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Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry
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Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 August 2023) | Viewed by 21187

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Eunice Carrilho

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Integrated Clinical Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: adhesives; cytotoxicity and biocompatibility; dentistry biomaterials; composites
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mafalda Laranjo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Medicine, Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute of Biophysics and Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
Interests: dentistry; dental biomaterials; photodynamic therapy; cancer; in vitro and animal models
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biomaterials play a fundamental role in dental practice today, being used on a daily basis. They are used to replace lost tissues and restore oral function across all dental specialties. While in the past, we aimed for biotolerant and bioinert materials, state-of-the-art compounds with bioactive properties, in addition to replacing the lost tissues, also stimulate reparative and regenerative processes. These improved biomaterials expand the therapeutic options and clinical success in an unprecedented manner.  

Biomaterials can present different compositions, from standard metal and ceramic materials to more updated polymeric and nanoparticles. The different constituents elicit various biological responses, depending on several factors, such as the locale of application, bioavailability, and biodistribution, contact time, interaction with tissues, and other materials.

Regardless of their constituents, during biomaterials development and testing, evaluating their physical and biological properties is fundamental, along with their functional assessment. Physically, a material should withstand the mechanical, thermal, and chemical stresses of the oral environment while maintaining high longevity. Regarding biocompatibility, the absence of toxicity, immunogenicity, and mutagenicity are of particular importance. Finally, the material must successfully perform its function, supporting the clinical application.

This Special Issue of Materials aims to provide the readership with the current research on dental biomaterials, particularly the development of bioactive materials, their physical and biocompatibility assessment, and clinical applicability. Original research using different cellular and animal models, as well as translational and clinical work describing the use of biomaterials, is welcome. Review manuscripts focusing on dental biomaterials will also be included.

Prof. Eunice Carrilho
Dr. Mafalda Laranjo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Biomaterials
  • Dentistry
  • Biocompatibility
  • Bioactivity
  • Physical properties
  • Clinical and preclinical trials
  • Nanotechnology

