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Overtraining Prevention
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Overtraining Prevention

A special issue of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142). This special issue belongs to the section "Athletic Training and Human Performance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 16193

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maria Francesca Piacentini

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Human Movement and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, 00135 Rome, Italy
Interests: training monitoring; elite athletes; endurance athletes (open water swimmers, triathletes and runners) functional and non-functional overreaching; overtraining prevention
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Veronica Vleck

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, 1499-002 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: medical support; elites; training; health in triathletes both across the lifespan and vs. their sedentary age-matched peers; training adaptation; training diary based predictive models that can be used to minimize the occurrence of non-functional overreaching; injury and illness; pacing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Performance enhancement requires a delicate balance between training and recovery to avoid the negative consequences of training. Therefore, the optimization of training programs could benefit from information on an athlete’s subjective response to training, because coaches are not always aware of non-training related stress. This Special Issue aims to collect a series of original and review papers on the topic of functional/nonfunctional overreaching and overtraining syndrome prevention. After the publication of the ECSS/ACSM (Meeusen et al. 2006 and 2013) consensus statement, it has been easier to compare results from different research groups. However, there is still a lack of information regarding elite athletes, master athletes, and youth athletes competing at very high levels (i.e., youth Olympic games). In particular, master athletes have to fit training into already very busy schedules, and this balance might be even more delicate in such cases. Therefore, recovery strategies and training monitoring need to be optimized both for elite and master athletes.

Key paper topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Training monitoring for the prevention of nonfunctional overreaching;
  • Case studies on nonfunctional overreaching/overtraining syndrome;
  • Enhancement of recovery strategies to optimize performance.

Prof. Maria Francesca Piacentini
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Functional overreaching
  • Non functional overreaching
  • Training
  • Maladaptation
  • Monitoring
  • Training Load

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

8 pages, 1146 KiB  
Article
The Stress of Competing: Cortisol and Amylase Response to Training and Competition
by Roberta De Pero, Carlo Minganti, Giuseppe Cibelli, Cristina Cortis and Maria Francesca Piacentini
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2021, 6(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk6010005 - 4 Jan 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3736
Abstract
TeamGym is a popular form of gymnastics, including tumbling (Tu), trampette (Tr) and floor exercises (F) characterized by intensive practice placing high levels of stress on athletes. The aim of the study was to investigate athletes’ stress-related changes during TeamGym training and competition, [...] Read more.
TeamGym is a popular form of gymnastics, including tumbling (Tu), trampette (Tr) and floor exercises (F) characterized by intensive practice placing high levels of stress on athletes. The aim of the study was to investigate athletes’ stress-related changes during TeamGym training and competition, considering hormonal and enzymatic responses (i.e., salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase). Ten (5 males and 5 females) TeamGym athletes (age: 22–28 y) were tested twice at the same time before training and competition; furthermore, for excluding circadian effect on hormonal and enzymatic responses, they were tested at the same time during a rest day. Alpha-amylase and cortisol were measured 15 min before the beginning of exercise, after each gymnastic equipment performance, and after thirty minutes from the end of the performance. Factorial ANOVA with repeated measures was used to verify differences between training and competition (p < 0.05). Competition elicited higher values of alpha-amylase than training (p ranging from 0.001 to 0.019) and rest (p ranging from 0.001 to 0.019). Cortisol showed no exercise induced increase, and its concentrations were higher prior to training compared to competition. TeamGym responses confirm other sports findings in stating that competition elicits higher stress response than training and suggest that salivary alpha-amylase is a more sensitive marker than cortisol to psychophysiological stress also in gymnastics intermittent performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overtraining Prevention)
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10 pages, 681 KiB  
Article
Nocebo Effects on Perceived Muscle Soreness and Exercise Performance Following Unaccustomed Resistance Exercise: A Pilot Study
by Blake H. McLemore, Sarah G. McLemore, Rebecca R. Rogers, Joseph A. Pederson, Tyler D. Williams, Mallory R. Marshall and Christopher G. Ballmann
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(2), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020040 - 9 Jun 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2644
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nocebo administration on perceived soreness and exercise performance following unaccustomed resistance exercise. Untrained males were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (1) control or (2) negative-belief. For the negative-belief group, participants [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of nocebo administration on perceived soreness and exercise performance following unaccustomed resistance exercise. Untrained males were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: (1) control or (2) negative-belief. For the negative-belief group, participants were given a capsule before exercise containing 400 mg of an inert substance (gluten-free cornstarch) and were told the supplement would increase muscle soreness. The control group received no treatment. An algometer and pain scale was used to obtain soreness, and a goniometer was used to measure elbow range of motion (ROM). Participants completed an eccentric bicep curl pyramid with their non-dominant arm. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) and repetitions were recorded. Then, 48 h after the initial exercise bout, participants repeated all procedures. Perceived soreness, ROM, average RPE, and total repetitions performed were analyzed. Perceived soreness was significantly higher in both control and negative-belief groups 48 h after exercise (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.23). ROM was significantly lower 48 h post in the negative-belief group (p = 0.004; d = 1.83) while no differences existed for controls (p = 0.999; d = 0.16). Average RPE was unaffected between groups (p = 0.282; η2 = 0.07). Total repetitions were significantly lower 48 h post in the negative-belief group (p < 0.001; d = 2.51) while no differences existed for the controls (p = 0.999; d = 0.08). Findings suggest that 48 h after unaccustomed resistance exercise, negative expectation does not worsen soreness but hinders ROM and exercise performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overtraining Prevention)
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7 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Session RPE Breakpoints Corresponding to Intensity Thresholds in Elite Open Water Swimmers
by Cristian Ieno, Roberto Baldassarre, Claudio Quagliarotti, Marco Bonifazi and Maria Francesca Piacentini
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5010021 - 17 Mar 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3245
Abstract
This study aims to assess the correspondence between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) breakpoints with both the first lactate threshold (LT1) and the second lactate threshold (LT2) in elite open water swimmers (OWS). Six elite OWS of the National Olympic Team specialized [...] Read more.
This study aims to assess the correspondence between session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) breakpoints with both the first lactate threshold (LT1) and the second lactate threshold (LT2) in elite open water swimmers (OWS). Six elite OWS of the National Olympic Team specialized in distances between 5 and 25 km participated to the study. OWS performed a set of 6 times 500 m incremental swimming step test during which blood lactate concentration (BLC), split time (ST), stroke frequency (SF), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected. To assess the corresponding breakpoints, we considered LT1 as the highest workload not associated with rise in BLC and LT2 as the increase of 2mM above LT1. According to the LT1 and LT2, the identified zones were: Z1 ≤3, Z2 between 4 and 6, Z3 ≥ 7. In conclusion, the intensity zones determined for OWS resulted different from what previously reported for other endurance disciplines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overtraining Prevention)
11 pages, 1440 KiB  
Article
Effect of Progressive Fatigue on Session RPE
by Andrea Fusco, William Sustercich, Keegan Edgerton, Cristina Cortis, Salvador J. Jaime, Richard P. Mikat, John P. Porcari and Carl Foster
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2020, 5(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5010015 - 17 Feb 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 5937
Abstract
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session RPE (sRPE) are reliable tools for predicting exercise intensity and are alternatives to more technological and physiological measurements, such as blood lactate (HLa) concentration, oxygen consumption and heart rate (HR). As sRPE may also convey some [...] Read more.
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session RPE (sRPE) are reliable tools for predicting exercise intensity and are alternatives to more technological and physiological measurements, such as blood lactate (HLa) concentration, oxygen consumption and heart rate (HR). As sRPE may also convey some insights into accumulated fatigue, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of progressive fatigue in response to heavier-than-normal training on sRPE, with absolute training intensity held constant, and determine its validity as marker of fatigue. Twelve young adults performed eight interval workouts over a two-week period. The percentage of maximal HR (%HRmax), HLa, RPE and sRPE were measured for each session. The HLa/RPE ratio was calculated as an index of fatigue. Multilevel regression analysis showed significant differences for %HRmax (p = 0.004), HLa concentration (p = 0.0001), RPE (p < 0.0001), HLa/RPE ratio (p = 0.0002) and sRPE (p < 0.0001) across sessions. Non-linear regression analysis revealed a very large negative relationship between HLa/RPE ratio and sRPE (r = −0.70, p < 0.0001). These results support the hypothesis that sRPE is a sensitive tool that provides information on accumulated fatigue, in addition to training intensity. Exercise scientists without access to HLa measurements may now be able to gain insights into accumulated fatigue during periods of increased training by using sRPE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Overtraining Prevention)
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