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Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion
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Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2022) | Viewed by 14539

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Aleksandra Kolano-Burian

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, Gliwice, Poland
Interests: soft magnetic materials; magnetocaloric materials; amorphous and nanocrystalline materials; melt-spinning technique
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Łukasz Hawełek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Non-Ferrous Metals, 5 Sowinskiego Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: soft magnetic materials; magnetocaloric materials; metallic glasses; carbonaceous materials; pair distribution function; crystal structure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Soft magnetic nanocomposites play a fundamental role in designing power electronic and electrical machine components and devices. The accelerated expansion of global energy demands within the recent decade may be interpreted as an indicator of quality of life and the environment. Energy technologies hinge on efficient conversion and power densification. Magnetic materials, some of which are subject to supply risks, price volatility, or concerns about long-term availability, have been shown to have significant impacts on viability, reliability, and efficiency of power conversion.

There are many aspects of the development of magnetic components to maximize their performance and efficiency in the dedicated application, such as material development and technological aspects. Nanocomposite magnetic materials are usually obtained in the form of powders, ribbons, or bulks by using various production methods, including atomization processes, mechanical alloying, wet chemical synthesis, rapid quenching methods, and additive manufacturing techniques. The post-processing treatment for such obtained materials also plays a crucial role. The proper combination of the optimized chemical composition of the materials and their production technologies makes it possible to enhance their magnetic and mechanical properties demanded by the precisely defined application.

This Special Issue, “Nanocomposite magnetic materials for energy conversion”, will address advances in materials science, processing, and the characterization and application aspects of various types of functional magnetic materials, including soft magnetic nanocomposites, hybrid materials, shape memory alloys, and electromagnetic absorbers.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews on the properties, modeling, and characterizations of nanocomposite magnetic materials are all welcome.

Dr. Aleksandra Kolano-Burian
Dr. Łukasz Hawełek
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanocomposites
  • amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic materials
  • melt-spinning technique
  • additive manufacturing
  • ultra-rapid annealing
  • shape memory alloys
  • electromagnetic absorbers
  • structural characterization
  • magnetic and mechanical properties
  • corrosion resistance

