisture stress. A total of 255 cowpea accessions [...] Read more.

Cowpea is one of the most important leguminous crops in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and moisture stress is among the constraints affecting its productivity. This study was conducted to understand the response of cowpea accessions to moisture stress. A total of 255 cowpea accessions from Togo and four checks from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), were assessed. The trials were conducted in the glasshouse and an open field (which was divided into moisture-stressed (MS) and non-moisture-stressed fields (NMS)). In the non-moisture-stressed environment compared to the moisture-stressed environment, there was a greater heritability for agronomic traits such as biomass, seed weight, and pod weight. The accessions with the highest seed weights (yield-related traits), surpassing the checks under both moisture-stressed and non-moisture-stressed conditions in the field, were six viz.: RK173 (49.8 g (MS); 90.4 g (NMS)), RP225 (34.6 g (MS); 119.9 g (NMS)), RP232 (33.4 g (MS); 51.9 g (NMS)), RM357 (27.9 g (MS); 62.9 g (NMS)), RK148 (23.9 g (MS); 63.4 g (NMS)), and Vu081_2_2 (21.8 g (MS); 46.7 g (NMS)). The most promising accession was RK173; this was ranked first under the moisture-stressed condition and ranked second under the non-moisture-stressed condition with a loss in weight of 44.9% due to drought stress. Of the top 20 accessions that recovered after watering resumed in the glasshouse screening, only the following 9 had a recovery percentage higher than 5% viz.: RS029 (34.5%), RK014 (14.2%), RS114 (9.6%), RK121 (8.3%), RS007 (7.6%), RK123 (7.3%), RS037 (7.3%), RS101 (5.6%), and RS108 (5.1%). The best line and those with a higher recovery percentage could be exploited further in order to improve them in future drought breeding programs by crossing them with lines susceptible to drought or using other drought breeding techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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14 pages, 716 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supplemental Low-Irradiance Mono/Polychromatic LED Lighting Significantly Enhances Floral Biology of the Long-Day F1 Hybrid Strawberry ‘Soraya’ (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.)

by Edward Durner

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1187-1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040082 - 13 Nov 2024

Abstract

Floral and vegetative responses of the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) to specific light wavelengths are not well documented. LED lights make it feasible for precise exposure to specific wavelengths during a 24 h cycle to alter growth responses regulated by phytochromes [...] Read more.

Floral and vegetative responses of the strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) to specific light wavelengths are not well documented. LED lights make it feasible for precise exposure to specific wavelengths during a 24 h cycle to alter growth responses regulated by phytochromes and cryptochromes and thereby potentially enhance fruit productivity in both a controlled environment and field systems or to enhance stolon production for controlled environment propagation. This research developed a systematic method to assess the effects of supplemental, low-irradiance LED lighting on strawberry flowering and vegetative biology. Growth of the long-day F1 seed-propagated cultivar ‘Soraya’ was evaluated during and following 6 or 12 weeks of exposure to supplemental red (660 nm), far-red (730 nm), blue (454 nm), or incandescent lighting at various times during the dark period of a 24 h cycle under a 10 h non-inductive photoperiod at non-inductive temperatures (>27/18 °C, day/night). Treatment effects were monitored via flower mapping and phenology during treatment, field and greenhouse production after treatment, and floral scores derived by ranking treatment effects within the evaluation method and then combining them into a single, simple score. The most promising treatment for enhancing the floral nature of plug plants was exposure to far-red + red light as a 5 h night interruption. This treatment increased inflorescence production in the greenhouse by 285% and resulted in multi-branched, floral plants with the potential for enhancing yield in either greenhouse or field production. Greenhouse runner production increased by 483% following exposure to incandescent lighting at the beginning of the dark period; thus, this treatment or one using a spectral distribution similar to incandescent may be suitable for enhancing vegetative propagation in controlled environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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11 pages, 1667 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen Accumulation and Initial Growth Response in Lettuce Planted at Different Periods After Hairy Vetch Incorporation

by Hiroshi Uchibayashi, Takuro Shinano and Toshiyuki Hirata

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1176-1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040081 - 12 Nov 2024

Abstract

One-month-old lettuce seedlings were planted in the field with and without prior hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) incorporation (HV and Fallow, respectively). The periods between hairy vetch incorporation and lettuce planting were 1 day, 8 days and 15 days. The inorganic nitrogen [...] Read more.

