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Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2023) | Viewed by 34086

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Dr. Francisco de Paula Montero Chacón

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Department of Engineering, University Loyola Andalucía, Seville, Spain
Interests: multiphysical simulations; computational modeling; computational materials science and engineering
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Prof. Dr. Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz

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Department of Engineering, University Loyola Andalucía, 41014 Seville, Spain
Interests: biomass conversion; CO₂ valorization; catalysis; energy storage; hydrogen technologies
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Dear Colleagues,

Concerns about depleting fossil fuels and global warming effects are pushing our society toward the search for new renewable sources of energy with the potential to substitute coal, natural gas, and petroleum. Renewable energies such as solar and wind are progressively displacing fossil fuels in the production of energy. However, the intrinsic discontinuous nature of renewable energies necessitates the development of storage technologies to overcome the negative effects of transitory weather conditions, modulate low-to-high energy gaps, and achieve continuous 24 h electricity production. In the case of solar thermal electricity (STE) plants, the development of new efficient thermal energy storage (TES) systems operating at high temperatures is particularly important to improve the efficiency during electricity production. Additionally, thermal energy storage at low-to-moderate temperatures is highly demanded to improve the energy efficiency and carbon footprint of numerous industrial processes, buildings, and infrastructures.

This Special Issue welcomes manuscripts dealing with the utilization of materials for thermal energy storage applications, including approaches based on sensible, latent, and thermochemical heat exchange processes. In this sense, we welcome contributions including, but not limited to, solid media storage (e.g., geomaterials, concrete, ceramics, etc.), fluids (e.g., heat transfer fluids, molten salts, nanofluids, etc.), or chemical reactions (e.g., metallic hydrides, carbonates, ammonia, etc.), either for large scale (i.e., power generation) or small scale (i.e., cogeneration, active/passive heat management system in residential and non-residential buildings) storage.

Research papers should highlight novel contributions in the fields of materials design, characterization, or application in thermal energy storage, by means of numerical modeling and/or experimental work. Review papers in these fields are also appreciated.

Dr. Francisco de Paula Montero Chacón
Prof. Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Thermal energy storage
Solar thermal electricity
Concentrated solar power
Sensible heat storage
Phase-change materials
Thermochemical storage

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Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 6679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eutectic Fatty Acids Phase Change Materials Improved with Expanded Graphite

by Zanshe Wang, Guoqiang Huang, Zhaoying Jia, Qi Gao, Yanping Li and Zhaolin Gu

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196856 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4103

Abstract

Low- and ultra-low-grade thermal energy have significant recycling value for energy saving and carbon footprint reduction. Efficient thermal energy storage technology based on phase change materials (PCMs) will help improve heat recovery. This study aimed to develop a composite eutectic fatty acid of lauric acid (LA) and stearic acid (SA) binary system with expanded graphite (EG). The experimental measured eutectic temperature was 31.2 °C with an LA-to-SA mass ratio of 7:3. Afterwards, 1~15 wt.% EG was composited to the eutectic acid, and the thermophysical properties of the composite PCMs were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and transient plane source (TPS) methods. The results demonstrated that the phase transition temperature and latent heat of the composite PCMs were stable when the content of EG was more than 5%, and the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion coefficient of the composite PCMs (10–15 wt.%) increased by 2.4–2.6 and 3.2–3.7 times compared with the pure eutectic acid, respectively. On this basis, a finned-coil-type reservoir was prepared, and an experimental study of heat storage and heat release performance was carried out. The results showed that the heat storage and heat release effects of the heat reservoir were the best when the EG ratio was 10 wt.%. The heat storage time was reduced by 20.4%, 8.1%, and 6.2% compared with the other three EG ratios, respectively; meanwhile, the heat release time was reduced by 19.3%, 6.7%, and 5.3%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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16 pages, 7751 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermomechanical Performance Analysis of Novel Cement-Based Building Envelopes with Enhanced Passive Insulation Properties

by Jorge Marin-Montin, Eduardo Roque, Yading Xu, Branko Šavija, Juan Carlos Serrano-Ruiz and Francisco Montero-Chacón