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 2022 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Spark Plasma Sintering on Microstructure-Properties of Zirconia Reinforced Fluormica Glass for Dental Restorations
by Sivaranjani Gali, Suhasini Gururaja, T. Niranjana Prabhu and Srikari Srinivasan
Materials 2023, 16(18), 6125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186125 - 8 Sep 2023
Viewed by 1636
Abstract
Background: Conventional sintering methods of dental ceramics have limitations of high temperature and slow cooling rates with requirements of additional heat treatment for crystallization. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an emerging technique that has the potential to process dental restorations with dense microstructures [...] Read more.
Background: Conventional sintering methods of dental ceramics have limitations of high temperature and slow cooling rates with requirements of additional heat treatment for crystallization. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is an emerging technique that has the potential to process dental restorations with dense microstructures and tailor-made clinically relevant properties with optimized processing parameters. This study explored the potential of the SPS of zirconia-reinforced fluormica glass (FM) for dental restorative materials. Methods: FM glass frit was obtained through the melt-quench technique (44.5 SiO2–16.7 Al2O3–9.5 K2O–14.5 MgO–8.5 B2O3–6.3 F (wt.%)). The glass frit was ball-milled with 20 wt.% of 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (FMZ) for enhanced fracture toughness. The mixtures were SPS sintered at a pressure of 50 MPa and a heating rate of 100 °C/min for 5 min with an increase in temperature from 650–750 °C–850 °C–950 °C. Phase analysis was carried out using XRD and microstructural characterization with SEM. Micro-hardness, nano-indentation, porosity, density, indentation fracture toughness, and genotoxicity were assessed. Conclusions: The increase in the SPS temperature of FMZ influenced its microstructure and resulted in reduced porosity, improved density, and optimal mechanical properties with the absence of genotoxicity on human gingival fibroblast cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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23 pages, 4404 KiB  
Article
Experimental Analysis of the Influence of Heat Treatments on the Flexibility of NiTi Alloy for Endodontic Instruments Manufacturing
by Ihssen Abdelmomen, Marin Vincent, Frédéric Thiebaud, Julia Budzinski, Thierry Bastogne, Tarak Ben Zineb and Marc Engels-Deutsch
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3437; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093437 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
The flexibility of NiTi based endodontic files is improved by heat treatment, leading to lower risk of failure, ledges, and canal transportation during the preparation of curved root canals. The aim of this study is to investigate and clearly highlight the influence of [...] Read more.
The flexibility of NiTi based endodontic files is improved by heat treatment, leading to lower risk of failure, ledges, and canal transportation during the preparation of curved root canals. The aim of this study is to investigate and clearly highlight the influence of every parameter of heat treatment on the flexibility of NiTi wires and thus of endodontic instruments. A full factorial Design of Experiment (DoE) and a designed bending–torsion bench following the ISO 3630-1 standard were used for this investigation. Temperature, holding time, and cooling method were selected as contributing factors, while maximum bending moment, hysteresis size, and stiffness during martensitic transformation were selected as outputs. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the relationship between contributing and output variables to assess how the experimentation fits with the model. The experimental results showed that wires heated at 425 °C for 30 min are more flexible. Moreover, heat treatment temperature is the most critical factor influencing the flexibility and hysteresis size of the NiTi wire followed by the holding time, while the cooling method has a negligible effect. The regression analysis showed that the model is effective at predicting the relationship between contributing factors, bending moment response, and hysteresis size. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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10 pages, 1636 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Ciprofloxacin, Metronidazole and Minocycline in Ordered Mesoporous Silica against Enterococcus faecalis for Dental Pulp Revascularization: An In-Vitro Study
by Cintia Micaela Chamorro-Petronacci, Beatriz Santos Torres, Rocío Guerrero-Nieves, Mario Pérez-Sayáns, Marcia Carvalho-de Abreu Fantini, Luis Carlos Cides-da-Silva, Beatriz Magariños and Berta Rivas-Mundiña
Materials 2022, 15(6), 2266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062266 - 18 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3145
Abstract
Pulp revascularization of teeth with necrotic pulp has become an alternative treatment in cases with immature apex. Microbial control is essential to achieve a successful outcome and continued root development. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most frequently isolated bacterial species [...] Read more.
Pulp revascularization of teeth with necrotic pulp has become an alternative treatment in cases with immature apex. Microbial control is essential to achieve a successful outcome and continued root development. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most frequently isolated bacterial species in root canals of endodontically failed teeth. Our main goal was to compare the in-vitro antimicrobial efficacy of different antibiotic formulations delivered by ordered mesoporous silica (OMS) against E. faecalis. To determine antibiotic susceptibility, we tested OMS and triple antibiotic paste (TAP; ciprofloxacin:metronidazole:minocycline) with different reagents in different concentrations, using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. OMS and metronidazole showed no antibacterial activity against E. faecalis. Mixtures of OMS and antibiotics in proportions of 2:2:14 and 4:1:7 (mg/L of ciprofloxacin:metronidazole:minocycline, respectively) showed the lowest antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of the combined solutions of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole was significantly higher (p < 0.005). Combinations in different concentrations of minocycline, ciprofloxacin, and metronidazole in OMS have shown activity against E. faecalis, although the combined use of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole has shown the most effective results. This study demonstrates the efficacy of intracanal antibiotic combination paste activity against E. faecalis, avoiding the use of minocycline, whose undesirable effect of teeth staining is a common problem for patients and professionals in dental clinic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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13 pages, 2537 KiB  
Article
From Blood to Bone—The Osteogenic Activity of L-PRF Membranes on the Ex Vivo Embryonic Chick Femur Development Model
by Inês Francisco, Francisco Vale, Victor Martin, Maria Helena Fernandes and Pedro Sousa Gomes
Materials 2021, 14(24), 7830; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14247830 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1908
Abstract
(1) Background: To evaluate the effects of the direct and indirect contact of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on bone development, in an ex vivo embryonic chick femur model. (2) Methods: Both sections of L-PRF membranes (red and yellow portions) were evaluated with [...] Read more.
(1) Background: To evaluate the effects of the direct and indirect contact of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on bone development, in an ex vivo embryonic chick femur model. (2) Methods: Both sections of L-PRF membranes (red and yellow portions) were evaluated with scanning electron microscopy and histochemical staining. The in vivo angiogenic activity was evaluated using a chorioallantoic membrane model. The osteogenic activity was assessed with an organotypic culture of embryonic chick femora through direct and indirect contact, and assessment was conducted by microtomographic and histological analysis. Descriptive statistics, One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests were performed for datasets that presented a normal distribution, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were performed for non-parametric datasets. A significance level of 0.05 was considered. (3) Results: The L-PRF induced angiogenesis reflected by a higher number and a larger and more complex gauge in the vessels that invaded the membrane. The physical presence of the membrane over the bone (direct contact) unleashes the full potential of the L-PRF effects on bone growth enhancement. The greatest increase in mineral content was observed in the diaphysis region. (4) Conclusion: The L-PRF direct contact group presented higher values on mineral content for bone volume, bone surface and bone mineral density than the indirect contact and control groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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15 pages, 2134 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Injectable Hyaluronic Acid-Based Hydrogels for Endodontic Tissue Regeneration
by Esteban Astudillo-Ortiz, Pedro S. Babo, Rui L. Reis and Manuela E. Gomes
Materials 2021, 14(23), 7325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237325 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3644
Abstract
Dental pulp tissue engineering (TE) endeavors to regenerate dentin/pulp complex by combining a suitable supporting matrix, stem cells, and biochemical stimuli. Such procedures foresee a matrix that can be easily introduced into the root canal system (RCS) and tightly adhere to dentin walls [...] Read more.
Dental pulp tissue engineering (TE) endeavors to regenerate dentin/pulp complex by combining a suitable supporting matrix, stem cells, and biochemical stimuli. Such procedures foresee a matrix that can be easily introduced into the root canal system (RCS) and tightly adhere to dentin walls to assure the dentin surface’s proper colonization with progenitor cells capable of restoring the dentin/pulp complex. Herein was investigated an injectable self-setting hyaluronic acid-based (HA) hydrogel system, formed by aldehyde-modified (a-HA) with hydrazide-modified (ADH), enriched with platelet lysate (PL), for endodontic regeneration. The hydrogels’ working (wT) and setting (sT) times, the adhesion to the dentine walls, the hydrogel’s microstructure, and the delivery of human dental pulp cells (DPCs) were studied in vitro. Hydrogels incorporating PL showed a suitable wT and sT and a porous microstructure. The tensile tests showed that the breaking point occurs after 4.3106 ± 1.8677 mm deformation, while in the indentation test after 1.4056 ± 0.3065 mm deformation. Both breaking points occur in the hydrogel extension. The HA/PL hydrogels exhibited supportive properties and promoted cell migration toward dentin surfaces in vitro. Overall, these results support using PL-laden HA injectable hydrogels (HA/PL) as a biomaterial for DPCs encapsulation, thereby displaying great clinical potential towards endodontic regenerative therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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12 pages, 3929 KiB  
Article
Advantages of Porcine Xenograft over Autograft in Sinus Lift: A Randomised Clinical Trial
by Francisco Correia, Daniel Humberto Pozza, Sónia Gouveia, António Campos Felino and Ricardo Faria-Almeida
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14123439 - 21 Jun 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3617
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the performance of intra-oral autologous bone grafts versus porcine xenografts in a two-step lateral window sinus lift. This split-mouth randomised controlled trial sequentially enrolled 12 patients with a 6-month follow-up. For each patient, a simultaneous randomised bilateral maxillary [...] Read more.
This study aimed to compare the performance of intra-oral autologous bone grafts versus porcine xenografts in a two-step lateral window sinus lift. This split-mouth randomised controlled trial sequentially enrolled 12 patients with a 6-month follow-up. For each patient, a simultaneous randomised bilateral maxillary sinus lift was performed and filled with autologous bone from the mandible (control) or a porcine xenograft (test). A bone biopsy sample was collected during the implant placement for histological and histomorphometric analysis. CT scans were performed at the beginning and at the end of the trial to assess radiological evolution. A comparison of initial and six-month CT scans indicated statistically significant increases in bone level for both materials (7.8 ± 2.4 mm for autologous and 8.7 ± 2.2 mm for xenograft, p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences between the performance of the two materials over time (p = 0.26). The histological analysis showed various stages of the remodelling process and no cells or other signs of inflammation or infection were visible in both groups. The porcine xenografts presented similar results for the studied variables when compared to autologous bone, being a reasonable alternative for a sinus lift. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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Review