One-month-old lettuce seedlings were planted in the field with and without prior hairy vetch (Vicia villosa L.) incorporation (HV and Fallow, respectively). The periods between hairy vetch incorporation and lettuce planting were 1 day, 8 days and 15 days. The inorganic nitrogen concentration in the soil was higher after hairy vetch incorporation, as well as the nitrogen concentration in the lettuce leaves from the HV plot compared to the Fallow plot, at any planting period. When lettuce seedlings were planted 8 days after hairy vetch incorporation, the leaf dry weight in the HV plots was 11% lower than that in the Fallow plots 4 days after planting; however, leaf growth recovered and the dry weight was 24% higher 12 days after planting, which could be due to enhanced leaf growth as the result of additional accumulated nitrogen provided by the hairy vetch. In the incubation experiment, it was suggested that the inhibitory effect of hairy vetch decomposition was not due to allelopathic substances. Therefore, in the hairy-vetch-incorporated field, growth suppression in the lettuce plants occurred early and continued for a short period after hairy vetch incorporation, but the damage due to the growth suppression effect was minor. More importantly, nitrogen supplied from the hairy vetch promoted lettuce growth after the inhibition period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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14 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pilot Evaluation of Field Pea Accessions Under Water Deficit Conditions

by Grace B. Vinarao, Krishna Ghimire and Donna K. Harris

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1162-1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040080 - 12 Nov 2024

Abstract

Field pea, a key pulse crop for sustainable agriculture, faces significant production challenges due to drought, exacerbated by extreme climatic changes. This study evaluated 17 field pea plant introductions (PIs) and two commercial varieties under greenhouse conditions to assess their performance, determine the [...] Read more.

Field pea, a key pulse crop for sustainable agriculture, faces significant production challenges due to drought, exacerbated by extreme climatic changes. This study evaluated 17 field pea plant introductions (PIs) and two commercial varieties under greenhouse conditions to assess their performance, determine the relationships between agronomic traits and grain yield (GY), and identify genotypes with stable yields under drought stress. Two water treatments were applied: 100% field capacity for well-watered (WW) and 60% field capacity for water deficit (WD) conditions, with drought stress imposed 21 days after planting. Significant genotypic variation was observed under both conditions. Water deficit significantly reduced GY, the number of pods per plant (NPP), plant height (PH), aboveground dry vegetative biomass (ADVB), and days to maturity (DTM) while increasing stomatal density on both adaxial (SD.ADX) and abaxial leaf surfaces (SD.ABX). Traits associated with GY in WW, such as NPP, PH, ADVB, and SD.ADX, showed stronger correlations under WD, with DTM being significantly associated with GY only in WD. Top-performing genotypes in both conditions exhibited higher pod numbers, increased aboveground dry vegetative biomass, late maturity, and lower adaxial stomatal density. Notably, PI 272215 was identified as a top performer under both conditions, with an 88% yield stability index. PI 180702 demonstrated comparable performance to PI 272215 but with no yield loss under the same conditions. These findings can be used for future field pea breeding programs aimed at developing drought-tolerant field pea varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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21 pages, 14589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Class III Peroxidase Gene Family in Physcomitrium patens and a Search for Clues to Ancient Class III Peroxidase Functions

by Vincent P. M. Aparato, Fazle Rabbi, Taylor Madarash, Wyllie A. Brisbourne, Elizabeth I. Barker and Dae-Yeon Suh

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1141-1161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040079 - 4 Nov 2024

Abstract

Plant class III peroxidases (PRXs) catalyze generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidation of various compounds including lignin precursors. PRXs function in cell wall metabolism, defense, and stress responses. However, gene redundancy and catalytic versatility have impeded detailed functional characterization of PRX genes. [...] Read more.

Plant class III peroxidases (PRXs) catalyze generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidation of various compounds including lignin precursors. PRXs function in cell wall metabolism, defense, and stress responses. However, gene redundancy and catalytic versatility have impeded detailed functional characterization of PRX genes. The genome of the model moss Physcomitrium patens harbors a relatively small number (49) of PRX genes. Conserved architecture of four exons and three ‘001’ introns, found in some algal PRX genes and in the PpPRX family, suggests that this architecture predated divergence of the green algal and land plant lineages. The PpPRX family expanded mainly through whole-genome duplications. All duplicated pairs but one were under purifying selection and generally exhibited similar expression profiles. An expanded phylogenetic tree revealed a conserved land plant-wide clade that contained PRXs implicated in stress responses in non-lignifying cells, providing a clue to ancient functions of land plant PRXs. Functional clustering was not observed, suggesting convergent evolution of specific PRX functions (e.g., lignification) in different plant lineages. With its small complement of PRXs, P. patens may be useful for functional characterization of land plant PRXs. Several PpPRXs were proposed for further study, including PpPRX34 and PpPRX39 in the ancient land plant-wide clade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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23 pages, 4022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Endophytes in Cannabis sativa L. Polyploidy and Agricultural Trait Improvement