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 6069 KiB  
Article
Effect of Cu Substitution and Heat Treatment on Phase Formation and Magnetic Properties of Sm12Co88−xCux Melt-Spun Ribbons
by Feilong Dai, Peipei Liu, Lin Luo, Dekang Chen, Qingrong Yao and Jiang Wang
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4494; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134494 - 25 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1385
Abstract
The phase structure and microstructure of Sm12Co88−xCux (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; at.%) as-cast alloys and melt-spun ribbons prepared via the arc-melting method and melt-spun technology were studied experimentally by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning [...] Read more.
The phase structure and microstructure of Sm12Co88−xCux (x = 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; at.%) as-cast alloys and melt-spun ribbons prepared via the arc-melting method and melt-spun technology were studied experimentally by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that the Sm12Co88−xCux (x = 0) as-cast alloy contains Sm2Co17 and Sm5Co19 phases, while the Sm12Co88−xCux (x = 2) as-cast alloy is composed of Sm2Co17, Sm2Co7 and Sm(Co, Cu)5 phases. Sm2Co17 and Sm(Co, Cu)5 phases are detected in Sm12Co88−xCux (x = 4, 6, 8, 10) as-cast alloys. Meanwhile, Sm12Co88−xCux ribbons show a single SmCo7 phase, which is still formed in the ribbons annealed at 1023 K for one hour. After annealed at 1123 K for two hours, cooled slowly down to 673 K at 0.5 K/min and then kept for four hours, the ribbons are composed of Sm2Co17 and Sm(Co, Cu)5 phases. The magnetic measurements of Sm12Co88−xCux ribbons were performed by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results exhibit that the maximum magnetic energy product ((BH)max), the coercivity (Hcj) and the remanence (Br) of the Sm12Co88−xCux ribbons increase generally with the increase in Cu substitution. In particular, the magnetic properties of the ribbons annealed at 1123 K and 673 K increase significantly with the increase in Cu substitution, resulting from the increase in the volume fraction of the formed Sm(Co, Cu)5 phase after heat treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion)
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13 pages, 3998 KiB  
Article
Structure and Magnetic Properties of Thermodynamically Predicted Rapidly Quenched Fe85-xCuxB15 Alloys
by Lukasz Hawelek, Tymon Warski, Adrian Radon, Adam Pilsniak, Wojciech Maziarz, Maciej Szlezynger, Mariola Kadziolka-Gawel and Aleksandra Kolano-Burian
Materials 2021, 14(24), 7807; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247807 - 16 Dec 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2344
Abstract
In this work, based on the thermodynamic prediction, the comprehensive studies of the influence of Cu for Fe substitution on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the rapidly quenched Fe85B15 alloy in the ribbon form are performed. Using thermodynamic [...] Read more.
In this work, based on the thermodynamic prediction, the comprehensive studies of the influence of Cu for Fe substitution on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of the rapidly quenched Fe85B15 alloy in the ribbon form are performed. Using thermodynamic calculations, the parabolic shape dependence of the ΔGamoprh with a minimum value at 0.6% of Cu was predicted. The ΔGamoprh from the Cu content dependence shape is also asymmetric, and, for Cu = 0% and Cu = 1.5%, the same ΔGamoprh value is observed. The heat treatment optimization process of all alloys showed that the least lossy (with a minimum value of core power losses) is the nanocomposite state of nanocrystals immersed in an amorphous matrix obtained by annealing in the temperature range of 300–330 °C for 20 min. The minimum value of core power losses P10/50 (core power losses at 1T@50Hz) of optimally annealed Fe85-xCuxB15 x = 0,0.6,1.2% alloys come from completely different crystallization states of nanocomposite materials, but it strongly correlates with Cu content and, thus, a number of nucleation sites. The TEM observations showed that, for the Cu-free alloy, the least lossy crystal structure is related to 2–3 nm short-ordered clusters; for the Cu = 0.6% alloy, only the limited value of several α-Fe nanograins are found, while for the Cu-rich alloy with Cu = 1.2%, the average diameter of nanograins is about 26 nm, and they are randomly distributed in the amorphous matrix. The only high number of nucleation sites in the Cu = 1.2% alloy allows for a sufficient level of grains’ coarsening of the α-Fe phase that strongly enhances the ferromagnetic exchange between the α-Fe nanocrystals, which is clearly seen with the increasing value of saturation induction up to 1.7T. The air-annealing process tested on studied alloys for optimal annealing conditions proves the possibility of its use for this type of material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion)
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18 pages, 3925 KiB  
Article
Influence of Magnetite Nanoparticles Shape and Spontaneous Surface Oxidation on the Electron Transport Mechanism
by Adrian Radoń, Mariola Kądziołka-Gaweł, Dariusz Łukowiec, Piotr Gębara, Katarzyna Cesarz-Andraczke, Aleksandra Kolano-Burian, Patryk Włodarczyk, Marcin Polak and Rafał Babilas
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185241 - 12 Sep 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
The spontaneous oxidation of a magnetite surface and shape design are major aspects of synthesizing various nanostructures with unique magnetic and electrical properties, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility. In this article, the roles of different organic modifiers on the shape and formation of an [...] Read more.
The spontaneous oxidation of a magnetite surface and shape design are major aspects of synthesizing various nanostructures with unique magnetic and electrical properties, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility. In this article, the roles of different organic modifiers on the shape and formation of an oxidized layer composed of maghemite were discussed and described in the context of magnetic and electrical properties. It was confirmed that Fe3O4 nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of triphenylphosphine could be characterized by cuboidal shape, a relatively low average particle size (9.6 ± 2.0 nm), and high saturation magnetization equal to 55.2 emu/g. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that low-frequency conductivity and dielectric properties are related to surface disordering and oxidation. The electric energy storage possibility increased for nanoparticles with a disordered and oxidized surface, whereas the dielectric losses in these particles were strongly related to their size. The cuboidal magnetite nanoparticles synthesized in the presence of triphenylphosphine had an ultrahigh electrical conductivity (1.02 × 10−4 S/cm at 10 Hz) in comparison to the spherical ones. At higher temperatures, the maghemite content altered the behavior of electrons. The electrical conductivity can be described by correlated barrier hopping or overlapping large polaron tunneling. Interestingly, the activation energies of electrons transport by the surface were similar for all the analyzed nanoparticles in low- and high-temperature ranges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion)
