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Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application
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Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 March 2022) | Viewed by 16573

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Fabian Westhauser

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
Interests: biomaterials; bone regeneration; bioactive glasses; bioceramics; tissue engineering; osteogenic differentiation; mesenchymal stromal cells; orthopedic surgery
Dr. Isabel Gonzalo de Juan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Material- und Geowissenschaften, TU Darmstadt, Otto-Berndt-Straße 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
Interests: biomaterials; synthesis; processing; characterization
Dr. Kunisch Elke

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center of Orthopedics, Traumatology and Spinal Cord Injury, Heidelberg University Hospital, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
Interests: biomaterials; bone regeneration; tissue engineering; biocompatibility analysis; mesenchymal stromal cell differentiation; cell biology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the development of the 45S5 bioactive glass composition in the late 1960s by Hench and co-workers, a growing family of bioactive glasses has become a relevant group of biomaterials in the field of tissue engineering due to their attractive properties. Bioactive glasses are biodegradable and their dissolution products stimulate bone precursor cells towards osteogenic differentiation. Mediated by changes on the glass surface and the precipitation of a carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite layer, bioactive glasses bond to surrounding tissues such as bone. Furthermore, certain therapeutic activity has been demonstrated upon modifying their network structure with suitable ions. Thus, bioactive glasses can be tailored towards specific biological requirements such as the stimulation of angiogenesis or the defense of bacterial growth and colonization. During recent decades, a versatile scientific community developed around bioactive glasses resulting in significant developments and dynamic activity in this particular research field.

This Special Issue is a platform to share recent innovations concerning the design, processing, and application of bioactive glasses that are intended for use in tissue engineering with a special focus on bone tissue engineering. It includes new developments in materials sciences, such as the production and characterization of new glass compositions, methods for three-dimensional manufacturing of glass scaffolds like additive manufacturing, modifying established glass compositions to adapt their biological properties towards a certain application, e.g. by the addition of therapeutic ions. Furthermore, analyses of the biological performance of bioactive glasses both in-vitro and in-vivo should be covered by this Special Issue including glass–cell interaction studies, investigations of the cell–material interface, the impact of glass surfaces on cellular behavior, the influence of certain ions on cell biology, or evaluations of the in-vivo potential of glasses, i.e., for application in bone defect models. Studies presenting pre-clinical or even clinical data of bioactive glasses will also be a part of this Special Issue.

Therefore, we would like to invite you to submit a manuscript to the Special Issue “Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing, and Application”. Full research articles, short communications, and comprehensive review papers covering all aspects of research concerning bioactive glasses for application in tissue engineering are welcome.

Dr. Fabian Westhauser
Dr. Isabel Gonzalo de Juan
Dr. Kunisch Elke
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Bioactive glasses
  • Tissue engineering
  • Biomaterials
  • Bioceramics
  • Scaffolds
  • Additive manufacturing
  • Cell material interaction
  • Biocompatibility analysis
  • Bone regeneration
  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Regenerative medicine
  • Therapeutic ions
  • Mesenchymal stromal cells
  • Osteoblast-like cell lines

