Submit to Insects Review for Insects Propose a Special Issue

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

► Journal Browser

Invasive Arthropod Pests

Print Special Issue Flyer
Special Issue Editors
Special Issue Information
Keywords
Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue
Published Papers

A special issue of Insects (ISSN 2075-4450).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2020) | Viewed by 78661

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Insect Management and Molecular Diagnostics, USDA-APHIS-PPQ-S&T, 22675 N Moorefield Rd., Edinburg, TX 78541, USA
Interests: invasive species; arthropod invasion; quarantine; virus-vector interactions; acari; molecular diagnostics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Todd M. Gilligan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

USDA-APHIS-PPQ-Science & Technology (S&T), 2301 Research Boulevard, Suite 108, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
Interests: diagnostics; invasive species; systematics; Lepidoptera; Helicoverpa; Tortricidae

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Invasive arthropod pests are a major threat to food production and environmental sustainability globally. The purpose of this issue is to invite authors to present proactive and innovative approaches to confronting invasive arthropod pests. We need to establish global scientific expertise to enable methods development and integration of efforts in order to mitigate the negative impacts associated with an increasing number of invasions. Identification of the main pest pathways, climatic challenges, and key regional pests of concern is crucial and will help to reduce the likelihood of moving these invasive pests across the globe. Areas of priority that require action include the development of integrated national, regional, and global policies and strategies, specific action plans to deal with present and future invasions, a framework for information exchange, and capacity building in infrastructure, scientific knowledge, skills and expertise. The increasing awareness and application of advanced technology in agriculture and natural environments, such as automated sensors, artificial intelligence and machine learning, the Internet of Things (IoT), robotics and automation, big data generation and analysis, and High-throughput Screening (HTS) systems, is essential to coordinating efforts to limit damage caused by invasive species worldwide. This Special Issue will address pests that impact major commodities, specialty crops, and natural landscapes. The primary purpose of this initiative is to create a forum to enhance the discussion of integrated, strategic, and front-line approaches to key invasive arthropod pests.

Prof. Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues
Dr. Todd M. Gilligan
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Insects is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Lepidoptera
Coleoptera
modeling insects invasion
prevention and preparedness
control strategies for invasive insects
biomolecular tools and tracking arthropods invasion

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Ease of navigation: Grouping papers by topic helps scholars navigate broad scope journals more efficiently.
Greater discoverability: Special Issues support the reach and impact of scientific research. Articles in Special Issues are more discoverable and cited more frequently.
Expansion of research network: Special Issues facilitate connections among authors, fostering scientific collaborations.
External promotion: Articles in Special Issues are often promoted through the journal's social media, increasing their visibility.
e-Book format: Special Issues with more than 10 articles can be published as dedicated e-books, ensuring wide and rapid dissemination.

Further information on MDPI's Special Issue polices can be found here.

Published Papers (11 papers)

Download All Papers

Order results

Result details

Show export options Show export options

Select all

Export citation of selected articles as:

Research

Jump to: Review

9 pages, 1395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertical Trapping of the Coffee Berry Borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), in Coffee

by Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz and José Carlos Verle Rodrigues

Insects 2021, 12(7), 607; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects12070607 - 2 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2693

Abstract

The coffee industry loses millions of dollars annually worldwide due to the Coffee Berry Borer (CBB); these losses imply a decrease in quality and production. Traps are used to monitor their flight and for pest control. The main objective of this study was to determine the capture pattern and trap capture percentages of the CBB population over time using column traps (CTs) in two independent field experiments. CTs were composed of four traps installed at four different heights 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 m above ground. Our results demonstrated a significant difference in CBB capture by traps placed at different heights above the ground. The CT capture maintained a pattern throughout this study’s lag: the lower the height, the greater the percentage of CBBs captured. The study was conducted in two independent experiments (A and B). In Experiment A and B, the traps placed at 0.5 m caught 67% and 85% of the CBBs captured, respectively. Furthermore, the trap set at 1.5 m above the ground in the multi-level CT showed a higher capture percentage than the single placed trap (ST, also at 1.5 m about ground). The pattern of the capture and proportion of the CBB in the CTs was maintained throughout the study despite the season, changes in temperature, and relative air humidity. We suggest that CTs could be explored as a useful tool for capturing the CBB, considering its monitoring and management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Invasive Agricultural Pest Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) Appeared in the Russian Caucasus

by Andrzej O. Bieńkowski and Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja

Insects 2020, 11(11), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110826 - 23 Nov 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4363

Abstract

Spotted-wing drosophila Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is one of the most important invasive pests of fruit and wine production worldwide. This species feeds on Prunus spp., Rubus spp., Fragaria spp. (Rosaceae), Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae), Vitis spp. (Vitaceae), and other soft fruits. It causes significant damage because, unlike most other Drosophila species, it oviposits and feeds on healthy fruits. Drosophila suzukii is a quarantine pest that is included on the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) A2 List. This species is native to East Asia and has been rapidly spreading through Europe since 2008. Herein, we report the first records of D. suzukii in European Russia. In 2017 and 2020, we placed baited traps in different districts of the resort city of Sochi (Black sea Coast of the Caucasus, Krasnodar Territory, Russia). Three specimens of D. suzukii were collected in June 2017, two specimens in September 2017, and 44 specimens in September 2020. Specimens were identified by the typical female ovipositor, spotted wings of the males, and other morphological characters. Krasnodar Territory is one of the main fruit-producing regions of Russia. Therefore, populations of this pest should be monitored and measures to minimize economic damage should be taken. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 7701 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tracking Red Palm Mite Damage in the Western Hemisphere Invasion with Landsat Remote Sensing Data

by Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues, Michael H. Cosh, E. Raymond Hunt, Jr., Gilberto J. de Moraes, Geovanny Barroso, William A. White and Ronald Ochoa

Insects 2020, 11(9), 627; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090627 - 11 Sep 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 16154

Abstract

Red palm mites (Raoiella indica Hirst, Acari: Tenuipalpidae) were first observed in the western hemisphere on the islands and countries surrounding the Caribbean Sea, infesting the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera L.). Detection of invasive pests usually relies upon changes in vegetation properties as result of the pest activity. These changes may be visible in time series of satellite data records, such as Landsat satellites, which have been available with a 16-day repeat cycle at a spatial resolution of 30 m since 1982. Typical red palm mite infestations result in the yellowing of the lower leaves of the palm crown; remote sensing model simulations have indicated that this feature may be better detected using the green normalized difference vegetation index (GNDVI). Using the Google Earth Engine programming environment, a time series of Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper, Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager data was generated for plantations in northern and northeast Brazil, El Salvador, and Trinidad-Tobago. Considering the available studied plantations, there were little or no differences of GNDVI before and after the dates when red palm mites were first revealed at each location. A discussion of possible alternative approaches are discussed related to the limitations of the current satellite platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

59 pages, 470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immigrant Tortricidae: Holarctic versus Introduced Species in North America

by Todd M. Gilligan, John W. Brown and Joaquín Baixeras

Insects 2020, 11(9), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11090594 - 3 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5485

Abstract

In support of a comprehensive update to the checklist of the moths of North America, we attempt to determine the status of 151 species of Tortricidae present in North America that may be Holarctic, introduced, or sibling species of their European counterparts. Discovering the natural distributions of these taxa is often difficult, if not impossible, but several criteria can be applied to determine if a species that is present in both Europe and North America is natively Holarctic, introduced, or represented by different but closely related species on each continent. We use DNA barcodes (when available), morphology, host plants, and historical records (literature and museum specimens) to make these assessments and propose several taxonomic changes, as well as future areas of research. The following taxa are raised from synonymy to species status: Acleris ferrumixtana (Benander, 1934), stat. rev.; Acleris viburnana (Clemens, 1860), stat. rev.; Acleris pulverosana (Walker, 1863), stat. rev.; Acleris placidana (Robinson, 1869), stat. rev.; Lobesia spiraeae (McDunnough, 1938), stat. rev.; and Epiblema arctica Miller, 1985, stat. rev. Cydia saltitans (Westwood, 1858), stat. rev., is determined to be the valid name for the “jumping bean moth,” and Phiaris glaciana (Möschler, 1860), comb. n., is placed in a new genus. We determine that the number of Holarctic species has been overestimated by at least 20% in the past, and that the overall number of introduced species in North America is unexpectedly high, with Tortricidae accounting for approximately 23–30% of the total number of Lepidoptera species introduced to North America. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

