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Inorganics
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Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology
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Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology

A special issue of Inorganics (ISSN 2304-6740). This special issue belongs to the section "Inorganic Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 January 2025 | Viewed by 9109

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ben McLean

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Materials Modelling and Simulation Group, School of Engineering, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Interests: carbon nanomaterials; materials science; computational chemistry; molecular dynamics
Prof. Dr. Alister Page

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Discipline of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
Interests: carbon nanomaterials; materials science computational chemistry; specific ion effects

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue of Inorganics titled Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology. Carbon nanomaterials have emerged over the past few decades as prime candidates for novel and next-generation applications in the technological materials space. Examples include graphene and carbon nanotubes for nanoelectronics, carbon nanoparticles for drug delivery systems and nanodiamonds in bioimaging. Their remarkable mechanical, thermal and electronic properties have attracted broad scientific attention and can be tailored for functional applications across all dimensions.  

Significant steps in the synthesis of carbon nanomaterials have been realized in recent years, These range from rapid processes aimed at scaling up production to highly controlled conditions aimed at achieving selective growth. In unlocking the full potential of carbon nanomaterials to be realized, both experimental and theoretical techniques have been utilized. This has and will lead to the incorporation of carbon nanomaterials into advanced technologies.

This Special Issue aims to detail a collection of original research articles and reviews that reflect recent progress into understanding, synthesizing, and applying carbon nanomaterials. Contributions concerning all kinds of carbon nanomaterials are welcome, with the focus of the employed experimental and/or theoretical techniques being the implementation of carbon nanomaterials in emerging and advanced technology. These technologies could be (but are not limited to) nanoelectronics, sensing, bioimaging, biomedicine, catalysis, mechanical reinforcement and photocatalysis.

We are looking forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Ben McLean
Prof. Dr. Alister Page
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Inorganics is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • carbon nanomaterial
  • advanced technology
  • graphene
  • carbon nanotube
  • nanodiamond
  • functional applications
  • materials science