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 6903 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Infection-Related Non-Unions with Bioactive Glass—A Promising Approach or Just Another Method of Dead Space Management?
by Holger Freischmidt, Jonas Armbruster, Catharina Rothhaas, Nadine Titze, Thorsten Guehring, Dennis Nurjadi, Robert Sonntag, Gerhard Schmidmaier, Paul Alfred Grützner and Lars Helbig
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051697 - 24 Feb 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2096
Abstract
The treatment of infected and non-infected non-unions remains a major challenge in trauma surgery. Due to the limited availability of autologous bone grafts and the need for local anti-infective treatment, bone substitutes have been the focus of tissue engineering for years. In this [...] Read more.
The treatment of infected and non-infected non-unions remains a major challenge in trauma surgery. Due to the limited availability of autologous bone grafts and the need for local anti-infective treatment, bone substitutes have been the focus of tissue engineering for years. In this context, bioactive glasses are promising, especially regarding their anti-infective potential, which could reduce the need for local and systemic treatment with conventional antibiotics. The aim of this study was to investigate the osteoinductive and osteoconductive effects, as well as the anti-infectious potential, of S53P4 using a standardized non-union model, which had not been investigated previously. Using an already established sequential animal model in infected and non-infected rat femora, we were able to investigate bioactive glass S53P4 under realistic non-union conditions regarding its osteoinductive, osteoconductive and anti-infective potential with the use of µCT scans, biomechanical testing and histological, as well as microbiological, analysis. Although S53P4 did not lead to a stable union in the non-infected or the infected setting, µCT analysis revealed an osteoinductive effect of S53P4 under non-infected conditions, which was diminished under infected conditions. The osteoconductive effect of S53P4 remained almost negligible in histological analysis, even 8 weeks after treatment. Additionally, the expected anti-infective effect could not be demonstrated. Our data suggested that S53P4 should not be used in infected non-unions, especially in those with large bone defects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application)
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17 pages, 10561 KiB  
Article
Polymer-Derived Biosilicate®-like Glass-Ceramics: Engineering of Formulations and Additive Manufacturing of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds
by Fulden Dogrul, Paulina Ożóg, Martin Michálek, Hamada Elsayed, Dušan Galusek, Liliana Liverani, Aldo R. Boccaccini and Enrico Bernardo
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185170 - 9 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2837
Abstract
Silicone resins, filled with phosphates and other oxide fillers, yield upon firing in air at 1100 °C, a product resembling Biosilicate® glass-ceramics, one of the most promising systems for tissue engineering applications. The process requires no preliminary synthesis of parent glass, and [...] Read more.
Silicone resins, filled with phosphates and other oxide fillers, yield upon firing in air at 1100 °C, a product resembling Biosilicate® glass-ceramics, one of the most promising systems for tissue engineering applications. The process requires no preliminary synthesis of parent glass, and the polymer route enables the application of direct ink writing (DIW) of silicone-based mixtures, for the manufacturing of reticulated scaffolds at room temperature. The thermal treatment is later applied for the conversion into ceramic scaffolds. The present paper further elucidates the flexibility of the approach. Changes in the reference silicone and firing atmosphere (from air to nitrogen) were studied to obtain functional composite biomaterials featuring a carbon phase embedded in a Biosilicate®-like matrix. The microstructure was further modified either through a controlled gas release at a low temperature, or by the revision of the adopted additive manufacturing technology (from DIW to digital light processing). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application)
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14 pages, 3146 KiB  
Article
Dissolution of Amorphous S53P4 Glass Scaffolds in Dynamic In Vitro Conditions
by Laura Aalto-Setälä, Peter Uppstu, Polina Sinitsyna, Nina C. Lindfors and Leena Hupa
Materials 2021, 14(17), 4834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14174834 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2664
Abstract
The silicate-based bioactive glass S53P4 is clinically used in bone regenerative applications in granule form. However, utilization of the glass in scaffold form has been limited by the high tendency of the glass to crystallize during sintering. Here, careful optimization of sintering parameters [...] Read more.
The silicate-based bioactive glass S53P4 is clinically used in bone regenerative applications in granule form. However, utilization of the glass in scaffold form has been limited by the high tendency of the glass to crystallize during sintering. Here, careful optimization of sintering parameters enabled the manufacture of porous amorphous S53P4 scaffolds with a strength high enough for surgical procedures in bone applications (5 MPa). Sintering was conducted in a laboratory furnace for times ranging from 25 to 300 min at 630 °C, i.e., narrowly below the commencement of the crystallization. The phase composition of the scaffolds was verified with XRD, and the ion release was tested in vitro and compared with granules in continuous flow of Tris buffer and simulated body fluid (SBF). The amorphous, porous S53P4 scaffolds present the possibility of using the glass composition in a wider range of applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application)
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Graphical abstract