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18 pages, 7150 KiB  
Article
Effect of Co Substitution and Thermo-Magnetic Treatment on the Structure and Induced Magnetic Anisotropy of Fe84.5−xCoxNb5B8.5P2 Nanocrystalline Alloys
by Aleksandra Kolano-Burian, Przemyslaw Zackiewicz, Agnieszka Grabias, Anna Wojcik, Wojciech Maziarz, Maciej Szlezynger, Patryk Wlodarczyk, Maciej Kowalczyk and Lukasz Hawelek
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3433; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123433 - 21 Jun 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2518
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated in detail the thermal/crystallization behavior and magnetic properties of materials with Fe84.5-xCoxNb5B8.5P2 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 at.%) composition. The amorphous ribbons were manufactured on [...] Read more.
In the present work, we investigated in detail the thermal/crystallization behavior and magnetic properties of materials with Fe84.5-xCoxNb5B8.5P2 (x = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 at.%) composition. The amorphous ribbons were manufactured on a semi-industrial scale by the melt-spinning technique. The subsequent nanocrystallization processes were carried out under different conditions (with/without magnetic field). The comprehensive studies have been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, hysteresis loop analyses, vibrating sample magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Moreover, the frequency (up to 300 kHz) dependence of power losses and permeability at a magnetic induction up to 0.9 T was investigated. On the basis of some of the results obtained, we calculated the values of the activation energies and the induced magnetic anisotropies. The X-ray diffraction results confirm the surface crystallization effect previously observed for phosphorous-containing alloys. The in situ microscopic observations of crystallization describe this process in detail in accordance with the calorimetry results. Furthermore, the effect of Co content on the phase composition and the influence of annealing in an external magnetic field on magnetic properties, including the orientation of the magnetic spins, have been studied using various magnetic techniques. Finally, nanocrystalline Fe64.5Co20Nb5B8.5P2 cores were prepared after transverse thermo-magnetic heat treatment and installed in industrially available portable heating equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion)
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13 pages, 5736 KiB  
Article
Influence of Cu Content on Structure, Thermal Stability and Magnetic Properties in Fe72−xNi8Nb4CuxSi2B14 Alloys
by Tymon Warski, Adrian Radon, Przemyslaw Zackiewicz, Patryk Wlodarczyk, Marcin Polak, Anna Wojcik, Wojciech Maziarz, Aleksandra Kolano-Burian and Lukasz Hawelek
Materials 2021, 14(4), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040726 - 4 Feb 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2386
Abstract
The effect of substitution of Fe by Cu on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of Fe72−xNi8Nb4CuxSi2B14 alloys (x = 0.6, 1.1, 1.6 at.%) in the form of ribbons was [...] Read more.
The effect of substitution of Fe by Cu on the crystal structure and magnetic properties of Fe72−xNi8Nb4CuxSi2B14 alloys (x = 0.6, 1.1, 1.6 at.%) in the form of ribbons was investigated. The chemical composition of the materials was established on the basis of the calculated minima of thermodynamic parameters: Gibbs free energy of amorphous phase formation ΔGamorph (minimum at 0.6 at.% of Cu) and Gibbs free energy of mixing ΔGmix (minimum at 1.6 at.% of Cu). The characteristic crystallization temperatures Tx1onset and Tx1 of the alpha-iron phase together with the activation energy Ea for the as-spun samples were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with a heating rate of 10–100 °C/min. In order to determine the optimal soft magnetic properties, the wound cores were subjected to a controlled isothermal annealing process in the temperature range of 340–640 °C for 20 min. Coercivity Hc, saturation induction Bs and core power losses at B = 1 T and frequency f = 50 Hz P10/50 were determined for all samples. Moreover, for the samples with the lowest Hc and P10/50, the magnetic losses were determined in a wider frequency range 50 Hz–400 kHz. The real and imaginary parts of the magnetic permeability µ′, µ″ along with the cut-off frequency were determined for the samples annealed at 360, 460, and 560 °C. The best soft magnetic properties (i.e., the lowest value of Hc and P10/50) were observed for samples annealed at 460 °C, with Hc = 4.88–5.69 A/m, Bs = 1.18–1.24 T, P10/50 = 0.072–0.084 W/kg, µ′ = 8350–10,630 and cutoff frequency at 8–9.3 × 104 Hz. The structural study of as-spun and annealed ribbons was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion)
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10 pages, 2880 KiB  
Article
The Structure and Magnetic Properties of Rapidly Quenched Fe72Ni8Nb4Si2B14 Alloy
by Lukasz Hawelek, Tymon Warski, Patryk Wlodarczyk, Marcin Polak, Przemyslaw Zackiewicz, Wojciech Maziarz, Anna Wojcik, Magdalena Steczkowska-Kempka and Aleksandra Kolano-Burian
Materials 2021, 14(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010005 - 22 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2357
Abstract
The complex structural and magnetic studies of the annealed rapidly quenched Cu-free Fe72Ni8Nb4Si2B14 alloy (metallic ribbons form) are reported here. Based on the calorimetric results, the conventional heat treatment process (with heating rate 10 [...] Read more.
The complex structural and magnetic studies of the annealed rapidly quenched Cu-free Fe72Ni8Nb4Si2B14 alloy (metallic ribbons form) are reported here. Based on the calorimetric results, the conventional heat treatment process (with heating rate 10 °C/min and subsequent isothermal annealing for 20 min) for wound toroidal cores has been optimized to obtain the least lossy magnetic properties (for the minimum value of coercivity and magnetic core losses at 50 Hz). For optimal conditions, the complex permeability in the 104–108 Hz frequency range together with core power losses obtained from magnetic induction dependence up to the frequency of 400 kHz was successfully measured. The average and local crystal structure was investigated by the use of the X-ray diffraction method and the transmission electron microscopy observations and proved its fully glassy state. Additionally, for the three temperature values, i.e., 310, 340 and 370 °C, the glass relaxation process study in the function of annealing time was carried out to obtain a deeper insight into the soft magnetic properties: magnetic permeability and cut-off frequency. For this type of Cu-free soft magnetic materials, the control of glass relaxation process (time and temperature) is extremely important to obtain proper magnetic properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Magnetic Materials for Energy Conversion)
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