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

12 pages, 2416 KiB  
Article
Ultralight Cellulose-Derived Carbon Nanofibers from Freeze-Drying Emulsion Towards Superior Microwave Absorption
by Anran Li, Zongquan Li and Lei Qian
Inorganics 2024, 12(11), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12110272 - 23 Oct 2024
Viewed by 568
Abstract
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are usually prepared by the carbonization of cellulose aerogels obtained from freeze-drying. However, cellulose with low concentration (below 1 wt%) is required to maintain the good porosity of the aerogels due to the strong hydrogen bonding between the cellulose molecules. [...] Read more.
Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) are usually prepared by the carbonization of cellulose aerogels obtained from freeze-drying. However, cellulose with low concentration (below 1 wt%) is required to maintain the good porosity of the aerogels due to the strong hydrogen bonding between the cellulose molecules. In order to address this problem, here, ultralight cellulose-derived CNFs have been fabricated by freeze-drying cyclohexane (CHE)/cellulose nanofiber emulsions and carbonization. Field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to characterize the resulting CNFs. It is found that the CNFs consist of three-dimensional carbon networks, whose microstructure is easily adjusted by changing the CHE ratio (from 0 to 25 vol%) in the emulsions. The CNFs with high porosity are attributed to the fact that CHE as the oil phase can effectively weaken the hydrogen bonding and reduce the aggregation of the cellulose nanofibers. Carbon lattice defects and residual oxygen-containing functional groups are regarded as polarization centers, leading to the enhancement of dielectric loss. The conductive carbon networks also improve the conductive loss. All these factors improve the microwave absorption performance of the CNFs. So, the produced CNFs exhibit a superior electromagnetic wave performance with a minimum reflection loss of −42.18 dB and effective absorption bandwidth up to 4.9 GHz at 2 mm with a filling ratio of 2 wt%. This work provides a simple, low-cost, and sustainable synthesis route for CNFs used for ultralight high-performance microwave absorption materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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21 pages, 11601 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Carbon Nanotube Functionalization on Water Contaminated by Diesel and Benzoic Acid: A Comparison of Two Case Studies
by Pierantonio De Luca, Anastasia Macario, Luigi Madeo and Jànos B.Nagy
Inorganics 2024, 12(9), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12090238 - 29 Aug 2024
Viewed by 488
Abstract
This article simply aims to compare two case studies concerning the purification, using carbon nanotubes, of water contaminated by the following two different common pollutants: benzoic acid and diesel. In particular, the aim is to highlight how the different natures of both of [...] Read more.
This article simply aims to compare two case studies concerning the purification, using carbon nanotubes, of water contaminated by the following two different common pollutants: benzoic acid and diesel. In particular, the aim is to highlight how the different natures of both of the polluting molecules and the carbon nanotubes play a fundamental role in water treatment. These two pollutants were taken into consideration because of their different chemical natures: benzoic acid is a polar pollutant, while the molecules present in diesel are substantially nonpolar. The carbon nanotubes used were both functionalized and nonfunctionalized. Functionalization is a process that allows for the introduction of functional groups onto the surface of carbon nanotubes. In this research, carboxylic functionalization was performed, which allowed for the insertion of carboxylic groups through attacks with sulfuric and nitric acids. Thanks to the results obtained, it was possible to quantify the optimization of the purification process depending on the types of carbon nanotubes and polluting molecules considered. The functionalized nanotubes exhibited greater performances in the treatment of water contaminated by benzoic acid compared to the nonfunctionalized ones. Instead, in the treatment of water contaminated by diesel, a greater purification capacity was shown by the nonfunctionalized carbon nanotubes compared to the functionalized ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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16 pages, 5968 KiB  
Article
Infrared Light Annealing Effect on Pressure Sensor Fabrication Using Graphene/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Nanocomposite
by Victor K. Samoei, Katsuhiko Takeda, Keiichiro Sano, Angshuman Bharadwaz, Ambalangodage C. Jayasuriya and Ahalapitiya H. Jayatissa
Inorganics 2024, 12(8), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12080228 - 21 Aug 2024
Viewed by 856
Abstract
This paper reports the designing and testing, as well as the processing and testing, of a flexible piezoresistive sensor for pressure-sensing applications, utilizing a composite film of graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride (Gr/PVDF). Graphene serves as the conductive matrix, while PVDF acts as both the binder [...] Read more.
This paper reports the designing and testing, as well as the processing and testing, of a flexible piezoresistive sensor for pressure-sensing applications, utilizing a composite film of graphene/polyvinylidene fluoride (Gr/PVDF). Graphene serves as the conductive matrix, while PVDF acts as both the binder and a flexible polymer matrix. The composite film was fabricated using the solution casting technique on a flexible polyethylene substrate. We investigated the impact of post-infrared annealing on the pressure response of the Gr/PVDF films. The experimental results indicated that the films IR-annealed for 2 min exhibited improved pressure sensitivity compared with the as-deposited films. The stability and durability of the sensors were assessed through the application of pressure over more than 1000 cycles. The mechanical properties of the films were examined using a universal tensile testing machine (UTM) for scenarios both with and without infrared light annealing. Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze the quality and characteristics of the prepared nanocomposites. This study enhances our understanding of the interplay between the Gr/PVDF composite, the IR annealing effect, and the hysteresis effect in the pressure-sensing mechanism, thereby improving the piezoresistance of the Gr/PVDF nanocomposite through the infrared annealing process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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15 pages, 13117 KiB  
Article
Raman Spectroscopy and Microstructural Characterization of Hot-Rolled Copper/Graphene Composite Materials
by Antoine Bident, Jean-Luc Grosseau-Poussard, Florence Delange, Ahmed Addad, Gang Ji, Yongfeng Lu, Jean-Louis Bobet, Amélie Veillere and Jean-François Silvain
Inorganics 2024, 12(8), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12080227 - 20 Aug 2024
Viewed by 682
Abstract