by Ankita Srivastava, Timothy Sharbel and Vladimir Vujanovic

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1118-1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040078 - 29 Oct 2024

Abstract

Here, we examine the effects of ploidy variation in Cannabis sativa L. cell lines on the plant host genotype-associated microbiome. The endophytic microbiome has a protocooperative role in improving plant health and productivity and represents an alternative to synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides [...] Read more.

Here, we examine the effects of ploidy variation in Cannabis sativa L. cell lines on the plant host genotype-associated microbiome. The endophytic microbiome has a protocooperative role in improving plant health and productivity and represents an alternative to synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides in sustainable agriculture. This study assessed the effects of seed endophytes on diploid and triploid Haze hemp cultivars. Key phenotypic characteristics were evaluated, revealing significant differences in seed germination in vitro as well as vegetative growth and flowering in phytotron conditions. Endophyte-treated triploid plants exhibited significantly taller heights compared to diploids (p < 0.01). These treated triploid plants also showed longer leaves at nodes 2, 6, and 8, except at node 4, indicating a plant in transition from vegetative growth to the generative developmental stage. Additionally, triploids treated with endophytes displayed the highest number of axillary branches, while endophyte-treated diploids had the fewest (p < 0.05). Both cultivars treated with endophytes exhibited a higher number of inflorescences compared to untreated control plants. This study revealed for the first time a direct correlation between the shifts in diameter of the stem and the biomass in both tested hemp hosts, in association with endophytic microbiomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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10 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Timing of Plant Extracts Application in the Management of Meloidogyne incognita on Tomato Plants

by Nicholus M. Mnyambo, Lebogang P. Rantho, Zakheleni P. Dube and Moses Timana

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1108-1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040077 - 22 Oct 2024

Abstract

Meloidogyne incognita, a widespread and damaging plant parasite, reduces crop yields. Chemical treatments are common but pose health and environmental risks, leading to a search for safer alternatives. Plant extracts with secondary metabolites, like those from Maerua angolensis and Tabernaemontana elegans, [...] Read more.

Meloidogyne incognita, a widespread and damaging plant parasite, reduces crop yields. Chemical treatments are common but pose health and environmental risks, leading to a search for safer alternatives. Plant extracts with secondary metabolites, like those from Maerua angolensis and Tabernaemontana elegans, show promise for nematode control, though their efficacies vary. This study aimed to investigate how the timing of applying T. elegans and M. angolensis extracts influenced the population densities of M. incognita and the growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) plants. The experiment was a factorial design with two plant extracts applied at 5 g per plant and three different timings of application relative to nematode inoculation. Additionally, the experiment included positive (chemical standard (Nemacur^® 10 GR)) and negative (plants inoculated with nematodes only) controls, alongside naturally grown plants. The results indicate that applying plant extracts before the nematode inoculation or simultaneously with the inoculation reduced the total nematode populations as effectively as the Nemacur positive control. Plants treated with extracts showed improved growth variables compared with those treated with Nemacur^® and the natural growing conditions. In conclusion, applying plant extracts before or simultaneously with nematode inoculation effectively suppressed the nematodes and enhanced the plant growth variables. These findings suggest that such plant extracts could be adopted as part of integrated nematode management strategies in agricultural settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

31 pages, 7063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbiomes-Plant Interactions and K-Humate Application for Salinity Stress Mitigation and Yield Enhancement in Wheat and Faba Bean in Egypt’s Northeastern Delta

by Soha S. M. Mostafa, Clair N. Fares, Mounira M. Bishara, Clara R. Azzam, Adel A. Awad, Naayem M. M. Elgaml and Mohamed S. M. Mostafa

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1077-1107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040076 - 21 Oct 2024

Abstract

Salinity, resulting from climate change and excessive mineral fertilization, burdens farmers and negatively impacts soil and water ecosystems in the Northeastern Nile Delta. Organic and biological approaches are crucial for addressing these issues. This study examined the effects of individual and combined inoculations [...] Read more.