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12 pages, 732 KiB  
Review
The Influence of Irrigation during the Finishing and Polishing of Composite Resin Restorations—A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies
by João Paulo Silva, Ana Coelho, Anabela Paula, Inês Amaro, José Saraiva, Manuel Marques Ferreira, Carlos Miguel Marto and Eunice Carrilho
Materials 2021, 14(7), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14071675 - 29 Mar 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4022
Abstract
The surface smoothness of composite restorations affects not only their esthetic appearance but also other properties. Thus, rough surfaces can lead to staining, plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, recurrent caries, abrasiveness, wear kinetics, and tactile perception by the patient. The aim of this study [...] Read more.
The surface smoothness of composite restorations affects not only their esthetic appearance but also other properties. Thus, rough surfaces can lead to staining, plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, recurrent caries, abrasiveness, wear kinetics, and tactile perception by the patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of irrigation during the finishing and polishing of composite resin restorations. A systematic search of the PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Clinical Trials databases was conducted. Papers published up to 11 February 2021 were considered. The quality of each study was assessed using the modified Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials checklist for reporting in vitro studies on dental materials. No clinical studies were identified. Six in vitro studies were included, reporting changes in physical and esthetic properties. After performing a methodological quality assessment of the studies, some limitations were identified, the main limitation being the heterogeneous methodology across studies. The evidence resulting from this systematic review did not favor either wet or dry finishing/polishing procedures. There is a clear need for well-designed studies focusing on the comparison of dry/wet finishing/polishing with standard protocols to evaluate the differences among different materials and methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials Development and Evaluation for Dentistry)
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