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144925 - 15 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1750

Abstract

The design of new insulating envelopes is a direct route towards energy efficient buildings. The combinations of novel materials, such as phase-change (PCM), and advanced manufacturing techniques, such as additive manufacturing, may harness important changes in the designing of building envelopes. In this work we propose a novel methodology for the design of cement-based building envelopes. Namely, we combined the use of a multiscale, multiphysical simulation framework with advanced synthesis techniques, such as the use of phase-change materials and additive manufacturing for the design of concrete envelopes with enhanced insulation properties. At the material scale, microencapsulated PCMs are added to a cementitious matrix to increase heat storage. Next, at the component level, we create novel designs for the blocks, here defined as HEXCEM, by means of additive manufacturing. The material and component design process is strongly supported on heat transfer simulations with the use of the finite element method. Effective thermal properties of the mixes can be obtained and subsequently used in macroscale simulations to account for the effect of the volume fraction of PCMs. From the experimental and numerical tests, we report an increase in the the thermal inertia, which results in thermal comfort indoors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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16 pages, 4198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Kinetic Model for the Redox Reactions of Co_2.4Ni_0.6O₄ and SiO₂/Co_2.4Ni_0.6O₄ Oxides for Thermochemical Energy Storage

by Yasmina Portilla-Nieto, Daniel Bielsa, Jean-Luc Dauvergne, Marta Hernaiz, Estibaliz Aranzabe, Stefania Doppiu and Elena Palomo del Barrio

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3695; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103695 - 21 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2067

Abstract

One of the possible solutions for the transition of the actual energetic model is the use of thermal energy storage technologies. Among them, thermochemical energy storage based on redox reactions involving metal oxides is very promising due to its high energy density. This paper deals with the development of the kinetic study based on data extracted from the thermogravimetric analysis of a cobalt-nickel mixed oxide (Co_2.4Ni_0.6O₄) without and with the addition of SiO₂ particles to improve the cyclability. The results show that in the reduction reaction the activation energy is not affected by the addition of SiO₂ particles while in the oxidation reaction an increase in the activation energy is observed. The theoretical models fitting with the experimental data are different for each material in the reduction reaction. The mixed oxide is controlled by a nucleation and growth mechanism for conversion ratios higher than 0.5, while the added material is controlled by diffusion mechanisms. In the oxidation reaction, the two materials are controlled by a nucleation and growth mechanism for conversion ratios higher than 0.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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20 pages, 11945 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Low-Cost Particulates Used as Energy Storage and Heat-Transfer Medium in Concentrated Solar Power Systems

by Rageh S. Saeed, Abdulelah Alswaiyd, Nader S. Saleh, Shaker Alaqel, Eldwin Djajadiwinata, Abdelrahman El-Leathy, Syed Noman Danish, Hany Al-Ansary, Sheldon Jeter, Zeyad Al-Suhaibani and Zeyad Almutairi

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2946; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082946 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2406

Abstract

Utilizing solid particles as a heat-transfer medium in concentrated solar power applications has gained growing attention lately. Unlike molten salts, solid particles offer many benefits, which include: high operating temperatures (greater than 1000 °C), a lack of freezing issues and corrosivity, abundant availability, high thermal energy storage capacity, a low cost, and applicability in direct irradiation. Comprehensive knowledge of thermophysical and optical properties of solid particles is essential to ensure an effective harnessing of solar energy. The most important considerations when selecting solid particles include: thermophysical and optical properties, thermal resistance, crack resistance, satisfactory health and safety risks, availability, and low cost. It is also imperative to consider optical and thermophysical characteristics that might change from what they were “as received” after cyclic heating for a long period. Therefore, the knowledge of thermal performance of particulate materials becomes significant before using them as a heat-transfer medium. In this study, some particulate materials were chosen to study their feasibilities as heat-transfer and storage media for a particle-based central receiver tower system. These particulate materials included white sand, red sand, ilmenite, and Carbobead CP. The candidate particulate materials were heated at high temperatures for 6 h and then cooled to room temperature. After that, cyclic heating was performed on the particulate materials for 500 h at 1200 °C. The optical properties were represented by weighted solar absorptance, and the thermophysical properties of the particulates were measured “as received” and after cyclic heating (aging). EDX and XRD were conducted to quantify the chemical composition and interpret the changes in appearance associated with the particulate materials after cyclic heating. The results showed a considerable agglomeration in all particulates except for white sand in the 6 h heating test, and high agglomeration in the ilmenite. A slight decrease in the optical properties in the white sand and Carbobead CP was found after the aging test. The specific heat was decreased for red and white sand. The EDX and XRD results for white sand and Carbobead CP showed chemical stability, indicating high durability and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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18 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Storage of Nitrate Salts as Phase Change Materials (PCMs)