Salinity, resulting from climate change and excessive mineral fertilization, burdens farmers and negatively impacts soil and water ecosystems in the Northeastern Nile Delta. Organic and biological approaches are crucial for addressing these issues. This study examined the effects of individual and combined inoculations with cyanobacteria, yeast, and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), with or without K-Humate and reducing Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) mineral fertilizers application rates to crop quality of wheat and faba bean. In preliminary laboratory experiments, the interactive effects of these microbiomes on plant antioxidant and soil enzyme production were examined under salinity stress. Results showed that co-inoculation, especially with K-Humate, yielded superior outcomes compared to individual inoculations. These findings were validated by a field trial conducted in saline-alkaline soil in the Northeastern Nile Delta region. All biological treatments 25% of recommended doses, and enhancing salinity tolerance, increasing yield, and improving enhanced rhizosphere microbial activity, including soil enzyme activity, AMF colonization, spore density, and the total numbers of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and yeast. These effects were further amplified by K-Humate and were more pronounced with combined inoculations than with individual ones, leading to improved soil fertility and significant increases in both crop quantity and quality compared to control treatments. The triple treatment, combining cyanobacteria, yeast, and mycorrhizae in the presence of K-Humate while reducing the mineral NPK rate by 75%, achieved superior increases in the productivity of wheat grains and faba bean seeds, reaching 54.72% and 128.92%, respectively, compared to the 100% NPK mineral control. This treatment also significantly improved crop quality, with notable increases in nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, and protein percentages in wheat grains and faba bean seeds. Microbiomes-interaction increased potassium uptake over sodium, enhancing the plant’s potassium/sodium ratio and improving salt stress tolerance. This approach reduces reliance on costly mineral fertilizers, enabling bio-organic farming in marginal lands, optimizing resource utilization, and preserving natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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14 pages, 1599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibiotics Resistance and PGPR Traits of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated in Arid Region of Morocco

by Khadijattou Taoufiq, Laila Aberchane, Oukacha Amri, Khalid Oufdou, Khouzaima El Biari, Abdeslem Talbi, Rachid Fghire, Hassan Ouachtak and Mustapha Faghire

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1063-1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040075 - 18 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from legume nodules and roots in the rhizosphere soils of Acacia trees in Morocco’s arid regions. The focus was on identifying bacterial strains with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits and antibiotic resistance, which could enhance [...] Read more.

This study aimed to characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from legume nodules and roots in the rhizosphere soils of Acacia trees in Morocco’s arid regions. The focus was on identifying bacterial strains with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) traits and antibiotic resistance, which could enhance legume productivity under various abiotic stresses. Autochthonous legumes were used to harbor the endophytic bacteria, including chickpea (Cicer arietinum), faba bean (Vicia faba), lentil (Lens culinaris), and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). In a previous study, seventy-two isolates were obtained, and molecular characterization grouped them into twenty-two bacterial isolates. These twenty-two bacterial isolates were then further analyzed for their antibiotic resistance and key PGPR traits, such as phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production, and siderophore production. The results revealed that 86.36% of the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, 45.45% to ciprofloxacin, 22.73% to ampicillin-sulbactam, and 9.09% to tetracycline, with ciprofloxacin and tetracycline being the most effective. All isolates produced IAA, with HN51 and PN105 exhibiting the highest production at 6 µg of IAA per mg of protein. The other isolates showed varying levels of IAA production, ranging from moderate to low. Siderophore production, assessed using CAS medium, indicated that the strains PN121, LR142, LNR146, and HR26 exhibited high production, while the rest demonstrated moderate to low capacities. Additionally, 18.2% of the isolates demonstrated phosphate solubilization on YED-P medium, with PR135 and LNR135 being the most efficient, achieving solubilization indices of 2.14 and 2.13 cm, respectively. LR142 and LNR146 showed a moderate solubilization efficiency. Overall, these findings indicate that these isolated endophytic bacteria possess significant potential as biofertilizers, owing to their antibiotic resistance, IAA production, siderophore production, and phosphate solubilization abilities. These characteristics position them as promising candidates for enhancing legume growth under abiotic stress and contributing to sustainable agriculture in arid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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9 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the CLAVATA3/ESR-Related Gene Family in Tiger Nut

by Maria Gancheva, Nina Kon’kova, Alla Solovyeva, Lavrentii Danilov, Konstantin Gusev and Ludmila Lutova

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1054-1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040074 - 18 Oct 2024

Abstract

CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) genes encode a group of peptide hormones, which coordinate cell proliferation and differentiation in plants. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a perennial monocot plant that produces oil-rich tubers. [...] Read more.

CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-related (CLE) genes encode a group of peptide hormones, which coordinate cell proliferation and differentiation in plants. Tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) is a perennial monocot plant that produces oil-rich tubers. However, the mechanisms regulating tuber development in tiger nut are poorly understood, and nothing is known about CLE genes in tiger nut. In this study, we identified 34 CLE genes in the genomes, proteomes, and transcriptomes of C. esculentus (CeCLE). We analyzed their gene structures and expression profiles in different parts of the plant, at three stages of tuber development and in roots in response to dehydration stress. We found a relatively high expression level of CeCLE13 in growing tuber and suggested that the corresponding CLE peptide could be involved in the regulation of tuberization. We also analyzed CeCLE gene sequences in the genome of the most productive K-17 variety in the N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources collection and found many single nucleotide polymorphisms, insertions, and deletions. Our data provides fundamental information for future research on tiger nut growth and tuberization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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22 pages, 3043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature Effects on Seed Germination and Seedling Biochemical Profile of Cannabis Landraces

by Sabeliwe Langa, Lembe Samukelo Magwaza, Asanda Mditshwa and Samson Zeray Tesfay

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1032-1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040073 - 16 Oct 2024

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the germination and seedling biochemical profiles of eight cannabis landraces, namely Ladysmith Ugwayi wesiZulu (L1) and Iswazi (L2), Durban Poison (H1), Bergville Ugwayi wesiZulu (B1), Natal (B2), and Iswazi (B3), and Msinga Ugwayi wesiZulu (M1) [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of temperature on the germination and seedling biochemical profiles of eight cannabis landraces, namely Ladysmith Ugwayi wesiZulu (L1) and Iswazi (L2), Durban Poison (H1), Bergville Ugwayi wesiZulu (B1), Natal (B2), and Iswazi (B3), and Msinga Ugwayi wesiZulu (M1) and Iswazi (M2). Seed viability, germination rate, and germination percentage were evaluated along with seedling amino acids, carbohydrates, and fatty acids methyl esters (FAMEs) under day/night temperature regimes of 20/15 °C, 30/25 °C, and 40/35 °C. Results showed a significant effect (p < 0.001) of temperature on germination percentage, rate, and biochemical profiles of cannabis landraces. Landraces L1, B1, H1, B2, and M1 had higher germination at 20/15 °C, while B3, M2, and L2 performed better at 30/25 °C. Biochemical profiles varied with temperature and landraces. Amino acid content increased with temperature but did not correlate with germination indexes. Carbohydrates and FAMEs decreased with rising temperature, peaking at 30/25 °C. FAMEs strongly correlated with germination indexes, linking lipid composition to seed performance. Sorbitol positively correlated with germination, while glucose and fructose showed indirect correlations. This study underscores the impact of temperature on germination and the biochemical profiles of cannabis landraces, highlighting the importance of considering genotype-specific responses in varietal selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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11 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Pathogenicity of Phytophthora infestans Isolates on Four Solanum tuberosum (Potato) Cultivars in Nariño, Colombia

by Pedro Alexander Velasquez-Vasconez, Reyven Yair Chaves-Ordoñez, Juan David Pantoja Unigarro, Tharling Yadhannia Hernandez Diaz, Luz Estela Lagos Mora, Carlos Betancourth García and Claudia Salazar-Gonzalez

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1021-1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040072 - 9 Oct 2024

Abstract

Phytophthora infestans remains a major threat to global potato production. This study focused on characterizing and assessing the pathogenicity of P. infestans isolates on detached potato leaves and in greenhouse trials across four cultivars. Seven isolates were obtained from high potato-producing regions in [...] Read more.

