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Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 16279

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Alicia Celemin

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Guest Editor

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: prosthodontics; implant dentistry; digital dentistry; dental materials; additive manufacturing; computer-aided design; computer-aided manufacturing; CAD/CAM; color appearance; clinical trials; fatigue testing; ceramics

Dr. Pedro Molinero-Mourelle

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Guest Editor

Department of Reconstructive Dentistry and Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Interests: prosthodontics; implant prosthodontics; maxillofacial prosthetics

Dr. Maria Antonia Rivero González

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Guest Editor Assistant

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Orofacial Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Interests: Cad7Cam; advanced dental education; implant prosthesis; digital model; oral health; oral microbiome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In recent years, advancements in computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing processes for prosthodontics and restorative dentistry have allowed the development of designs and materials for both fixed and removable reconstructions, with favorable clinical outcomes. Moreover, these advancements have revolutionized the workflow for oral rehabilitation, allowing for the development of fully digital workflows.

Considering the current revolution in the development of new materials in combination with the concept of digital dentistry, the aim of this Special Issue entitled “Materials for prosthodontics, restorative dentistry and digital dentistry” is to address the last innovations in the field for material science.

This issue is open to studies that investigate the influence of the material characteristics, behavior and/or the manufacturing process of medical and dental devices through partial or total digital workflows. This Special Issue includes research into materials (in their characteristics, design, manufacturing, and clinical performance phases) for tissue substitutes, dental appliances, or prosthetic supplies. The study of materials science in restorative dentistry, dental and maxillofacial prosthetics, and digital dentistry is contemplated, e.g., fixed and removable devices, complete dentures, partial dentures, splints, dental implants, surgical guides, epitheses, auxiliary devices for preclinical and clinical application, as well as orthopedic and/or orthodontic appliances. Among others, both additive and subtractive manufacturing processes are within the scope of this Special Issue, covering metal alloys, dental ceramics, polymers, composites, and hybrid materials.

Original in vivo and in vitro articles that provide relevant innovations in materials science will be given priority; however, systematic reviews will be accepted.

Prof. Dr. Alicia Celemin
Dr. Pedro Molinero-Mourelle
Guest Editors

Dr. Maria Antonia Rivero González
Guest Editor Assistant

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Keywords

prosthodontics
restorative dentistry
implant dentistry
digital dentistry
CAD-CAM
additive manufacturing
subtractive manufacturing
dental ceramics, metal alloy, polymers, color appearance
in vitro research
clinical research

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 1028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Translucent Zirconia Laminate Veneers: The Influence of Restoration Thickness and Stump Tooth-Shade

by Salwa Mekled, Salma Elwazeer, Carlos A. Jurado, James White, Faddy Faddoul, Kelvin I. Afrashtehfar and Nicholas G. Fischer

Materials 2023, 16(8), 3030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16083030 - 11 Apr 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2986

Abstract

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the final shade of translucent zirconia laminate veneers with varying thicknesses over teeth with different shades. Seventy-five chairside computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) shade A1 third-generation zirconia dental veneers, with thicknesses of 0.50 mm, 0.75 mm, and 1.00 mm, were placed on resin composite teeth with shades ranging from A1 to A4. The laminate veneers were divided into groups based on thickness and background shade. All restorations were evaluated with a color imaging spectrophotometer, to map the veneer surface from A1 to D4. Regardless of the thickness or background shade, all dental veneers showed color alteration from the original shade. Veneers with 0.5 mm thickness tended to display the B1 shade, while veneers with 0.75 mm and 1.0 mm thickness primarily exhibited the B2 shade. The thickness of the laminate veneer and background shade significantly modified the original shade of the zirconia veneer. One-way analysis of variance was performed and a Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine the significance between the three veneer thicknesses groups. The results indicated that the thinner restorations showed higher values with the color imaging spectrophotometer, suggesting that thinner veneers may result in more consistent color matching. This study underscores the importance of carefully considering thickness and background shade when selecting zirconia laminate veneers, to ensure optimal color matching and overall aesthetic outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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9 pages, 750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy Ozone Therapy in Reducing Periodontal Disease

by Giulia Tetè, Teresa D’Amicantonio and Elisabetta Polizzi

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2375; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062375 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The aim of this study is to highlight the properties of ozone as an aid to non-surgical therapy compared to non-surgical therapy alone. This study included thirty Caucasian patients (eighteen women and twelve men) aged between 35 and 65, recruited at the Oral Hygiene and Prevention Center of the Dental Clinic of the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, at the San Raffaele hospital in Milan. The periodontal probing was recorded with a PC-PUNC 15 manual probe (Hu Friedy) at time 0; the scaling and root planing session was performed at T1 with or without the aid of ozone therapy, and then, the patients were re-evaluated at one month (T2), three months (T3), and six months (T4). The results obtained show that there are not statistically significant differences in terms of reduction in clinical periodontal indices such as plaque, bleeding, and pocket depth between the two groups. Therefore, treatment with ozoral gel would not seem to improve non-surgical periodontal therapy alone. However, clinical periodontal indices significantly improved in patients treated with non-surgical therapy and ozone gel. From this point of view, ozone gel can be used as an aid to non-surgical therapy due to its excellent characteristics, in particular, its powerful virucidal action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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13 pages, 1945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Different Artificial Staining Procedures on the Color Stability and Translucency of a Nano-Hybrid Resin-Based Composite

by Gaetano Paolone, Claudia Mazzitelli, Francesca Boggio, Lorenzo Breschi, Alessandro Vichi, Enrico Gherlone and Giuseppe Cantatore

