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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures
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Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 April 2025 | Viewed by 9026

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Pozorski

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Guest Editor
Institute of Structural Analysis, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: mechanics of sandwich panels; composites; local instability; structure identification; dynamics; optimization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Jörg Lange

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Sciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
Interests: sandwich panels; additive manufacturing; bolted connections; design of steel structures for high temperatures
Prof. Dr. Agnieszka Sabik

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
Interests: mechanics of multilayered composite shells; stability of shells; sandwich plates and shells; thermal instability; failure of composite shells; finite element modeling; 3D-printed laminates

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Materials is devoted to the analysis of sandwich structures. This type of structure has been widely known for many years, and their indisputable advantages make them an attractive topic of research. Furthermore, the availability of modern production technologies means that sandwich structures are being perfected. This Special Issue is an attempt to present current problems concerning the mechanics of sandwich structures, examples of new applications and modern research methods, and possible new areas of implementation.

Among others, the following topics on sandwich structures are the main focus areas of this Special Issue: experimental identification of material parameters, structural behaviour, local or global instability, application of functionally graded materials, non-homogeneity and anisotropy of materials, numerical modeling, shear deformability, nonlinear effects, creep of materials, failure prediction, and new core materials.

There are no particular restrictions on the thematic areas of this Special Issue as long as the submitted manuscripts relate to sandwich structures. Materials readers and authors are encouraged to submit their latest research work in these areas, with an emphasis on experimental and numerical analysis.

Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Pozorski
Prof. Dr. Jörg Lange
Prof. Dr. Agnieszka Sabik
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • composite structures
  • sandwich structures
  • thin-walled structures
  • finite element method
  • experimental methods
  • local instability
  • material identification
  • inverse problems
  • sensitivity analysis