Phytophthora infestans remains a major threat to global potato production. This study focused on characterizing and assessing the pathogenicity of P. infestans isolates on detached potato leaves and in greenhouse trials across four cultivars. Seven isolates were obtained from high potato-producing regions in the department of Nariño, Colombia. The isolates were analyzed using 12 microsatellite markers to determine genetic distances. Two genetically distinct isolates showed markedly different pathogenicity on detached leaves: isolate P00921 caused complete infection by day five, whereas P00321 showed no symptoms. These two isolates (P00921 and P00321) selected for having the greatest genetic distance and highest pathogenicity among the seven analyzed were further tested in a greenhouse setup on four potato cultivars using a randomized block design. Disease progression was monitored over nine days. The results indicated significant variations in pathogenicity linked to genetic diversity among isolates. Notably, Capiro and Margarita cultivars were more prone to severe disease than Suprema and Única. These findings highlight the complex nature of host–pathogen interactions and suggest the need for tailored approaches in disease management and cultivar selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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20 pages, 5146 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnesium Hydroxide Microparticle Treatment Potently Inhibits Venturia oleaginea Pathogenesis on Olives

by Aggeliki Andreadelli, Arthur Fau, Antiopi Tsoureki, Elisavet Papa, Katerina Pliatsika, Spyros Petrakis, Penelope Baltzopoulou, Chrysa Pagkoura, Andreas Giannopoulos, George Karagiannakis and Antonios M. Makris

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 1001-1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040071 - 9 Oct 2024

Abstract

Olive trees worldwide suffer from a number of devastating fungal diseases that affect production. One such serious disease is olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea. Recently, we applied magnesium hydroxide porous micron-scale particles (PMPs) on tomatoes and observed potent antimicrobial activity, [...] Read more.

Olive trees worldwide suffer from a number of devastating fungal diseases that affect production. One such serious disease is olive leaf spot caused by Venturia oleaginea. Recently, we applied magnesium hydroxide porous micron-scale particles (PMPs) on tomatoes and observed potent antimicrobial activity, reducing the fungal load of the treated phyllosphere. To assess the effectiveness of the compound on olive fungal disease, we applied it for two consecutive seasons. One particular olive tree exhibited extreme manifestations of fungal disease and was destined for removal. A single application of Mg(OH)₂ PMP reversed all symptoms of the disease and eliminated the Venturia pathogen, curing the tree of disease. Venturia oleaginea appears to be exceptionally susceptible to treatment compared to other species in the fungal leaf community. The beneficial fungus Aureobasidium pullulans increased in relative abundance in all the sprayed trees. No toxicity and leaf loss were observed, and the compound retention exceeded 47 days. All trees sprayed showed drastic reductions in the total fungal load and compared favorably to the commercial copper compound. Spraying induced a moderate expression of key indicator genes associated with stress responses. No leaf chlorosis or shedding were observed. Overall, Mg(OH)₂ PMP treatment appears to be a highly promising tool for combating plant fungal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Stresses)

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13 pages, 3612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Inhibition of Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae Using Bacterial Strains as a Sustainable Alternative for Controlling Sheath Blight in Rice

by Liz Cheril Quiñones-Pezo, Winston Franz Ríos-Ruiz, Danny Fran Pompa-Vásquez, Franz Rios-Reategui, Angel David Hernández-Amasifuen and Mike Anderson Corazón-Guivin

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 988-1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040070 - 9 Oct 2024

Abstract

The control of ‘sheath blight’ in rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, has become problematic due to the excessive application of fungicides and their consequent harmful effects. Hence, the search for less contaminating alternatives to [...] Read more.

The control of ‘sheath blight’ in rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is caused by the fungus Rhizoctonia oryzae-sativae, has become problematic due to the excessive application of fungicides and their consequent harmful effects. Hence, the search for less contaminating alternatives to conventional chemical products is necessary. This study evaluated the in vitro inhibitory activity of four bacterial strains on the growth of R. oryzae-sativae in both tryptone soy broth (TSB) and mineral medium (MM). The results demonstrated that all evaluated strains (Bacillus tequilensis SMNCT17-02, Priestia aryabhattai SMNCH17-07, Burkholderia vietnamiensis TUR04-01, and Burkholderia vietnamiensis TUR04-03) inhibited the growth of R. oryzae-sativae. Specifically, the activity of B. tequilensis SMNCT17-02 resulted in the smallest area of R. oryzae-sativae growth in both TSB medium (8.54 cm²) and MM (5.53 cm²), suggesting a notable antifungal effect. When evaluating the action of supernatants generated by the growth of the four bacterial strains in TSB and MM culture media, significant inhibition of R. oryzae-sativae growth was only observed for supernatants produced in MM. This inhibition was attributed to the presence of soluble secondary metabolites. These results offer new perspectives in biotechnology, suggesting the possibility of developing effective products based on easily extractable soluble secondary metabolites, thus promoting sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Microorganisms Interactions)

