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PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities
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PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Nuclear Medicine & Radiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2024) | Viewed by 5266

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Arnoldo Piccardo

E-Mail
Guest Editor
Nuclear Medicine Unit, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
Interests: nuclear medicine; radioactive iodine therapy; differentiated thyroid cancer; PET/CT; pediatrics; neuroblastoma; 131I MIBG therapy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Francesco Fiz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Nuclear Medicine Unit, E.O. Ospedali Galliera, Genoa, Italy
Interests: nuclear medicine; radioisotope therapy; PET/CT; hematology; plaque imaging; image segmentation; texture analysis; radiomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

PET/CT has been the fastest-growing image modality in recent decades. This growth has been bolstered, on one hand, by the approval of new radiotracers, which have been instrumental in addressing the known limitations of FDG. On the other hand, the constant research of new possible indications of FDG-PET has led to the implementation of this tracer in many new clinical settings (e.g., image-guided surgery). Finally, advanced image analysis (including, but not limited to, radiomics, machine learning, automatic target segmentation, computer vision, augmented reality, etc.) has given new value to the acquired data and possesses the potential to increase the volume of information that imaging specialists and clinicians are able to extract from images. These aspects represent the pillars that will support the further growth of nuclear medicine. This Special Issue aims to include a selection of high-quality papers on the clinical and research applications of FDG and non-FDG tracers. Moreover, it will include scientific reports of advanced methods of image analysis, with a particular focus on image-based dosimetry and quantification, automatic segmentation, tumor burden calculation, computer-assisted diagnosis, and machine learning methods. The overall objective of this Special Issue is to provide an overview of the future directions of molecular imaging research, and, more in general, of innovative image analysis techniques.

I am pleased to invite you to contribute to this Special Issue, entitled "PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities". This is a new volume of a Special Issue in which we published 16 papers in its first incarnation. For further details, please visit: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jcm/special_issues/PET_CT_Imaging

Dr. Arnoldo Piccardo
Dr. Francesco Fiz
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • PET/CT
  • tumor
  • diagnosis
  • molecular imaging
  • machine learning
  • deep learning
  • Artificial Intelligence

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Review

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8 pages, 3345 KiB  
Review
Current Role of PET CT in Staging and Management of Penile Cancers
by Cristian Mirvald, Radion Garaz, Ioanel Sinescu, Adrian Preda, Apostolos Labanaris, Ofer Yossepowitch, Igor Tsaur and Cristian Surcel
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(16), 4879; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164879 - 18 Aug 2024
Viewed by 837
Abstract
Penile cancer (PeCa) is a rare urological malignancy characterized by significant geographical variations in both incidence and mortality rates. Due to its rarity and the consequent lack of randomized trials, current management is based on retrospective studies and small prospective trials. In addition, [...] Read more.
Penile cancer (PeCa) is a rare urological malignancy characterized by significant geographical variations in both incidence and mortality rates. Due to its rarity and the consequent lack of randomized trials, current management is based on retrospective studies and small prospective trials. In addition, both the diagnostic pathways and treatment strategies exhibit substantial heterogeneity, differing significantly between less-developed and well-developed countries. The prognosis of PeCas is determined by the presence and extent of regional lymph node (LN) involvement. Therefore, the early detection and treatment of LN metastasis is paramount to ensure better outcomes. In recent decades, overall survival of PeCas has increased, mainly due to advancements in imaging techniques and risk stratification. We aim to provide an overview of the current role of PET CT imaging in the management of patients with PeCa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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15 pages, 860 KiB  
Review
[18F]F-Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Inhibitor Radiotracers for Imaging PARP Expression and Their Potential Clinical Applications in Oncology
by Honest Ndlovu, Ismaheel O. Lawal, Sipho Mdanda, Mankgopo M. Kgatle, Kgomotso M. G. Mokoala, Akram Al-Ibraheem and Mike M. Sathekge
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(12), 3426; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123426 - 11 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1252
Abstract
Including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in managing patients with inoperable tumors has significantly improved outcomes. The PARP inhibitors hamper single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair by trapping poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) at sites of DNA damage, forming a non-functional “PARP enzyme–inhibitor complex” leading to cell cytotoxicity. [...] Read more.
Including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors in managing patients with inoperable tumors has significantly improved outcomes. The PARP inhibitors hamper single-strand deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair by trapping poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) at sites of DNA damage, forming a non-functional “PARP enzyme–inhibitor complex” leading to cell cytotoxicity. The effect is more pronounced in the presence of PARP upregulation and homologous recombination (HR) deficiencies such as breast cancer-associated gene (BRCA1/2). Hence, identifying HR-deficiencies by genomic analysis—for instance, BRCA1/2 used in triple-negative breast cancer—should be a part of the selection process for PARP inhibitor therapy. Published data suggest BRCA1/2 germline mutations do not consistently predict favorable responses to PARP inhibitors, suggesting that other factors beyond tumor mutation status may be at play. A variety of factors, including tumor heterogeneity in PARP expression and intrinsic and/or acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors, may be contributing factors. This justifies the use of an additional tool for appropriate patient selection, which is noninvasive, and capable of assessing whole-body in vivo PARP expression and evaluating PARP inhibitor pharmacokinetics as complementary to the currently available BRCA1/2 analysis. In this review, we discuss [18F]Fluorine PARP inhibitor radiotracers and their potential in the imaging of PARP expression and PARP inhibitor pharmacokinetics. To provide context we also briefly discuss possible causes of PARP inhibitor resistance or ineffectiveness. The discussion focuses on TNBC, which is a tumor type where PARP inhibitors are used as part of the standard-of-care treatment strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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Other

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19 pages, 1271 KiB  
Systematic Review
Match Point: Nuclear Medicine Imaging for Recurrent Thyroid Cancer in TENIS Syndrome—Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Fabrizia Gelardi, Alexandra Lazar, Gaia Ninatti, Cristiano Pini, Arturo Chiti, Markus Luster, Friederike Eilsberger and Martina Sollini
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(18), 5362; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13185362 - 10 Sep 2024
Viewed by 1253
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Disease recurrence and resistance to radioiodine (RAI) therapy are major challenges in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In particular, the TENIS (Thyroglobulin Elevated Negative Iodine Scintigraphy) syndrome, characterised by elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) serum levels in addition to a negative radioiodine [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Disease recurrence and resistance to radioiodine (RAI) therapy are major challenges in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). In particular, the TENIS (Thyroglobulin Elevated Negative Iodine Scintigraphy) syndrome, characterised by elevated thyroglobulin (Tg) serum levels in addition to a negative radioiodine whole body scan (WBS), complicates disease monitoring and treatment decisions. Conventional imaging techniques often fail to detect disease in WBS-negative patients with rising Tg levels, leading to limitations in therapeutic intervention. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of nuclear imaging modalities in detecting disease recurrence in patients with the TENIS syndrome and to provide insights to guide therapeutic approaches in this complex clinical scenario. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases up to March 2024 was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. Eligible studies were selected, and quality assessment was performed with the QUADAS-2 tool. For each study, relevant data were extracted and synthesised. A meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of [18F]FDG PET/CT was performed, and patient-based pooled sensitivity and specificity were calculated using a random-effects model. Statistical heterogeneity between studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. Results: Of the 538 studies initially identified, 22 were included in the systematic review, of which 18 were eligible for meta-analysis. The eligible studies, mainly focused on [18F]FDG PET/CT, showed variable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of RAI-refractory thyroid cancer lesions. For [18F]FDG PET/CT, pooled estimates displayed a sensitivity of 0.87 (95% CI: 0.82–0.90) and a specificity of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61–0.86), with moderate heterogeneity between studies. Conclusions: [18F]FDG PET/CT remains central in the detection of disease recurrence in patients with the TENIS syndrome. The emergence of novel radiopharmaceuticals with specific molecular targets is a promising way to overcome the limitations of [18F]FDG in these patients and to open new theranostics perspectives. This review highlights the great potential of nuclear medicine in guiding therapeutic strategies for RAI-refractory thyroid cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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16 pages, 1298 KiB  
Systematic Review
The Clinical Role of CXCR4-Targeted PET on Lymphoproliferative Disorders: A Systematic Review
by Maryam Zamanian, Domenico Albano, Giorgio Treglia, Alessio Rizzo and Iraj Abedi
J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13(10), 2945; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13102945 - 16 May 2024
Viewed by 1334
Abstract
Background/Objectives: We conducted a comprehensive investigation to explore the pathological expression of the CXCR4 receptor in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) using [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT or PET/MRI technology. The PICO question was as follows: What is the diagnostic role (outcome) of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: We conducted a comprehensive investigation to explore the pathological expression of the CXCR4 receptor in lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) using [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET/CT or PET/MRI technology. The PICO question was as follows: What is the diagnostic role (outcome) of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET (intervention) in patients with LPDs (problem/population)? Methods: The study was written based on the reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines, and it was registered on the prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) website (CRD42024506866). A comprehensive computer literature search of Scopus, MEDLINE, Scholar, and Embase databases was conducted, including articles indexed up to February 2024. To the methodological evaluation of the studies used the quality assessment of diagnosis accuracy studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tool. Results: Of the 8380 records discovered, 23 were suitable for systematic review. Fifteen studies (on 571 LPD patients) focused on diagnosis and staging, and eight trials (194 LPD patients) assessed treatment response. Conclusions: The main conclusions that can be inferred from the published studies are as follows: (a) [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET may have excellent diagnostic performance in the study of several LPDs; (b) [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor PET may be superior to [18F]FDG or complementary in some LPDs variants and settings; (c) multiple myeloma seems to have a high uptake of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor. Overall, this technique is probably suitable for imaging, staging, and follow-up on patients with LPD. Due to limited data, further studies are warranted to confirm the promising role of [68Ga]Ga-Pantixafor in this context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue PET/CT Imaging in Oncology: Innovations, Challenges, and Opportunities)
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