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

10 pages, 4104 KiB  
Article
Numerical and Experiment Analysis of Sapphire Sandwich-Structure Fabry–Perot Pressure Sensor through Fast Fourier Transform and Mean Square Error Demodulation Algorithm
by Zhenyin Hai, Zhixuan Su, Rui Liang, Maocheng Guo, Hongtian Zhu, Jun Chen, Qi Zhang, Yue Chen, Runze Lin, Yihang Zhang, Zewang Zhang and Chenyang Xue
Materials 2024, 17(15), 3649; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17153649 - 24 Jul 2024
Viewed by 876
Abstract
Pressure sensors prepared from sapphire exhibit excellent characteristics, including high-temperature resistance, high hardness, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. A Fast Fourier Transform and Mean Square Error (FFT-MSE) demodulation algorithm was employed to demodulate a sapphire sandwich-structure Fabry–Perot (F-P) pressure sensor. Through simulation analysis, [...] Read more.
Pressure sensors prepared from sapphire exhibit excellent characteristics, including high-temperature resistance, high hardness, and resistance to electromagnetic interference. A Fast Fourier Transform and Mean Square Error (FFT-MSE) demodulation algorithm was employed to demodulate a sapphire sandwich-structure Fabry–Perot (F-P) pressure sensor. Through simulation analysis, the experimental results indicated that the demodulation error of the air cavity length in the range of 206 μm to 216 μm was less than 0.0008%. Compared to single demodulation methods and combined demodulation methods based on FFT or Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), the method proposed in this work reduced the demodulation error by more than three times and increased accuracy by more than six times. The algorithm was utilized to demodulate the sapphire sandwich-structure F-P pressure sensor, and the test results indicated that the fitting error of the sensor was less than 0.025% within the pressure range of 0 MPa to 10 MPa. The repeatability error was less than 0.066%, the zero-point deviation was 1.26%, and the maximum stability deviation was 0.0063% per 30 min. The algorithm effectively demodulated the actual cavity length variation in the sapphire sandwich-structure F-P pressure sensor, providing a solution for the performance evaluation of the sapphire sandwich-structure F-P pressure sensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures)
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20 pages, 6543 KiB  
Article
Warping Torsion in Sandwich Panels: Analyzing the Structural Behavior through Experimental and Numerical Studies
by Eric Man Pradhan and Jörg Lange
Materials 2024, 17(2), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020460 - 18 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1180
Abstract
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of sandwich panels that, beyond handling well-known bending stress, can withstand torsional stresses. This is particularly relevant for wall applications when the panels are equipped with photovoltaic or supplemental curtain wall modules. This [...] Read more.
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of sandwich panels that, beyond handling well-known bending stress, can withstand torsional stresses. This is particularly relevant for wall applications when the panels are equipped with photovoltaic or supplemental curtain wall modules. This research article presents a detailed exploration of the structural behavior of eccentrically loaded sandwich panels, with a specific focus on warping torsion. Experimental and numerical studies were conducted on polyisocyanurate (PU) core sandwich panels, commonly employed in building envelopes. These studies involved various dimensions and material properties, while omitting longitudinal joints. The experimental study provided essential insights and validated the numerical model in ANSYS. Enabling parametric variation, the numerical analysis extends the analysis beyond the experimental scope. Results revealed a high degree of correlation between experimental, numerical, and analytical solutions, regarding the rotation, as well as the normal and shear stress of the panel. Confirming the general applicability of warping torsion in sandwich panels with certain limitations, the study contributes valuable data for applications and design of eccentrically loaded sandwich panels, laying the foundation for potential engineering calculation methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures)
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19 pages, 9879 KiB  
Article
Material Behavior of PIR Rigid Foam in Sandwich Panels: Studies beyond Construction Industry Standard
by Sonja Steineck and Jörg Lange
Materials 2024, 17(2), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020418 - 14 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1561
Abstract
A deep understanding of the material parameters and the behavior of sandwich panels, which are used in the construction industry as roof and façade cladding, is important for the design of these construction components. Due to the constant changes in the polyurethane (PU) [...] Read more.
A deep understanding of the material parameters and the behavior of sandwich panels, which are used in the construction industry as roof and façade cladding, is important for the design of these construction components. Due to the constant changes in the polyurethane (PU) foams used as a core material, the experimental database for the current foams is small. Nowadays, there is an increasing number of failures of façade and roof panels after installation. This article presents a variety of experimental investigations on sandwich panels from two manufacturers with a core of polyisocyanurate (PIR) rigid foam (density: 40 kg/m3). As part of this study, compression, tension, shear, and bending tests were performed in several spatial directions and over the range required by the standard. The results of the tests showed the orthotropy of the core material and the dependence of the material on the direction and type of load. The stress-strain curves showed linear and non-linear areas. Using the data from this experimental study, a numerical model was implemented which utilized the Hill yield criterion to represent the orthotropy of the core material. The present investigation suggests that the classical von Mises failure criterion, used in many studies, is not suitable for the foam system applied in these sandwich panels. Instead, the Tsai–Wu criterion is more appropriate for defining the failure stresses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures)
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18 pages, 7052 KiB  
Article
Numerical, Theoretical, and Experimental Analysis of LVL-CFRP Sandwich Structure
by Michał Marcin Bakalarz and Paweł Grzegorz Kossakowski
Materials 2024, 17(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17010061 - 22 Dec 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1258
Abstract
Optimization of structural elements via composition of different components is a significant scientific and practical point-of-view problem aimed at obtaining more economical and environmentally friendly solutions. This paper presents the results of a static work analysis of small-size laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams [...] Read more.
Optimization of structural elements via composition of different components is a significant scientific and practical point-of-view problem aimed at obtaining more economical and environmentally friendly solutions. This paper presents the results of a static work analysis of small-size laminated veneer lumber (LVL) beams reinforced by a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheet. The nominal dimensions of LVL beams were 45 × 45 × 850 mm, and 0.333- and 0.666-mm thick reinforcement layers were used. The reinforcement was applied on opposite sides of the cross section obtaining a sandwich-type structure. An epoxy resin was used as a bonding layer. The bending tests were conducted in the so-called four-point bending static scheme in edgewise and flatwise conditions. The results of experimental tests confirmed the validity of this combination of materials. The highest load-bearing capacity was obtained for configuration, where CFRP sheets with a thickness of 0.666 mm were placed on the sides of the core, parallel to the direction of loading and the veneer’s grain in the core. The increase in this case was up to a maximum of 57% compared to the core alone. The highest bending stiffness increase, 182% compared to the core alone, involves placing two layers of sheets perpendicular to the direction of loading, i.e., on the upper and lower surfaces. The presented novel sandwich structure can be competitive against traditional steel and reinforced concrete elements in civil engineering and can be utilized as beams or slabs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures)
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18 pages, 6806 KiB  
Article
Determination of Thermal Properties of Mineral Wool Required for the Safety Analysis of Sandwich Panels Subjected to Fire Loads
by El Mehdi Ablaoui, Michał Malendowski, Wojciech Szymkuc and Zbigniew Pozorski
Materials 2023, 16(17), 5852; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175852 - 26 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1526
Abstract
The paper presents theoretical, experimental and numerical studies on the thermal behavior of mineral wool used in sandwich panels. The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal properties of mineral wool at elevated temperatures and provide a simple model that would [...] Read more.
The paper presents theoretical, experimental and numerical studies on the thermal behavior of mineral wool used in sandwich panels. The aim of this study is to investigate the thermal properties of mineral wool at elevated temperatures and provide a simple model that would allow us to determine the heat propagation in sandwich panels during a fire. The paper proposes a new method to experimentally evaluate thermal diffusivity, derived from theoretical premises. Experiments are conducted in a laboratory furnace where specimens are placed and temperatures inside specimens are measured. Different methods are used to process the test results and calculate the thermal diffusivity of mineral wool. Finally, a numerical analysis of heat transfer using the finite element method (FEM) is performed to validate the obtained thermal properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures)
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17 pages, 9433 KiB  
Article
The Out-Of-Plane Compression Behavior of In Situ Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)-Foam-Filled Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Structures
by Tuğba Selcen Atalay Kalsen, Hakan Burak Karadağ and Yasin Ramazan Eker
Materials 2023, 16(15), 5350; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16155350 - 30 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1696
Abstract
In this study, the mechanical behavior of aluminum honeycomb (AHC) sandwich structures filled with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) foam in situ under out-of-plane compression loading was investigated experimentally. Both non-filled and EVA-foam-filled sandwich specimens with three different AHC core cell sizes (5.20, [...] Read more.
In this study, the mechanical behavior of aluminum honeycomb (AHC) sandwich structures filled with ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) foam in situ under out-of-plane compression loading was investigated experimentally. Both non-filled and EVA-foam-filled sandwich specimens with three different AHC core cell sizes (5.20, 6.78, and 8.66 mm) were studied to correlate the foam-filling effect with a key structural parameter. The results showed that compression characteristic properties such as peak stress, plateau stress, and absorbed energy per unit volume of the sandwich structure increased with EVA foam filling. The structure showed high recoverability when the compression loading was removed due to the viscoelastic nature of EVA foam. Cored EVA sandwich with 8.66 mm AHC cell size was recovered at 44% of the original thickness. This result promises groundbreaking applications such as impact-resistant and self-healing structures. The microstructures were also observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the failure and the recoverability mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Sandwich Structures)
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