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9 pages, 894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Shoot Regeneration and Multiplication of Peruvian Rocoto Chili Pepper (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.)

by Angel David Hernández-Amasifuen, Alexandra Jherina Pineda-Lázaro, Jorge L. Maicelo-Quintana and Juan Carlos Guerrero-Abad

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 979-987; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040069 - 4 Oct 2024

Abstract

The rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) (Solanaceae) is an endemic herbaceous chili pepper from Peru. Low yields of rocoto production are due to the low availability of certified seeds or the production of superior plant seedlings. Therefore, the present study aimed [...] Read more.

The rocoto (Capsicum pubescens Ruiz & Pav.) (Solanaceae) is an endemic herbaceous chili pepper from Peru. Low yields of rocoto production are due to the low availability of certified seeds or the production of superior plant seedlings. Therefore, the present study aimed to establish an in vitro protocol for the regeneration and multiplication of rocoto shoots. The multiplication was carried out on shoot tips excised from rocoto seedlings germinated under in vitro conditions, and then the explants were placed on Murashigue and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. For rooting, shoots were obtained from the multiplication phase and placed under different treatments made up of MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of indole butyric acid (IBA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA): 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 mg/L. In the multiplication phase, the best results were observed with MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L BAP, with 82.22% shoot development, 2.93 shoots per explant and 2.75 cm shoot length. In the rooting phase, the best results were observed with MS medium supplemented with 1.5 mg/L IBA, with 91.11% root development, 9.73 roots per explant and 6.79 cm root length. Here, we show the first evidence and tool for the in vitro regeneration and multiplication of rocoto chili pepper, which could be used for the multiplication of superior genotypes, germplasm in vitro conservation and its use in plant breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Reproduction)

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20 pages, 5323 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Photosynthetic Capacity, Respiration Rates, and Nutrient Content of Micropropagated and Wild-Sourced Sphagnum

by Anna T. Keightley, Chris D. Field, James G. Rowson and Simon J. M. Caporn

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 959-978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040068 - 2 Oct 2024

Abstract

The rapid, effective restoration of degraded peatlands is urgently needed to reduce their current high levels of carbon loss. The re-introduction of Sphagnum moss, along with re-wetting, is key to returning carbon sequestration and retention capabilities to northern degraded bogs. Micropropagated Sphagnum has [...] Read more.

The rapid, effective restoration of degraded peatlands is urgently needed to reduce their current high levels of carbon loss. The re-introduction of Sphagnum moss, along with re-wetting, is key to returning carbon sequestration and retention capabilities to northern degraded bogs. Micropropagated Sphagnum has already been applied in large quantities, and more is planned, for restoration projects in Britain and parts of Europe. A comparison with wild-sourced Sphagnum material is therefore pertinent to demonstrate its safety and suitability for wide-scale application. Six Sphagnum species of both micropropagated and wild-sourced origin were assessed for photosynthetic capacity, nutrient content, form parity, chlorocyst size, and chloroplast numbers. Micropropagated Sphagnum had significantly higher light-saturated photosynthesis (P_max) rates, little color expression, an open growth habit, greater chloroplast numbers, and more numerous, smaller shoot apices than wild-sourced Sphagnum. Higher P_max rates were associated with a lower bulk density and higher tissue nutrient concentrations. Potentially, greater chloroplast numbers in micropropagated Sphagnum facilitate higher photosynthesis rates, driving rapid growth in early-stage plants, particularly in optimum moisture conditions. Micropropagated Sphagnum can be used confidently, propagated in large quantities, and will likely establish well on application to sites where re-wetting has already occurred, therefore making it highly beneficial for the restoration of degraded bogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology)

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15 pages, 2047 KiB

Open AccessReview

Synergism or Antagonism: Do Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Work Together to Benefit Plants?

by Noah Savastano and Harsh Bais

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 944-958; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040067 - 1 Oct 2024

Abstract

In agriculture, abiotic and biotic stress reduce yield by 51–82% and 10–16%, respectively. Applications of biological agents such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant growth. Applications of lone PGPR and AMF also help plants resist abiotic [...] Read more.