Materials 2023, 16(6), 2336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16062336 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1648

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the effect of different experimental staining procedures on color stability and translucency of a nano-hybrid resin-based composite (RBC). Methods: Forty-eight cylindrical-shaped specimens (10 × 2 mm) were prepared with a nano-hybrid RBC (Clearfil Majesty ES-2) and randomly divided in four groups according to the experimental staining procedure: G1) static immersion in a staining solution (coffee) (44 ± 1 °C); G2) staining cycling between coffee (44 ± 1°C) and distilled water (37 ± 1°C) with an experimental staining machine based on Arduino, an Open Source hardware development platform; G3) staining cycles as in G2 + brushing with a low abrasive toothpaste (Relative Dentin Abrasion RDA = 30) (Elmex Sensitive Professional); G4) staining cycles as in G3, with brushing performed with a very strong abrasive toothpaste (RDA = 90) (Lacult Active). Color parameters were recorded at the baseline (T0) after staining procedures (T1) and repolishing (T2) using a spectrophotometer. Color change (∆E00) and translucency (TP, CR) were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed (p < 0.05). Results: For ∆E00 after staining, Group 1 showed the highest color change and Group 3 the lowest. All groups were significantly different (p < 0.001) except for Group 2 vs. Group 4; after repolishing, Group 1 was significantly higher than Group 3 (p < 0.001), Group 2 (p < 0.001), and Group 4 (p = 0.003); Group 2 was higher than Group 3 (p < 0.001). For TP variable, after staining procedures, Group 2 was significantly higher than all other groups (p < 0.001), and Group 1 was significantly higher than Group 3 (p < 0.001) and Group 4 (p = 0.007). After repolishing, Group 4 was significantly lower than Group 3 (p = 0.008) and Group 2 (p = 0.027). Repolishing procedure significantly reduced color parameters. Conclusions: The investigated staining procedure induced significant differences in color stability and translucency. The use of a very strong abrasive toothpaste (RDA = 90) induced higher color change than a low abrasive one (RDA = 30). Repolishing procedures are able to partially reduce color change induced by artificial staining procedures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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16 pages, 9889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aesthetic Restorations: The Role of The Dental Hygienist in Professional Maintenance: In Vitro Microbiological Study

by Lorenza Francesca Di Petto, Giulia Tetè, Mara Hera and Elisabetta Polizzi

Materials 2023, 16(4), 1373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16041373 - 6 Feb 2023

Viewed by 1631

Abstract

The aim of this in vitro study is to try to identify a treatment in the field of professional oral hygiene techniques that is ideal and less invasive with regard to prosthetic restorations, chosen in lithium disilicate and feldspar ceramics. Seventeen veneers were prepared (eight in lithium disilicate and nine in feldspar ceramic) and each of them was attached to an extracted tooth. The treatment groups were initially contaminated in the Microbiology Laboratory of Università Vita—Salute San Raffaele. After 24 h they were treated with four different methods of professional oral hygiene and were then sent to the Microscopy Laboratory, in which they were analysed by SEM, with 180X, 250X, and 500X magnification, to assess any damage caused to the treated surfaces. The SEM analysis produced 64 images that were evaluated by an experienced dentist, and the use of the prophetic cup seemed to be the most suitable among the evaluated treatments. However, from a microbiological point of view, this method was the least effective in terms of reducing bacterial growth. In this regard, the use of a prophylactic rubber cup combined with a 0.20% chlorhexidine gel is recommended during professional oral hygiene sessions for the maintenance of aesthetic prosthetic restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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12 pages, 2256 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Factory Crystallized Silicates for Monolithic Metal-Free Restorations: A Flexural Strength and Translucency Comparison Test

by Alessandro Vichi, Zejiao Zhao, Gaetano Paolone, Nicola Scotti, Mahdi Mutahar, Cecilia Goracci and Chris Louca

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7834; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217834 - 6 Nov 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 2616