by Marco A. Orozco, Karen Acurio, Francis Vásquez-Aza, Javier Martínez-Gómez and Andres Chico-Proano

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237223 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3130

Abstract

This study presents the energy storage potential of nitrate salts for specific applications in energy systems that use renewable resources. For this, the thermal, chemical, and morphological characterization of 11 samples of nitrate salts as phase change materials (PCM) was conducted. Specifically, sodium nitrate (NaNO₃), sodium nitrite (NaNO₂), and potassium nitrate (KNO₃) were considered as base materials; and various binary and ternary mixtures were evaluated. For the evaluation of the materials, differential Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to identify the temperature and enthalpy of phase change, thermal stability, microstructure, and the identification of functional groups were applied. Among the relevant results, sodium nitrite presented the highest phase change enthalpy of 220.7 J/g, and the mixture of 50% NaNO₃ and 50% NaNO₂ presented an enthalpy of 185.6 J/g with a phase change start and end temperature of 228.4 and 238.6 °C, respectively. This result indicates that sodium nitrite mixtures allow the thermal storage capacity of PCMs to increase. In conclusion, these materials are suitable for medium and high-temperature thermal energy storage systems due to their thermal and chemical stability, and high thermal storage capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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11 pages, 43138 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Situ Reaction Method to Synthetize Constant Solid-State Composites as Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage

by Bo Yang, Yang Liu, Wenjie Ye, Qiyang Wang, Xiao Yang and Dongmei Yang

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6032; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14206032 - 13 Oct 2021

Viewed by 1532

Abstract

The encapsulation and heat conduction of molten salt are very important for its application in heat storage systems. The general practice is to solidify molten salt with ceramic substrate and enhance heat conduction with carbon materials, but the cycle stability is not ideal. For this reason, it is of practical significance to study heat storage materials with a carbon-free thermal conductive adsorption framework. In this paper, the in-situ reaction method was employed to synthetize the constant solid-state composites for high-temperature thermal energy storage. AlN is hydrolyzed and calcined to form h-Al₂O₃ with a mesoporous structure to prevent the leakage of molten eutectic salt at high temperature. Its excellent thermal conductivity simultaneously improves the thermal conductivity of the composites. It is found that 15CPCMs prepared with 15% water addition have the best thermal conductivity (4.928 W/m·K) and mechanical strength (30.2 MPa). The enthalpy and the thermal storage density of 15CPCMs are 201.4 J/g and 1113.6 J/g, respectively. Due to the excellent leak-proof ability and lack of carbon materials, the 15CPCMs can maintain almost no mass loss after 50 cycles. These results indicate that 15CPCMs have promising prospects in thermal storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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9 pages, 1219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Regeneration Mechanisms of Aged Solar Salt

by Julian Steinbrecher, Alexander Bonk, Veronika Anna Sötz and Thomas Bauer

Materials 2021, 14(19), 5664; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195664 - 29 Sep 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2070