12 pages, 2636 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Distribution and Diagnostic Features of Two Potentially Invasive Asian Buprestid Species: Agrilus mali Matsumura and A. fleischeri Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)

by Mark G. Volkovitsh, Alexey V. Kovalev and Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja

Insects 2020, 11(8), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11080493 - 2 Aug 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3791

Abstract

Our goal is to analyze the known geographical ranges and diagnostic features of two potentially invasive Asian buprestid species: the quarantine apple tree pest, Agrilus mali Matsumura, and the poplar pest A. fleischeri Obenberger. Based on the examination of museum collections and literature sources, we compiled comprehensive databases of records of the exact collecting sites for both species and generated detailed maps of their ranges. There are 51 documented localities for A. mali in the Russian Far East and East Siberia, Mongolia, China, and the Korean peninsula, and there are 53 documented localities for A. fleischeri in the Far East and Siberia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China, and Japan. No evidence of the presence of A. mali in Japan was found. Outbreak sites of A. mali in Xinjiang in the 2000s most likely represent the newly forming invasion areas; their proximity to the wild apple stands in the Kazakh part of the Tien Shan is a direct threat to Kazakhstan and adjacent countries. Sites damaged by A. fleischeri in Liaoning are situated within its native range; the outbreaks were likely triggered by the switch from indigenous to introduced poplars. This situation is similar to the early stages of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) invasion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Toxicity of Helicoverpa armigera and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Selected Insecticides

by Fernando R. da Silva, Dario Trujillo, Oderlei Bernardi, Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues, Woodward D. Bailey, Todd M. Gilligan and Daniel Carrillo

Insects 2020, 11(7), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11070431 - 10 Jul 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4509

Abstract

Until recently, the Old World bollworm (OWB) Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and the corn earworm Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were geographically isolated. Both species are major pests of agricultural commodities that are known to develop insecticide resistance, and they now coexist in areas where H. armigera invaded the Americas. This is the first study to compare the susceptibility of the two species to conventional insecticides. The susceptibility of third instar H. armigera and H. zea larvae to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad was determined using a diet-overlay bioassay in a quarantine laboratory in Puerto Rico. Mortality was assessed at 48 h after exposure for up to eight concentrations per insecticide. Spinetoram exhibited the highest acute toxicity against H. armigera, with a median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 0.11 µg a.i./cm², followed by indoxacarb and spinosad (0.17 µg a.i./cm² for both) and methomyl (0.32 µg a.i./cm²). Spinetoram was also the most toxic to H. zea (LC₅₀ of 0.08 µg a.i./cm²), followed by spinosad (0.17 µg a.i./cm²) and methomyl (0.18 µg a.i./cm²). Indoxacarb was the least toxic to H. zea, with an LC₅₀ of 0.21 µg a.i./cm². These findings could serve as a comparative reference for monitoring the susceptibility of H. armigera and H. zea to indoxacarb, methomyl, spinetoram, and spinosad in Puerto Rico, and may facilitate the detection of field-selected resistance for these two species and their potential hybrids in areas recently invaded by H. armigera. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

11 pages, 2194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Minimum Winter Temperature as a Limiting Factor of the Potential Spread of Agrilus planipennis, an Alien Pest of Ash Trees, in Europe

by Marina J. Orlova-Bienkowskaja and Andrzej O. Bieńkowski

Insects 2020, 11(4), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040258 - 23 Apr 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