Given the increase in current density in the constituent materials of electrical systems, improving the electrical conductivity of these materials, particularly copper (Cu), is crucial. This would also help to mitigate the heat generated by Joule heating. The incorporation of graphene (Gr) into [...] Read more.
Given the increase in current density in the constituent materials of electrical systems, improving the electrical conductivity of these materials, particularly copper (Cu), is crucial. This would also help to mitigate the heat generated by Joule heating. The incorporation of graphene (Gr) into a composite material (Cu/Gr) is a viable solution. However, to ensure the proper transfer of properties between the reinforcement and the matrix, several elements must be considered, including the orientation of the reinforcement. As a 2D material, controlling graphene’s orientation within the structure is essential but often overlooked. To address this issue, hot rolling was implemented to improve the alignment of the reinforcement. The inclusion of graphene led to a 12 HV increase in the material’s hardness, demonstrating a positive composite effect. Simultaneously, rolling increased the material’s hardness from 67.6 to 75.1 HV by introducing more dislocations into the material. To characterize the graphene’s alignment, polarized Raman spectroscopy was used. This technique highlighted the improved alignment of the reinforcement in the rolling direction, a change that was visible and confirmed by scanning electron microscopy micrographs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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20 pages, 5623 KiB  
Article
Cost Optimization of Graphene Oxide-Modified Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Based on Machine Learning Methods
by Hui Lv, Mingfeng Du, Zijian Li, Li Xiao and Shuai Zhou
Inorganics 2024, 12(7), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics12070181 - 28 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1005
Abstract
The use of carbon nanomaterials in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to improve its mechanical properties and durability is growing. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials in recent years for enhancing the properties of UHPC. The majority of research [...] Read more.
The use of carbon nanomaterials in ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to improve its mechanical properties and durability is growing. Graphene oxide (GO) has emerged as one of the most promising nanomaterials in recent years for enhancing the properties of UHPC. The majority of research so far has been on the properties of UHPC enhanced with GO, but its high cost has limited its application in engineering. This work suggests a machine learning (ML)-based approach to optimize the mix ratio in order to lower the cost of graphene oxide-modified UHPC. To do this, an artificial neural network (ANN) is used to create the prediction model for the 28-day compressive strength and slump flow of UHPC. The performance of this model is then compared using nine different ML techniques. Subsequently, considering the restrictions of the UHPC component content, component proportion, and absolute volume, a genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted to lower the UHPC cost. The sensitivity analysis is carried out in the end. This study’s findings indicate that there is a decent degree of prediction accuracy since the difference between the ANN model’s predictions and the experimental outcomes is just 10%. The cost of UHPC optimized by GA is reduced to 776 $/m3, significantly lower than the average cost of UHPC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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16 pages, 3530 KiB  
Article
Repair of Small-Area Delamination in Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer through Small Drilled Hole and Carbon Nanotubes-Reinforced Resin Pre-Coating Technique
by Gang Han and Xiaozhi Hu
Inorganics 2023, 11(12), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11120454 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 2223
Abstract
This study explores the potential for repairing small, isolated delamination areas in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), while preserving the integrity of the composite structures. A small drilled hole at the center of the delamination section served as a channel for the epoxy infill [...] Read more.
This study explores the potential for repairing small, isolated delamination areas in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP), while preserving the integrity of the composite structures. A small drilled hole at the center of the delamination section served as a channel for the epoxy infill of the sharp delamination cracks. The pressureless infill repair was achieved through the capillary action of an acetone-diluted resin pre-coating (RPC) solution (without hardener) with CNT reinforcement, comprising 89 m/m% acetone, 10 m/m% resin, and 1 m/m% CNT. This acetone-rich resin pre-coating (RPC) solution is easily prepared and applied to the drilled hole area. Curing of the CNT-toughened resin infill was induced by filling the small drilled hole with a resin–hardener mixture toughened by CNT/aramid pulp. The effectiveness of the delamination repair was compared for curing periods of two weeks and three months. The flexural strength measurements indicated that a restoration level of 77% was achieved in this study, while the optimum 100% restoration was achieved using the same technique for edge delamination repairs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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Review

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14 pages, 4918 KiB  
Review
Dispersion Stability of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Impact on Energy Storage Devices
by Chunghyeon Choi, Tae Gwang Yun and Byungil Hwang
Inorganics 2023, 11(10), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11100383 - 25 Sep 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2420
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their extraordinary combination of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, have emerged as a revolutionary class of nanomaterials with immense potential in energy storage and harvesting devices. Realizing this potential hinges on a fundamental challenge: the dispersion stability of CNTs [...] Read more.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), with their extraordinary combination of mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties, have emerged as a revolutionary class of nanomaterials with immense potential in energy storage and harvesting devices. Realizing this potential hinges on a fundamental challenge: the dispersion stability of CNTs within various matrices. This review paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the critical interplay between CNT dispersion stability and its far-reaching implications for the performance of energy storage and harvesting technologies. By delving into the underlying mechanisms of dispersion, the strategies to achieve stability, and the direct effects on device functionality, this review sheds light on the intricate relationship between nanotube dispersion and the advancement of energy-related applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Nanomaterials for Advanced Technology)
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