In agriculture, abiotic and biotic stress reduce yield by 51–82% and 10–16%, respectively. Applications of biological agents such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant growth. Applications of lone PGPR and AMF also help plants resist abiotic and biotic stressors. The reports for dual inoculation of AMF and PGPR to benefit plants and tackle stressors are largely unknown. It is speculated that PGPR colonization in plants enhances AMF infection during dual AMF and PGPR application, although increased AMF colonization does not always correlate with the increased benefits for the plant hosts. Further research is needed regarding molecular mechanisms of communication during dual inoculations, and dual-inoculation enhancement of induced systemic resistance under pathogen stress, to understand how dual inoculations can result in enhanced plant benefits. The influence of application timing of AMF and PGPR dual inoculations on mitigating abiotic and biotic stress is also not well understood. This review documents the factors that govern and modulate the dual application of AMF and PGPR for plant benefits against stress responses, specifically abiotic (drought) stress and stress from pathogen infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Microbe-Induced Abiotic Stress Alleviation in Plants)

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17 pages, 3975 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Taxonomic Analysis of the Quercus faginea and Quercus canariensis (Fagaceae) Complexes in Algeria

by Ameur Bouandas, Latifa Belhoucine-Guezouli, Francesc Oliva, Bechir Suheil Gaouar Semir, Khedidja Bendjebbar, Francisco M. Vázquez Pardo and Juli Pujade-Villar

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(4), 927-943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15040066 - 29 Sep 2024

Abstract

The valid deciduous Quercus L. species from North Africa have been largely discussed by many authors. The current species remain yet uncertain. In this study, we compare several populations of presumably Q. canariensis Willd. and Q. faginea Lam. from Algeria with pure populations [...] Read more.

The valid deciduous Quercus L. species from North Africa have been largely discussed by many authors. The current species remain yet uncertain. In this study, we compare several populations of presumably Q. canariensis Willd. and Q. faginea Lam. from Algeria with pure populations of these species from the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula. Different morphological characters from leaves have been analyzed. Principal components analysis and a canonical analysis of principal coordinates have been used to observe the relationship between samples, groups and the seven quantitative variables. Distances among centroids have been reported and a SIMPER procedure has also been executed to better explain the different variability within and between groups. PERMANOVA has been applied to test for significant differences between the groups. For the trichomes study, ANOVA models have been used. From our analysis, we conclude that in Algeria, we have a single Q. canariensis Willd. population, different from the Iberian population we examined. It probably corresponds morphologically to Q. mirbeckii Durieu, currently considered a synonymy of Q. canariensis Willd., and for the “Q. faginea” group we have two Algerian populations: Q. faginea Lam. subsp. faginea, found in the northeast Iberian Peninsula, and Q. tlemcenensis (A.DC.) Maire and Weiller ex Greuter and Burdet. Previous results from other authors have also been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology and Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 2955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unraveling Evolutionary Dynamics: Comparative Analysis of Chloroplast Genome of Cleomella serrulata from Leaf Extracts

by Madelynn K. Vasquez, Emma K. Stock, Kaziah J. Terrell, Julian Ramirez and John A. Kyndt

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(3), 914-926; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15030065 - 19 Sep 2024

Abstract

Cleomella serrulata is a native flowering plant found in North America. Even though this plant is of ecological and native medicinal importance, very little is known about the genomic makeup of Cleomella and the Cleomaceae family at large. Here, we report the complete [...] Read more.

Cleomella serrulata is a native flowering plant found in North America. Even though this plant is of ecological and native medicinal importance, very little is known about the genomic makeup of Cleomella and the Cleomaceae family at large. Here, we report the complete chloroplast genome of Cleomella serrulata and provide an evolutionary comparison to other chloroplast genomes from Cleomaceae and closely related families. This study not only confirms the taxonomic placement of Cleomella as a distinct genus, but also provides phylogenetic insights that imply potential adaptive strategies and evolutionary mechanisms driving the genomic diversity of the Cleomella genus. Whole-genome-based and ANI comparisons indicate that the Cleomella species form a distinct clade that is about equidistant from the other Cleomaceae genera as it is from the genera from the nearby Capparaceae and Brassicaceae. This is the first complete chloroplast-based phylogenetic comparison of Cleomella species to other related genera and helps refine the complex taxonomic distinctions of Cleomaceae. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Biochemistry and Genetics)

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International Journal of Plant Biology

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