The emerald ash borer, EAB (Agrilus planipennis) is a devastating alien pest of ash trees. It is spreading in European Russia and Ukraine and will appear in other European countries. Our aim was to determine the regions of Europe where the winter temperature drops low enough to prevent A. planipennis establishment. We calculated the minimum daily air temperature from 2003–2019 for each grid square (0.5° × 0.5°) in East Asia, North America and Europe and determined the minimum daily temperature in the grid squares where A. planipennis was recorded. Temperatures of −30 to −33 °C occur in the northern portions of the pest range on all continents. No established population has been recorded in localities where temperatures below −34 °C occur. This temperature is close to the absolute supercooling point of A. planipennis larva (−35.3 °C). It is unlikely that low temperatures could prevent the spread of A. planipennis in northern Western Europe (Sweden, Norway, Finland, etc.), since the temperature in this area did not fall to −34 °C from 2003–2019. However, such temperatures are not rare in eastern European Russia (Kostroma, Vologda, Orenburg regions, etc.), where Fraxinus pennsylvanica and F. excelsior occur. These regions could potentially become refuges for these ash species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

11 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of the Lychee Erinose Mite, Aceria litchii (Keifer) (Acari: Eriophyidae) in Florida, USA: A Comparison with Other Alien Populations

by Daniel Carrillo, Luisa F. Cruz, Alexandra M. Revynthi, Rita E. Duncan, Gary R. Bauchan, Ronald Ochoa, Paul E. Kendra and Samuel J. Bolton

Insects 2020, 11(4), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11040235 - 9 Apr 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 7218

Abstract

The lychee erinose mite (LEM), Aceria litchii (Keifer) is a serious pest of lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). LEM causes a type of gall called ‘erineum’ (abnormal felty growth of trichomes from the epidermis), where it feeds, reproduces and protects itself from biotic and abiotic adversities. In February of 2018, LEM was found in a commercial lychee orchard on Pine Island, Florida. Infestations were recorded on young leaves, stems, and inflorescences of approximately 30 young trees (1.5–3.0 yrs.) of three lychee varieties presenting abundant new growth. Although LEM is present in Hawaii, this mite is a prioritized quarantine pest in the continental USA and its territories. Florida LEM specimens showed small morphological differences from the original taxonomic descriptions of Keifer (1943) and Huang (2008). The observed differences are probably an artifact of the drawings in the original descriptions. Molecular comparisons were conducted on the DNA of LEM specimens from India, Hawaii, Brazil, Taiwan, Australia and Florida. The amplified COI fragment showed very low nucleotide variation among the locations and thus, could be used for accurate LEM identification. The ITS1 sequences and partial 5.8S fragments displayed no nucleotide differences for specimens from any of the locations except Australia. Consistent differences were observed in the ITS2 and 28S fragments. The ITS1-ITS2 concatenated phylogeny yielded two lineages, with Australia in one group and Hawaii, India, Brazil, Florida and Taiwan in another. Specimens from Taiwan and Florida present identical ITS and rDNA segments, suggesting a common origin; however, analysis of additional sequences is needed to confirm the origin of the Florida population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 2533 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Temperature on Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Tables for a Minnesota-Acclimated Population of the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys)

by Byju N. Govindan and William D. Hutchison

Insects 2020, 11(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11020108 - 7 Feb 2020

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8419

Abstract

Temperature is a critical single factor influencing insect population dynamics, and is foundational for improving our understanding of the phenology of invasive species adapting to new agroecosystems or in the process of range expansion. An age-stage, two-sex life table was therefore developed to analyze fundamental demographic features such as development, survival, and reproduction of a Minnesota-acclimated population of the invasive brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys), in the north central USA. All salient life history parameters were estimated to better understand the population growth potential of H. halys at the current limit of its northern range in North America. We examined the effect of selected constant temperatures on immature development and survival (15–39 °C), adult reproduction and longevity (17–36 °C) of H. halys in the laboratory. The Minnesota population developed faster and survived at higher rates relative to a population that had previously established in Pennsylvania, USA. Mean generation time for the Minnesota population was minimized at 30 °C, while survival and fecundity were maximized at 27 and 23 °C, respectively. Given these findings, we assessed the effect of temperature on the intrinsic rate of increase (