Abstract

Flexural strength (FS) and translucency (Contrast Ratio-CR) of three different factory crystallized silica-based glass ceramics, Celtra Duo (CD), N!ce (NI) and Li-Si Block, a lithium disilicate, IPS e.max CAD (LD), and a leucite-reinforced feldspathic ceramic, Empress CAD (EM), in two different translucencies (HT and LT) for use in chairside dental restorations have been compared. CAD blocks of the materials were cut into beams and tiles and processed following manufacturers’ instructions. The beams were tested (3-PBT) to determine flexural strength, Weibull characteristic strength, and Weibull modulus; and tiles were tested to determine CR. All data were statistically analyzed. In addition, SEM analysis of the materials was performed. Differences in flexural strength (FS) and translucency (CR) between the materials were found to be statistically significant. FS decreased as follows (MPa): LDHT 350.88 ± 19.77 (a) = LDLT 343.57 ± 18.48 (a) > LSLT 202.15 ± 17.41 (b) = LSHT 196.93 ± 8.87 > NIHT 186.69 ± 13.06 (c) = CDLT 184.73 ± 13.63 (c) = CDHT 174.15 ± 21.76 (c) = NILT 172.12 ± 11.98 (c) > EMHT 131.16 ± 13.33 (e) = EMLT 127.65 ± 11.09. CR decreased as follows (mean ± sd): CDLT 74.1 ± 1.1 (a); LSLT 74.0 ± 1.1 (ab); NILT 73.3 ± 0.8 (ab); EMLT 73.0 ± 1.5 (ab); NIHT 72.4 ± 1.0 (bc); LDLT 71.3 ± 1.1 (bc); LTHT 65.2 ± 0.9 (de); LSHT 63.8 ± 1.1 (def); EMHT 636 ± 1.2 (ef); CDHT 62.2 ± 0.8 (f). Our findings show that factory-crystallized lithium silicate glass ceramics fulfill ISO standards for Classes 1 and 2. Therefore, they can be considered viable alternatives to produce single-unit restorations with a chairside procedure not requiring thermal treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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11 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influences of Toothbrushing and Different Toothpastes on the Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Interim Prosthodontic Materials

by Ayşegül Köroğlu, Onur Şahin, Ahmet Serkan Küçükekenci, Doğu Ömür Dede, Hüsniye Yıldırım and Burak Yilmaz

Materials 2022, 15(17), 5831; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175831 - 24 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2486

Abstract

The surface properties and color stability of interim crown materials may vary depending on the toothbrushing procedure. This study aimed to investigate the effects of toothbrushing and different toothpastes on the surface roughness (R_a) and color stability of different interim crown materials. Disc-shaped specimens were prepared from four interim crown materials (Tab 2000 (ChPM), Imident (LaPM), Protemp 4 (ChDM), and Telio-CAD (CadPM)). Specimens were divided into four subgroups for the control group (Cnt) and for simulated toothbrushing with distilled water (Dw) or with two different toothpastes (whitening toothpaste (WTp), activated charcoal toothpaste (ACTp)). The specimens’ R_a values were measured before and after 10,000 cycles of toothbrushing. The color parameters were measured and the color differences (ΔE₀₀) were calculated. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s HSD tests. A significant increase in the R_a values was observed after toothbrushing, except for the LaPM_Dw, ChDM_Dw, and all the CadPM specimens (p < 0.05). Toothbrushing with toothpastes increased the ΔE₀₀ values of all ChPM and ChDM interim materials (p < 0.05). Before and after all toothbrushing procedures, the CadPM specimens had smoother and ChPM specimens had rougher surfaces than the other interim materials. The two tested toothpastes had similar effects on the R_a of all interim materials. Non-perceivable color changes were seen only with the CadPM_Dw group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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Review

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12 pages, 613 KiB

Open AccessReview

Flexural Strength of CAD/CAM Lithium-Based Silicate Glass–Ceramics: A Narrative Review

by Alvaro Munoz, Zejiao Zhao, Gaetano Paolone, Chris Louca and Alessandro Vichi

Materials 2023, 16(12), 4398; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124398 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1787

Abstract

Amongst chairside CAD/CAM materials, the use of lithium-based silicate glass–ceramics (LSGC) for indirect restorations has recently been increasing. Flexural strength is one of the most important parameters to consider in the clinical selection of materials. The aim of this paper is to review the flexural strength of LSGC and the methods used to measure it. Methods: The electronic search was completed within PubMed database from 2 June 2011 to 2 June 2022. English-language papers investigating the flexural strength of IPS e.max CAD, Celtra Duo, Suprinity PC, and n!ce CAD/CAM blocks were included in the search strategy. Results: From 211 potential articles, a total of 26 were identified for a comprehensive analysis. Categorization per material was carried out as follows: IPS e.max CAD (n = 27), Suprinity PC (n = 8), Celtra Duo (n = 6), and n!ce (n = 1). The three-point bending test (3-PBT) was used in 18 articles, followed by biaxial flexural test (BFT) in 10 articles, with one of these using the four-point bending test (4-PBT) as well. The most common specimen dimension was 14 × 4 × 1.2 mm (plates) for the 3-PBT and 12 × 1.2 mm (discs) for BFT. The flexural strength values for LSGC materials varied widely between the studies. Significance: As new LSGC materials are launched on the market, clinicians need to be aware of their flexural strength differences, which could influence the clinical performance of restorations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials for Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Digital Dentistry)

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