Abstract

The scope of our study was to examine the potential of regeneration mechanisms of an aged molten Solar Salt (nitrite, oxide impurity) by utilization of reactive gas species (nitrous gases, oxygen). Initially, aging of Solar Salt (60 wt% NaNO₃, 40 wt% KNO₃) was mimicked by supplementing the decomposition products, sodium nitrite and sodium peroxide, to the nitrate salt mixture. The impact of different reactive purge gas compositions on the regeneration of Solar Salt was elaborated. Purging the molten salt with a synthetic air (p(O₂) = 0.2 atm) gas stream containing NO (200 ppm), the oxide ion concentration was effectively reduced. Increasing the oxygen partial pressure (p(O₂) = 0.8 atm, 200 ppm NO) resulted in even lower oxide ion equilibrium concentrations. To our knowledge, this investigation is the first to present evidence of the regeneration of an oxide rich molten Solar Salt, and reveals the huge impact of reactive gases on Solar Salt reaction chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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14 pages, 7860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Properties of Inositol Nanocapsules

by Songping Mo, Yuanhong Li, Shaofei Shan, Lisi Jia and Ying Chen

Materials 2021, 14(19), 5481; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14195481 - 22 Sep 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1937

Abstract

Sugar alcohols are phase-change materials with various advantages but may suffer from leakage during applications. In this study, inositol nanocapsules were synthesized at various conditions, including the amount of precursors and the time for adding the precursors. The effects of synthesis conditions on the properties of the nanocapsules were studied. The morphology, chemical composition, microstructure, phase-change characteristics and size distribution of the nanocapsules were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and a zeta potential analyzer. The results confirm that inositol was well-encapsulated by an SiO₂ shell. The shell thickness increased, while the supercooling degree of the nanocapsules decreased with increasing time for adding the precursors. In order to obtain nanocapsules with good morphology and phase-change characteristics, the time for adding the precursors should increase with the amount of precursors. The nanocapsules with the best properties exhibited high melting enthalpy, encapsulation ratio and energy storage efficiency of 216.0 kJ/kg, 83.1% and 82.1%, respectively. The size of the nanocapsules was remarkably affected by the triethoxysilane (TES) amount. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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15 pages, 2943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigations on Electric-Field-Induced Crystallization in Erythritol

by Jean-Luc Dauvergne, Artem Nikulin, Stefania Doppiu and Elena Palomo del Barrio

Materials 2021, 14(17), 5110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14175110 - 6 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

The objective of this experimental study was to develop a method to induce crystallization of sugar alcohols using an electric field for its future implementation in latent heat thermal energy storage systems. To better understand the mechanisms behind this approach, the first step of this work was dedicated to the replication, continuation, and consolidation of promising results on erythritol reported by another research group. In the second step, a second experimental configuration, previously used to electrically control the supercooling of other phase change materials, was tested with the same sugar alcohol. For both configurations, the influence of the type of current (DC and AC at different frequencies), its amplitude, and time of exposure were studied. However, none of these tests allowed influencing the crystallization of erythritol. Even if surprising at first glance, the difficulty in reproducing experiments and interpreting the results is not new in the field of electric-field-induced crystallization, as shown in particular by the abundant literature reviews concerning water. Currently, to the best of our knowledge, we consider that electric fields could be an attractive option to initiate and accelerate the crystallization of erythritol, but this solution must be considered with caution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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17 pages, 2172 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Fatty Acids as Biobased Organic Materials for Latent Heat Storage

by Marie Duquesne, Clément Mailhé, Stefania Doppiu, Jean-Luc Dauvergne, Sergio Santos-Moreno, Alexandre Godin, Guillaume Fleury, Fabien Rouault and Elena Palomo del Barrio

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4707; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14164707 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2787

Abstract

This work aims to characterize phase change materials (PCM) for thermal energy storage in buildings (thermal comfort). Fatty acids, biobased organic PCM, are attractive candidates for integration into active or passive storage systems for targeted application. Three pure fatty acids (capric, myristic and palmitic acids) and two eutectic mixtures (capric-myristic and capric-palmitic acids) are studied in this paper. Although the main storage properties of pure fatty acids have already been investigated and reported in the literature, the information available on the eutectic mixtures is very limited (only melting temperature and enthalpy). This paper presents a complete experimental characterization of these pure and mixed fatty acids, including measurements of their main thermophysical properties (melting temperature and enthalpy, specific heats and densities in solid and liquid states, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity as well as viscosity) and the properties of interest regarding the system integrating the PCM (energy density, volume expansion). The storage performances of the studied mixtures are also compared to those of most commonly used PCM (salt hydrates and paraffins). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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9 pages, 2402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication, Structure, and Thermal Properties of Mg–Cu Alloys as High Temperature PCM for Thermal Energy Storage

by Zheng Sun, Liyi Zou, Xiaomin Cheng, Jiaoqun Zhu, Yuanyuan Li and Weibing Zhou

Materials 2021, 14(15), 4246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14154246 - 29 Jul 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2071