15 pages, 3514 KiB  
Article
Biological Evaluation of a New Sodium-Potassium Silico-Phosphate Glass for Bone Regeneration: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies
by Elisa Fiume, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Avzal Akbarov, Nigora Ziyadullaeva, Andrea Cochis, Alessandro C. Scalia, Lia Rimondini, Enrica Verné and Francesco Baino
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164546 - 13 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2162
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo studies are fundamental steps in the characterization of new implantable materials to preliminarily assess their biological response. The present study reports the in vitro and in vivo characterizations of a novel experimental silicate bioactive glass (BG) (47.5B, 47.5SiO [...] Read more.
In vitro and in vivo studies are fundamental steps in the characterization of new implantable materials to preliminarily assess their biological response. The present study reports the in vitro and in vivo characterizations of a novel experimental silicate bioactive glass (BG) (47.5B, 47.5SiO2-10Na2O-10K2O-10MgO-20CaO-2.5P2O5 mol.%). Cytocompatibility tests were performed using human mature osteoblasts (U2OS), human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human endothelial cells (EA.hy926). The release of the early osteogenic alkaline phosphatase (ALP) marker suggested strong pro-osteogenic properties, as the amount was comparable between hMSCs cultivated onto BG surface and cells cultivated onto polystyrene control. Similarly, real-time PCR revealed that the osteogenic collagen I gene was overexpressed in cells cultivated onto BG surface without biochemical induction. Acute toxicity tests for the determination of the median lethal dose (LD50) allowed classifying the analyzed material as a slightly toxic substance with LD50 = 4522 ± 248 mg/kg. A statistically significant difference in bone formation was observed in vivo through comparing the control (untreated) group and the experimental one, proving a clear osteogenic effect induced by the implantation at the defect site. Complete resorption of 47.5B powder was observed after only 3 months in favor of newly formed tissue, thus confirming the high osteostimulatory potential of 47.5B glass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application)
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13 pages, 9642 KiB  
Article
Impact of Zinc- or Copper-Doped Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles on the Osteogenic Differentiation and Matrix Formation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
by Fabian Westhauser, Simon Decker, Qaisar Nawaz, Felix Rehder, Sebastian Wilkesmann, Arash Moghaddam, Elke Kunisch and Aldo R. Boccaccini
Materials 2021, 14(8), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14081864 - 9 Apr 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2769
Abstract
Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs) have gained relevance in bone tissue engineering, especially since they can be used as vectors for therapeutically active ions like zinc (Zn) or copper (Cu). In this study, the osteogenic properties of the ionic dissolution products (IDPs) of [...] Read more.
Mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles (MBGNs) have gained relevance in bone tissue engineering, especially since they can be used as vectors for therapeutically active ions like zinc (Zn) or copper (Cu). In this study, the osteogenic properties of the ionic dissolution products (IDPs) of undoped MBGNs (composition in mol%: 70 SiO2, 30 CaO) and MBGNs doped with 5 mol% of either Zn (5Zn-MBGNs) or Cu (5Cu-MBGNs; compositions in mol%: 70 SiO2, 25 CaO, 5 ZnO/CuO) on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells were evaluated. Extracellular matrix (ECM) formation and calcification were assessed, as well as the IDPs’ influence on viability, cellular osteogenic differentiation and the expression of genes encoding for relevant members of the ECM. The IDPs of undoped MBGNs and 5Zn-MBGNs had a comparable influence on cell viability, while it was enhanced by IDPs of 5Cu-MBGNs compared to the other MBGNs. IDPs of 5Cu-MBGNs had slightly positive effects on ECM formation and calcification. 5Zn-MBGNs provided the most favorable pro-osteogenic properties since they increased not only cellular osteogenic differentiation and ECM-related gene expression but also ECM formation and calcification significantly. Future studies should analyze other relevant properties of MBGNs, such as their impact on angiogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application)
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14 pages, 13895 KiB  
Article
A New Generation of Electrospun Fibers Containing Bioactive Glass Particles for Wound Healing
by Rachele Sergi, Valeria Cannillo, Aldo R. Boccaccini and Liliana Liverani
Materials 2020, 13(24), 5651; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245651 - 11 Dec 2020
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2760
Abstract
Chitosan fibers blended with polyethylene oxide (CHIT_PEO) and crosslinked with genipin were fabricated by electrospinning technique. Subsequently, CHIT_PEO bioactive glass composite electrospun mats were fabricated with the aim to achieve flexible structures with adequate mechanical properties and improved biological performance respect to CHIT_PEO [...] Read more.
Chitosan fibers blended with polyethylene oxide (CHIT_PEO) and crosslinked with genipin were fabricated by electrospinning technique. Subsequently, CHIT_PEO bioactive glass composite electrospun mats were fabricated with the aim to achieve flexible structures with adequate mechanical properties and improved biological performance respect to CHIT_PEO fibers, for potential applications in wound healing. Three different compositions of bioactive glasses (BG) were selected and investigated: 45S5 BG, a Sr and Mg containing bioactive glass (BGMS10) and a Zn-containing bioactive glass (BGMS_2Zn). Particulate BGs (particles size < 20 μm) were separately added to the starting CHIT_PEO solution before electrospinning. The two recently developed bioactive glasses (BGMS10 and BGMS_2Zn) showed very promising biological properties in terms of bioactivity and cellular viability; thus, such compositions were added for the first time to CHIT_PEO solution to fabricate composite electrospun mats. The incorporation of bioactive glass particles and their distribution into CHIT_PEO fibers were assessed by SEM and FTIR analyses. Furthermore, CHIT_PEO composite electrospun mats showed improved mechanical properties in terms of Young’s Modulus compared to neat CHIT_PEO fibers; on the contrary, the values of tensile strain at break (%) were comparable. Biological performance in terms of cellular viability was investigated by means of WST-8 assay and CHIT_PEO composite electrospun mats showed cytocompatibility and the desired cellular viability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Glasses in Tissue Engineering: Design, Processing and Application)
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