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Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics
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Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Physical Oceanography".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 November 2024) | Viewed by 5605

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Elina Tragou

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Guest Editor
Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
Interests: air–sea interaction processes; thermohaline circulation; ocean climate variability and climate change
Dr. Nikolaos Skliris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
Interests: water cycle and salinity changes; air–sea interaction; oceanic freshwater budget; impacts of ocean physics on marine ecosystems; Mediterranean Sea climate variability and change
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Vassilis Zervakis

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, Greece
Interests: near-inertial waves in the ocean; small-scale processes and internal waves; air–sea exchanges; physical–biological interactions; turbulent diffusion in deep sub-basins; Lagrangian methodologies

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Air–sea exchanges of momentum, heat and freshwater are known to be major contributors to ocean dynamics at a range of spatiotemporal scales. Over the last decades, major advances in ocean monitoring tools, such as the international ARGO float programme, the introduction of ocean gliders and the further expansion of coastal HF radars, as well as the further development of satellite oceanographic products and concurrent developments in ocean simulations and services like Copernicus, provide unprecedented capacity to investigate the complex interactions between the geophysical fluids that determine the planet’s climate in depth. This Special issue is an opportunity to present the current developments in the analysis and understanding of complex interactions between the atmosphere and the upper and deep ocean at a range of spatiotemporal scales, as they emerge through the exploitation of the new monitoring and modeling capabilities of the scientific community. The subjects of the presented research may include:

  • Air–sea exchanges and overturning processes;
  • Vorticity exchanges and dynamics;
  • Vertical and lateral buoyancy fluxes;
  • The role of internal waves and small-scale processes on ocean circulation and climate;
  • Interactions between the coastal and offshore ocean.

Dr. Elina Tragou
Dr. Nikolaos Skliris
Prof. Dr. Vassilis Zervakis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • air–sea exchanges
  • momentum, heat and freshwater fluxes
  • buoyancy fluxes
  • ocean dynamics
  • overturning circulation
  • buoyancy driven circulation
  • dense-water formation

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 7116 KiB  
Article
Regional Mean Sea Level Variability Due to Tropical Cyclones: Insights from August Typhoons
by MyeongHee Han, SungHyun Nam and Hak-Soo Lim
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(10), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101830 - 14 Oct 2024
Viewed by 722
Abstract
This study investigates the interannual variations in regional mean sea levels (MSLs) of the northeast Asian marginal seas (NEAMS) during August, focusing on the role of typhoon activity from 1993 to 2019. The NEAMS are connected to the Pacific through the East China [...] Read more.
This study investigates the interannual variations in regional mean sea levels (MSLs) of the northeast Asian marginal seas (NEAMS) during August, focusing on the role of typhoon activity from 1993 to 2019. The NEAMS are connected to the Pacific through the East China Sea (ECS) and narrow, shallow straits in the east, where inflow from the southern boundary (ECS), unless balanced by eastern outflow, leads to significant convergence or divergence, as well as subsequent changes in regional MSLs. Satellite altimetry and tide-gauge data reveal that typhoon-induced Ekman transport plays a key role in MSL variability, with increased inflow raising MSLs during active typhoon seasons. In contrast, weak typhoon activity reduces inflow, resulting in lower MSLs. This study’s findings have significant implications for coastal management, as the projected changes in tropical cyclone frequency and intensity due to climate change could exacerbate sea level rise and flooding risks. Coastal communities in the NEAMS region will need to prioritize enhanced flood defenses, early warning systems, and adaptive land use strategies to mitigate these risks. This is the first study to link typhoon frequency directly to NEAMS MSL variability, highlighting the critical role of wind-driven processes in regional sea level changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics)
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17 pages, 11892 KiB  
Article
The Mesoscale SST–Wind Coupling Characteristics in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea Based on Satellite Data and Their Feedback Effects on the Ocean
by Chaoran Cui and Lingjing Xu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(10), 1743; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12101743 - 3 Oct 2024
Viewed by 601
Abstract
The mesoscale interaction between sea surface temperature (SST) and wind is a crucial factor influencing oceanic and atmospheric conditions. To investigate the mesoscale coupling characteristics of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, we applied a locally weighted regression filtering method to extract [...] Read more.
The mesoscale interaction between sea surface temperature (SST) and wind is a crucial factor influencing oceanic and atmospheric conditions. To investigate the mesoscale coupling characteristics of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea, we applied a locally weighted regression filtering method to extract mesoscale signals from Quik-SCAT wind field data and AMSR-E SST data and found that the mesoscale coupling intensity is stronger in the Yellow Sea during the spring and winter seasons. We calculated the mesoscale coupling coefficient to be approximately 0.009 N·m−2/°C. Subsequently, the Tikhonov regularization method was used to establish a mesoscale empirical coupling model, and the feedback effect of mesoscale coupling on the ocean was studied. The results show that the mesoscale SST–wind field coupling can lead to the enhancement of upwelling in the offshore area of the East China Sea, a decrease in the upper ocean temperature, and an increase in the eddy kinetic energy in the Yellow Sea. Diagnostic analyses suggested that mesoscale coupling-induced variations in horizontal advection and surface heat flux contribute most to the variation in SST. Moreover, the increase in the wind energy input to the eddy is the main factor explaining the increase in the eddy kinetic energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics)
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27 pages, 17193 KiB  
Article
Response of Cyclonic Eddies to Typhoon Surigae and Their Weakening Effect on the Kuroshio Current in the Western North Pacific Ocean
by Yanzeng Zhang and Shuzong Han
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071202 - 17 Jul 2024
Viewed by 774
Abstract
This study investigated the dynamic and thermal responses of cyclonic eddies (CEs) to Typhoon Surigae in the western North Pacific Ocean using satellite data and a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Observations and simulations revealed that the typhoon enhanced the two preexisting CEs (C1 and [...] Read more.
This study investigated the dynamic and thermal responses of cyclonic eddies (CEs) to Typhoon Surigae in the western North Pacific Ocean using satellite data and a coupled ocean–atmosphere model. Observations and simulations revealed that the typhoon enhanced the two preexisting CEs (C1 and C2). After the typhoon passed the two eddies, the sea surface height (SSH) lowered and the eddy velocity increased above 200 m. C1 was stretched with elliptical deformation accompanied by an SSH trough and jets on the sides of the typhoon track at the eddy edge. The comparative experiments indicated that the typhoon caused the SSH of C1 and C2 to lower by 53.52% and 25.14% compared to conditions without the typhoon, respectively, and the kinetic energy of C1 and C2 to increase by 12 times and 65.76%, respectively. The positive vorticity anomaly input from the typhoon to the CEs was the main mechanism for the enhancement of the CEs. The enhanced CEs modulated the typhoon-induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling, causing the temperature within the eddies to decrease by upwelling and mixing, and the SST cooling became significant at the center of the CEs and propagated westward with the eddies. This study also revealed that typhoons can significantly perturb eddy dynamic structures by enhancing or generating cyclonic cold eddies and eradicating anticyclonic eddies, thereby weakening the Kuroshio Current transport via eddy–Kuroshio interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics)
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15 pages, 18201 KiB  
Article
Latent Heat Flux Trend and Its Seasonal Dependence over the East China Sea Kuroshio Region
by Chengji Chen and Qiang Wang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(5), 722; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12050722 - 26 Apr 2024
Viewed by 1390
Abstract
Investigating latent heat flux (LHF) variations in the western boundary current region is crucial for understanding air–sea interactions. In this study, we examine the LHF trend in the East China Sea Kuroshio Region (ECSKR) from 1959 to 2021 using atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis [...] Read more.
Investigating latent heat flux (LHF) variations in the western boundary current region is crucial for understanding air–sea interactions. In this study, we examine the LHF trend in the East China Sea Kuroshio Region (ECSKR) from 1959 to 2021 using atmospheric and oceanic reanalysis datasets and find that the LHF has a significant strengthening trend. This strengthening can be attributed to sea surface warming resulting from the advection of sea surface temperatures. More importantly, the LHF trend has an apparent seasonal dependence: the most substantial increasing trend in LHF is observed in spring, while the trends are weak in other seasons. Further analysis illustrates that the anomaly of air–sea humidity difference plays a pivotal role in controlling the seasonal variations in LHF trends. Specifically, as a result of the different responses of the East Asian Trough to global warming across different seasons, during spring, the East Asian Trough significantly deepens, resulting in northerly winds that facilitate the intrusion of dry and cold air into the ECSKR region. This intensifies the humidity difference between the sea and air, promoting the release of oceanic latent heat. These findings can contribute to a better understanding of the surface heat budget balance within western boundary currents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics)
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35 pages, 19756 KiB  
Article
Dense Water Formation in the North–Central Aegean Sea during Winter 2021–2022
by Manos Potiris, Ioannis G. Mamoutos, Elina Tragou, Vassilis Zervakis, Dimitris Kassis and Dionysios Ballas
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020221 - 25 Jan 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1504
Abstract
The evolution and drivers of dense water formation (DWF) in the North–Central Aegean Sea (NCAeg) during winter 2021–2022 are studied using observations from two Argo floats and the output of an operational data-assimilating model. Dense water with [...] Read more.
The evolution and drivers of dense water formation (DWF) in the North–Central Aegean Sea (NCAeg) during winter 2021–2022 are studied using observations from two Argo floats and the output of an operational data-assimilating model. Dense water with σθ>29.1 kgm−3 was produced over most of the NCAeg, except for the northeastern part covered by Black Sea water (BSW), where the maximum surface density was <29 kgm−3. The highest density waters were produced over the central and southern parts of the Lemnos Plateau and in the shallow coastal areas between Chios Island and the Edremit Gulf. Atmospherically driven transformation to the east of Lesvos Island resulted in the production of waters with anomalously high density and salinity, which flowed inside Skiros Basin, thus partly explaining its historically higher density and salinity compared to the rest of the NCAeg subbasins. The Skiros and Athos Basins were ventilated down to σθ∼29.35 kgm−3 horizons. The 29.1 kgm−3 isopycnal rose by ∼200 m, and the 29.25 kgm−3 isopycnal overflowed above the ∼400 m sill depth filling the southern depressions of the NCAeg. Combining data from Argo floats, vessel casts, gliders, and a fixed-point observatory, the dense water produced in the NCAeg was observed spreading in the deep layer of the Central Cretan Sea for at least one and a half years after the formation. The cyclonic circulation of the newly formed water in the NCAeg has been observed directly for the first time using deep-drifting floats. The Eastern Mediterranean warming and salinification signal has propagated below the NCAeg sill depth. The winter average buoyancy loss was comparable to that of the peak of the Eastern Mediterranean transient (EMT) and other known years of DWF in the NCAeg; however, the high temperature of the upper layers due to long-term warming prevented the widespread formation of denser water. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Air-Sea Interaction and Marine Dynamics)
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