Abstract

This work studied the thermophysical properties of Mg-24%Cu, Mg-31%Cu, and Mg-45%Cu (wt.%) alloys to comprehensively consider the possibility of using them as thermal energy storage (TES) phase change materials (PCMs) used at high temperatures. The microstructure, phase composition, phase change temperatures, and enthalpy of these alloys were investigated by an electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The XRD and EPMA results indicated that the binary eutectic phase composed of α-Mg and Mg₂Cu exists in the microstructure of the prepared Mg–Cu series alloys. The microstructure of Mg-24%Cu and Mg-31%Cu is composed of α-Mg matrix and binary eutectic phases, and Mg-45%Cu is composed of primary Mg₂Cu and binary eutectic phases. The number of eutectic phases is largest in Mg-31%Cu alloy. The DSC curves indicated that the onset melting temperature of Mg-24%Cu, Mg-31%Cu, and Mg-45%Cu alloys were 485, 486, and 485 °C, and the melting enthalpies were 152, 215, and 91 J/g. Thermal expansion and thermal conductivity were also determined, revealing that the Mg–Cu alloys had a low linear thermal expansion coefficient and high thermal conductivity with respect to increasing temperatures. In conclusion, the thermal properties demonstrated that the Mg–Cu alloys can be considered as a potential PCM for TES. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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9 pages, 2000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Properties and the Prospects of Thermal Energy Storage of Mg–25%Cu–15%Zn Eutectic Alloy as Phase Change Material

by Zheng Sun, Linfeng Li, Xiaomin Cheng, Jiaoqun Zhu, Yuanyuan Li and Weibing Zhou

Materials 2021, 14(12), 3296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123296 - 15 Jun 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2405

Abstract

This study focuses on the characterization of eutectic alloy, Mg–25%Cu–15%Zn with a phase change temperature of 452.6 °C, as a phase change material (PCM) for thermal energy storage (TES). The phase composition, microstructure, phase change temperature and enthalpy of the alloy were investigated after 100, 200, 400 and 500 thermal cycles. The results indicate that no considerable phase transformation and structural change occurred, and only a small decrease in phase transition temperature and enthalpy appeared in the alloy after 500 thermal cycles, which implied that the Mg–25%Cu–15%Zn eutectic alloy had thermal reliability with respect to repeated thermal cycling, which can provide a theoretical basis for industrial application. Thermal expansion and thermal conductivity of the alloy between room temperature and melting temperature were also determined. The thermophysical properties demonstrated that the Mg–25%Cu–15%Zn eutectic alloy can be considered a potential PCM for TES. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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11 pages, 4819 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Design of Eutectic Hydrated Salt Composite Phase Change Material with Cement for Thermal Energy Regulation of Buildings

by Niuniu Wu, Lijie Liu, Zhiwei Yang, Yifan Wu and Jinhong Li

Materials 2021, 14(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010139 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3054

Abstract

An energy-efficient eutectic hydrated salt phase change material based on sodium carbonate decahydrate and disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (SD) was prepared. Then, SD was encapsulated into expanded graphite (EG) to produce form-stable composite phase change materials (SD/E), which indicated a positive effect on preventing the leakage of SD, decreasing the supercooling and improving the thermal conductivity. SD/E was further tested for thermal efficiency by simulating the indoor environment with a house-like model which was composed of SD/E and magnesium oxychloride cement. The results showed an excellent thermal insulation effect. This exciting porous composite phase shift material reveals possible architectural applications because of the attractive thermos-physical properties of SD/E. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Thermal Energy Storage)

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