r_{m}

), the life table parameter that integrates the effects of temperature on development, survival, and reproduction. A Ratkowsky model predicted

r_{m}

was maximized (0.0899) at 27.5 °C. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding population growth rates for H. halys in the context of a warming climate, and potential to emerge as a serious crop pest in the Midwest U.S. region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Temperature on the Interaction for Resource Utilization between Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and a Community of Lepidopteran Maize Stemborers Larvae

by Bonoukpoè Mawuko Sokame, François Rebaudo, Peter Malusi, Sevgan Subramanian, Dora Chao Kilalo, Gerald Juma and Paul-André Calatayud

Insects 2020, 11(2), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11020073 - 21 Jan 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4578

Abstract

Intra- and interspecific interactions within communities of species that utilize the same resources are characterized by competition or facilitation. The noctuid stemborers, Busseola fusca and Sesamia calamistis, and the crambid stemborer, Chilo partellus were the most important pests of maize in sub-Saharan Africa before the recent “invasion” of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, which currently seriously limits maize yields in Africa. This new pest is interacting with the stemborer community at the larval stage in the use of maize resources. From previous works on the influence of temperature on the larval intra- and interspecific resources utilization within the community of Lepidoptera stemborers involving B. fusca, S. calamistis, and C. partellus, there is a need to update these studies by adding the new pest, S. frugiperda, in order to understand the effect of temperature on the larval interactions of all these four species under the context of climate change. The influence of temperature on intra- and interspecific larval interactions was studied using artificial stems kept at different constant temperatures (15 °C, 20 °C, 25 °C, and 30 °C) in an incubator and assessing survival and relative growth rates of each species in single and multi-species experiments. After the inclusion of FAW into the experiments, with regard to relative growth rates, both intra- and interspecific competition was observed among all four species. With regard to survival rates, cannibalism can also explain the intra- and interspecific interactions observed among all four species. Interspecific competition was stronger between the stemborers than between the FAW and the stemborers. Similar to lepidopteran stemborers, temperature affected both survival and relative growth rates of the FAW as well. Regardless of the temperature, C. partellus was superior in interspecific interactions shown by higher relative growth and survival rates. The results suggest that the FAW will co-exist with stemborer species along entire temperature gradient, though competition and/or cannibalism with them is weak. In addition, temperature increases caused by climate change is likely to confer an advantage to C. partellus over the fall armyworm and the other noctuids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Research

35 pages, 3250 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coffee Berry Borer (Hypothenemus hampei), a Global Pest of Coffee: Perspectives from Historical and Recent Invasions, and Future Priorities

by Melissa A. Johnson, Claudia Patricia Ruiz-Diaz, Nicholas C. Manoukis and Jose Carlos Verle Rodrigues

Insects 2020, 11(12), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11120882 - 12 Dec 2020

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 17144

Abstract

Coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), CBB) has invaded nearly every coffee-producing country in the world, and it is commonly recognized as the most damaging insect pest of coffee. While research has been conducted on this pest in individual coffee-growing regions, new insights may be gained by comparing and contrasting patterns of invasion and response across its global distribution. In this review, we explore the existing literature and focus on common themes in the invasion biology of CBB by examining (1) how it was introduced into each particular region and the response to its invasion, (2) flight activity and infestation patterns, (3) economic impacts, and (4) management strategies. We highlight research conducted over the last ten years in Hawaii as a case study for the development and implementation of an effective integrated pest management (IPM) program for CBB, and also discuss biosecurity issues contributing to incursion and establishment. Potential areas for future research in each of the five major components of CBB IPM (monitoring and sampling, cultural, biological, chemical, and physical controls) are also presented. Finally, we emphasize that outreach efforts are crucial to the successful implementation of CBB IPM programs. Future research programs should strive to include coffee growers as much as possible to ensure that management options are feasible and cost-effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Arthropod Pests)

► Show Figures

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Invasive Arthropod Pests

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editors

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Published Papers (11 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI