Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

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4 pages, 169 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology

by Gemma Aiello

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020329 - 3 Feb 2023

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Abstract

The Special Issue “Advances in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology” has collected significant research articles advancing the state of the art of the corresponding sub-disciplines [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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21 pages, 6348 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Sediments in the Beibu Gulf Reveal Dramatic Paleoenvironmental Changes and Climate Events over the Past ~20,000 Years

by Yuchun Li, Tianlai Fan, Aihua Wang, Jun Zeng, Yubiao Lv, Mingwang Zhang and Dajun Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(4), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12040615 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1282

Abstract

The geochemical characteristics of a 2.1 m BBW25 core, collected from the Beibu Gulf, have been investigated in terms of the major and trace elements, organic matter, and CaCO₃ and AMS ¹⁴C dating by XRF, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and more. We have [...] Read more.

The geochemical characteristics of a 2.1 m BBW25 core, collected from the Beibu Gulf, have been investigated in terms of the major and trace elements, organic matter, and CaCO₃ and AMS ¹⁴C dating by XRF, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, and more. We have found through previous research that there are issues with unclear delineation of sedimentary evolution environments and inexact responses between chemical weathering intensity and major paleoclimate events in the Beibu Gulf. The AMS ¹⁴C dating results indicate that the sedimentary age at the bottom was 19.24 ky b.p. CaCO₃, δ¹³C, C/N, and Sr/Ba indexes show a sedimentary environment change from terrestrial to marine environments and a “jump” of ~4000 years in continent–ocean changes. The evolution of the sedimentary environment of Beibu Gulf was divided into three environments and five sub-environments. The changes in chemical weathering intensity indicators recorded by the CIX and the Fe/Al ratio respond well to the East Asian monsoon cycle, the meltwater events, and the alternation of cold and warm events. This study explains the chemical weathering intensity and sedimentary environment in the BBW25 core by geochemical characteristics and further reveals the paleoenvironmental characteristics and possible driving mechanisms over the past ~20,000 years. Full article

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16 pages, 8786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis of the Changes in Coral Sand Beach Profiles under Regular Wave Conditions

by Zhen Yao, Jie Chen, Changbo Jiang, Hai Liang, Zhiyuan Wu, Bin Deng, Yuannan Long and Chen Bian

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020287 - 5 Feb 2024

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Abstract

This study utilized 50 laboratory experiments to document the evolution of coral beaches under varying regular wave conditions, including five distinct wave periods and ten wave heights. Both the type of equilibrium beach and the shape of sand bars were used to represent [...] Read more.

This study utilized 50 laboratory experiments to document the evolution of coral beaches under varying regular wave conditions, including five distinct wave periods and ten wave heights. Both the type of equilibrium beach and the shape of sand bars were used to represent beach evolution. The evolution of coral sand beaches was then compared to quartz sand beaches. The experimental results show that the predicted (modeled) equilibrium profile of a quartz sand beach was not applicable to coral sand beaches. Compared to sand bars on quartz sand beaches, the distance from bar crests to the beach berm in coral sand beaches was greater, whereas the erosional depth of sand troughs was deeper. However, the grain size distribution of sand associated with the coral sand beach under wave action was consistent with Celikoglu’s law. Both an equilibrium beach profile classification model and a sand bar shape prediction model for coral sand beaches were developed based on the experimental data. Full article

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14 pages, 10834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tectonic Subsidence on the East China Coast Recorded by Magnetic Properties of Pliocene Red Clay in the Yangtze Delta

by Xianbin Liu, Jing Chen, Liping Xu, Xiaoli Sun, Lei Tan, Minghao Lv and Jian Song

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010066 - 27 Dec 2023

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Abstract

Thick red clay in northern China contains rich information about the uplifting of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the drying process of Asian inland, the East Asian monsoon changes, and global cooling since 22 Ma. In comparison, the red clay widely distributed in southern China [...] Read more.

Thick red clay in northern China contains rich information about the uplifting of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the drying process of Asian inland, the East Asian monsoon changes, and global cooling since 22 Ma. In comparison, the red clay widely distributed in southern China is generally much younger (<1 million years), thus limiting the paleoclimate and paleoenvironment reconstruction over a longer geological time. We conducted a comprehensive magnetic investigation on the Pliocene red clay of the core LQ11, located in the Yangtze Delta, to reveal its paleoclimate and paleoenvironment implications for the eastern China coast. Our results revealed that the Pliocene red clay in the Yangtze Delta has higher S-ratio and lower HIRM (Hard isothermal remanent magnetizations) values than Quaternary vermiculate red clay of hot–humid climate origin in southern China. This indicates a weaker transformation from maghemite to hematite during the process of pedogenesis. The lack of net-like white veins in the Pliocene red clay also indicates a relatively low intensity of pedogenesis. We believe that the Pliocene red clay, which is presently 250 m below the mean sea level, was formed in high-altitude topography before the Quaternary period, where paedogenic intensity was remarkably low. This finding shows rapid tectonic subsidence occurring on the eastern China coast since the late Pliocene and enriches the theoretical research on paleoenvironment reconstruction based on red clay. Full article

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35 pages, 12529 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

New Seismoacoustic Data on Shallow Gas in Holocene Marine Shelf Sediments, Offshore from the Cilento Promontory (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy)

by Gemma Aiello and Mauro Caccavale

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(12), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10121992 - 14 Dec 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1651

Abstract

High-resolution seismoacoustic data represent a useful tool for the investigations of gas-charged sediments occurring beneath the seabed through the identification of the diagnostic intrasedimentary features associated with them. Acoustic blanking revealed shallow gas pockets in the seismostratigraphic units of the inner shelf off [...] Read more.

High-resolution seismoacoustic data represent a useful tool for the investigations of gas-charged sediments occurring beneath the seabed through the identification of the diagnostic intrasedimentary features associated with them. Acoustic blanking revealed shallow gas pockets in the seismostratigraphic units of the inner shelf off the Northern Cilento promontory. Six main seismostratigraphic units were recognized based on the geological interpretation of the seismic profiles. Large shallow gas pockets, reaching a lateral extension of 1 km, are concentrated at the depocenter of Late Pleistocene–Holocene marine sediments that are limited northwards by the Solofrone River mouth and southwards by the Licosa Cape promontory. A morphobathymetric interpretation, reported in a GIS environment, was constructed in order to show the main morphological lineaments and to link them with the acoustic anomalies interpreted through the Sub-bottom chirp profiles. A newly constructed workflow was assessed to perform data elaboration with Seismic Unix software by comparing and improving the seismic data of the previously processed profiles that used Seisprho software. The identification of these anomalies and the corresponding units from the offshore Cilento promontory represent a useful basis for an assessment of marine geohazards and could help to plan for the mitigation of geohazards in the Cilento region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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17 pages, 6875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling Relationship of Geomorphic Evolution and Marine Hydrodynamics in the Stage-Specific Development of Urban Bays: A Modelling Case Study in Quanzhou Bay (1954–2017), China

by Xianbiao Xiao, Yunhai Li, Junjian Tang, Fusheng Luo, Fangfang Shu, Liang Wang, Jia He, Xiaochun Zou, Wenqi Chi, Yuting Lin and Binxin Zheng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(11), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111677 - 7 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

With the development of social economy and human activities, the geomorphology and hydrodynamic conditions of coasts have been dramatically changed, causing serious environmental pollution and resource depletion. Taking Quanzhou Bay as an example, this study combined geomorphologic change with a hydrodynamic model to [...] Read more.

With the development of social economy and human activities, the geomorphology and hydrodynamic conditions of coasts have been dramatically changed, causing serious environmental pollution and resource depletion. Taking Quanzhou Bay as an example, this study combined geomorphologic change with a hydrodynamic model to simulate the change in tidal currents in different periods. The results show a change in the coastline was the main cause of hydrodynamic change during the industrialization reform. During the past 70 years, the tidal prism decreased year by year, and the average velocity of the tidal current in the channel decreased by 33.7% and 30.8% at flood and ebb tide, respectively. In the early stages of industrialization, reclamation land was used in a single way. The tidal prism decreased by 22.2% and 29.8% in the spring and neap tide, respectively. In the middle and later stages, the tidal current velocity increased, and reclamation land was used in a variety of ways. In modern society, the reclamation land-use type was unitary. Based on this research, we show the influence of human activities on the evolution of the bay’s geomorphology and provide suggestions for the management of the bay. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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30 pages, 16448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Clay Mineral Composition on the Dynamic Properties and Fabric of Artificial Marine Clay

by Yi Shan, Xing Wang, Jie Cui, Haihong Mo and Yadong Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(11), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9111216 - 3 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4086

Abstract

Marine clays are easily affected by different mineral composition in cyclic load-based geological hazards. Therefore, based on analyzing the mineral composition of natural marine clay, it is the key to predict the dynamic properties of natural materials under cyclic loading by using quantitated [...] Read more.

Marine clays are easily affected by different mineral composition in cyclic load-based geological hazards. Therefore, based on analyzing the mineral composition of natural marine clay, it is the key to predict the dynamic properties of natural materials under cyclic loading by using quantitated artificial marine clay. In this study, the marine clay found in the South China Sea deltas was investigated. Based on the results of geological conditions and mineral composition analyses, raw non-clay minerals (such as quartz, albite) and clay minerals (such as Na-montmorillonite and kaolinite) were used to produce artificial marine clay, the dynamic properties of which were studied from the impact of mineral composition. Dynamic triaxial laboratory testing for artificial marine clay comprising various clay minerals was performed under identical test conditions. The artificial marine clay with high montmorillonite content exhibited slower development of strain, more sluggish growth in pore water pressure, more rounded hysteresis curves, greater stiffness, and more prolonged viscous energy growth than the clay with low montmorillonite content. In addition, the flocculated fabric of the artificial marine clay with high montmorillonite content demonstrated sufficient pore space changes, more uniform pore distribution, and larger specific surface area than the dispersed fabric of the clay with low montmorillonite content. The factors arising from the influence of montmorillonite may lead to microstructural and fabric changes, hinder the development of pore water, and increase intergranular contact stiffness as well as delay the cyclic strain amplitude at the breakpoint of viscous energy dissipation. In general, the results presented in this study confirm that clay minerals, especially montmorillonite, have significant influence on the dynamic properties of large strain. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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16 pages, 2839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sedimentary Environmental Evolution of the Western Taiwan Shoal Area since the Late Pleistocene

by Chipeng He, Longbin Sha, Dongbo Zhao, Lu Dai, Zheng Li, Jiabing Tang, Xianfu Li and Dongling Li

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1150; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101150 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2500

Abstract

A new pollen analysis and major and trace element contents were conducted on a 40 m long gravity core recovered from the Taiwan Shoal (sand ridges), south of the Taiwan Strait, beginning in the Late Pleistocene. The changes in the pollen assemblage and [...] Read more.

A new pollen analysis and major and trace element contents were conducted on a 40 m long gravity core recovered from the Taiwan Shoal (sand ridges), south of the Taiwan Strait, beginning in the Late Pleistocene. The changes in the pollen assemblage and concentration represent the climate change around the Taiwan Shoal and the strength of the Zhe-Min Coastal Current, whereas variations in major and trace element contents can imply the source of the sediments in the Taiwan Shoal, which are correlated with the rise or fall of the sea level with increased marine dinoflagellate cysts. The interval of 40–30 m was characterized by high pollen and spore concentrations, and evergreen Quercus was dominant taxon, which indicates a warm sedimentary environment, and the surrounding area of the Taiwan Shoal were covered by a tropical and subtropical broad-leaved forest. There were no pollen and spores from 30–24 m, which indicates a strong hydrodynamic sedimentary environment, and most of the Taiwan Shoal might have been experience subaerial exposure. The interval of 24–17 m was characterized by the reappearance of pollen and spores, as well as marine dinoflagellate cysts and foraminifera, suggesting the climate was warm and wet in the study area and an apparent marine sedimentary environment with relatively high sea level. Deciduous Quercus dominated the interval of 17–12 m, which indicated that the climate was relatively cool, corresponding to the end of Marine isotope stages3 (MIS3) to the Last Glacial Maximum accompanied by weathering and denudation. Above 12 m, the low pollen concentration with increased marine dinoflagellate cysts and foraminifera abundance suggested a marine sedimentary environment in the Taiwan Shoal. The high concentrations in Pinus corresponds to Holocene high sea level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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20 pages, 9003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facies Analysis and Sedimentary Architecture of Hybrid Event Beds in Submarine Lobes: Insights from the Crocker Fan, NW Borneo, Malaysia

by Muhammad Jamil, Numair Ahmed Siddiqui, Nisar Ahmed, Muhammad Usman, Muhammad Umar, Hamad ur Rahim and Qazi Sohail Imran

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101133 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3040

Abstract

Hybrid event beds represent the combined effect of multiple geological processes, which result in complex depositional geometries and distinct facies distribution in marine environments. Previous work on hybrid event beds highlights the classification, origin, and types of hybrid facies. However, in the present [...] Read more.

Hybrid event beds represent the combined effect of multiple geological processes, which result in complex depositional geometries and distinct facies distribution in marine environments. Previous work on hybrid event beds highlights the classification, origin, and types of hybrid facies. However, in the present study, we discuss the development of hybrid event beds in submarine lobes with an emphasis on the analysis of proximal to distal, frontal to lateral relationships and evolution during lobe progradation. Detailed geological fieldwork was carried out in the classical deep-marine Late Paleogene Crocker Fan to understand the relationship between the character of hybrid bed facies and lobe architecture. The results indicate that hybrid facies of massive or structureless sandstone with mud clasts, clean to muddy sand, and chaotic muddy sand with oversized sand patch alternations (H1–H3) are well developed in proximal to medial lobes, while distal lobes mainly contain parallel to cross-laminated clean to muddy hybrid facies (H3–H5). Furthermore, lateral lobes have less vertical thickness of hybrid beds than frontal lobes. The development of hybrid beds takes place in the lower part of the thickening upward sequence of lobe progradation, while lobe retrogradation contains hybrid facies intervals in the upper part of stratigraphy. Hence, the development of hybrid beds in submarine lobe systems has a significant impact on the characterization of heterogeneities in deep-marine petroleum reservoirs at sub-seismic levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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17 pages, 10235 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Depositional Environments in the Cilento Offshore (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy) Based on Marine Geological Data

by Gemma Aiello and Mauro Caccavale

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(10), 1083; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101083 - 4 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2258

Abstract

The depositional environments offshore of the Cilento Promontory have been reconstructed based on the geological studies performed in the frame of the marine geological mapping of the geological sheet n. 502 “Agropoli”. The littoral environment (toe-of-coastal cliff deposits and submerged beach deposits), the [...] Read more.

The depositional environments offshore of the Cilento Promontory have been reconstructed based on the geological studies performed in the frame of the marine geological mapping of the geological sheet n. 502 “Agropoli”. The littoral environment (toe-of-coastal cliff deposits and submerged beach deposits), the inner continental shelf environment (inner shelf deposits and bioclastic deposits), the outer continental shelf environment (outer shelf deposits and bioclastic deposits), the lowstand system tract and the Pleistocene relict marine units have been singled out. The littoral, inner shelf and outer shelf environments have been interpreted as the highstand system tract of the Late Quaternary depositional sequence. This sequence overlies the Cenozoic substratum (ssi unit), composed of Cenozoic siliciclastic rocks, genetically related with the Cilento Flysch. On the inner shelf four main seismo-stratigraphic units, overlying the undifferentiated acoustic basement have been recognized based on the geological interpretation of seismic profiles. On the outer shelf, palimpsest deposits of emerged to submerged beach and forming elongated dunes have been recognized on sub-bottom profiles and calibrated with gravity core data collected in previous papers. The sedimentological analysis of sea bottom samples has shown the occurrence of several grain sizes occurring in this portion of the Cilento offshore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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20 pages, 8386 KiB

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Depositional Setting and Cementation Pattern of Al-Mejarma Beachrocks, Saudi Arabia: A Proxy for the Late Quaternary Red Sea Coastal Evolution

by Ibrahim M. Ghandour, Hamad A. Al-Washmi, Athar A. Khan, Ammar A. Mannaa, Mohammed H. Aljahdali and Brian G. Jones

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(9), 1012; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091012 - 15 Sep 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2742

Abstract

This study utilizes lithofacies characteristics, petrographic, XRD, and stable isotope data of Al-Mejarma beachrocks, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, to interpret its depositional setting, origin of cement, and coastal evolution. The beachrock is 1.15 m thick, medium to very coarse-grained sandstone with scattered granules. [...] Read more.

This study utilizes lithofacies characteristics, petrographic, XRD, and stable isotope data of Al-Mejarma beachrocks, Red Sea, Saudi Arabia, to interpret its depositional setting, origin of cement, and coastal evolution. The beachrock is 1.15 m thick, medium to very coarse-grained sandstone with scattered granules. It shows massive to graded bedding, horizontal, ripple, and shore parallel to slightly oblique planar cross-laminations, with a remarkable absence of bioturbation. It was deposited by shore-parallel longshore currents in a relatively high-energy beach environment. The framework comprises quartz, feldspars, and lithic fragments admixed with biogenic remains of algae, mollusca, foraminifera, corals, and echinoids. They are cemented by high magnesium calcite in the form of isopachous rims and pore-filling blades, and rarely, as a meniscus bridge. The mean values of δ¹⁸O_VPDB and δ¹³C_VPDB are 0.44‰ and 3.65‰, respectively, suggesting a seawater origin for the cement. The framework composition, facies geometry, and association with back-barrier lagoon impose a deposition as a shoreface-beach barrier through two stages corresponding to the middle and late Holocene. The first stage attests landward migrating sediment accumulation and rapid marine cementation. The sediments stored offshore during the early and middle Holocene humid periods migrated landward from offshore and alongshore by onshore waves and longshore drift during the middle and late Holocene sea-level highstand. They were cemented to form beachrock and subsequently emerged as the late Holocene sea-level fell. Full article

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15 pages, 7328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beachrock as a Paleoshoreline Indicator: Example from Wadi Al-Hamd, South Al-Wajh, Saudi Arabia

by Ammar A. Mannaa, Rabea A. Haredy and Ibrahim M. Ghandour

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(9), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9090984 - 8 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2682

Abstract

The present study concerns the Holocene inland beachrocks that are exposed in the Red Sea coastal plain at the mouth of Wadi Al-Hamd, South Al-Wajh City, Saudi Arabia, and their utility as an indicator for Holocene climate and sea level changes. In addition, [...] Read more.

The present study concerns the Holocene inland beachrocks that are exposed in the Red Sea coastal plain at the mouth of Wadi Al-Hamd, South Al-Wajh City, Saudi Arabia, and their utility as an indicator for Holocene climate and sea level changes. In addition, the framework composition, and carbon and oxygen isotopic data, are employed to interpret the origin of their cement. The beachrock consists mainly of gravel and coarse-grained terrigenous sediments dominated by lithic fragments of volcanic rocks, cherts and rare limestones along with quartz, feldspars and traces of amphiboles and heavy minerals. In addition, rare skeletal remains dominated by coralline algae, benthic foraminifera and mollusca remains are recognized. The allochems are cemented by high Mg-calcite (HMC) formed mainly in the intertidal zone under active marine phreatic conditions. The cement takes the form of isopachous to anisopachous rinds of bladed crystals, micritic rim non-selectively surrounding siliciclastic and skeletal remains, and pore-filling micrite. Pore-filling micrite cement occasionally displays a meniscus fabric, suggesting a vadose environment. The δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of carbonate cement range from −0.35‰ to 1‰ (mean 0.25‰) and −0.09‰ to 3.03‰ (mean 1.85‰), respectively, which are compatible with precipitation from marine waters. The slight depletion in δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values in the proximal sample may suggest a slight meteoric contribution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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19 pages, 12546 KiB

Open AccessReview

Marine Geological Studies of the Bay of Naples (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy): Revised Applications of the Seismo-Stratigraphic Concepts and Evolving Technologies to a Late Quaternary Volcanic Area

by Gemma Aiello

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030416 - 26 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

Marine geological studies of Naples Bay are discussed and reviewed, focusing on the application of the seismo-stratigraphic concepts to a Late Quaternary volcanic area. The Naples Bay represents an active volcanic area in which the interactions between volcanic and sedimentary processes controlled a [...] Read more.

Marine geological studies of Naples Bay are discussed and reviewed, focusing on the application of the seismo-stratigraphic concepts to a Late Quaternary volcanic area. The Naples Bay represents an active volcanic area in which the interactions between volcanic and sedimentary processes controlled a complex stratigraphic architecture during the Late Quaternary period. While the volcanic processes took place in correspondence with the activity of the Somma–Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei Ischia, and Procida volcanic complexes, the sedimentary processes were controlled by the fluvial processes in the Sarno-Sebeto coastal plain and by the tectonic uplift in correspondence with the Sorrento Peninsula’s structural high Key geophysical and stratigraphic studies of the three active volcanic complexes are revised and discussed. The seismo-stratigraphic concepts applied in the geological interpretation of seismic profiles of Naples Bay are reviewed and discussed: here, the classical concepts of seismic and sequence stratigraphy have been successfully applied, but only partly, due to the occurrence of several buried volcanoes and volcanic seismic units and tephra layers, calibrated by gravity cores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Sedimentology and Coastal and Marine Geology)

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