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Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2019) | Viewed by 30592

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Prof. Dr. José Luis Calvo Guirado

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1. Department Oral and Implant Surgery, Faculty of Oral Sciences, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
2. Research Professor Department of Prosthodontics and Digital Technologies, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, NY, USA
Interests: dental implant design; biomedical engineering; types of biomaterials and bioceramics; dentin bone grafts; implant connection
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Dear Colleagues,

Implant designs are extremeley important for bone, to implant, contact, and protect bundle bone, which is highly predictable in terms of long-term success. Sometimes, complecated clincal cases have a limited bone ridge as a result of individual physical characteristics of residual bone.

This Issue will focus on implant design and new biomaterials related to collar, body, and apical design, and the use of different biomaterials to reduce gaps and protect periimplant bone.

We need to reduce collar threads and increase the use of tapered implants with conical conections maintaining the bone crest with predictable results.

Prof. Dr. José Luis Calvo Guirado
Guest Editor

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Keywords

dental implants
short implants
conical connection
bone grafts
tooth bone graft
dentin grinder
biomaterials

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Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4855 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Hydrothermal (Sr)-Hydroxyapatite Coatings on the Corrosion Resistance and Mg²⁺ Ion Release to Enhance Osteoblastic Cell Responses of AZ91D Alloy

by Chung-Wei Yang and Guan-Kai Wang

Materials 2020, 13(3), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13030591 - 27 Jan 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2688

Abstract

The biomedical applications of Mg-based alloys are limited by their rapid corrosion rate in the body fluid. In this study, the hydrothermal synthesis is employed to produce protective bioactive hydroxyapatite coating (HAC) and strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite coating (Sr-HAC) to further enhance the corrosion resistance and in vitro biocompatibility of biodegradable AZ91D Mg alloy in physiological environments. For comparison, the brucite Mg(OH)₂ prepared by the alkaline pre-treatment is designated as a control group. Experimental evidences of XRD and XPS analysis confirm that Sr²⁺ ions can be incorporated into HA crystal structure. It is noted that the hydrothermally synthesized Sr-HAC conversion coating composed of a specific surface topography with the nanoscaled flake-like fine crystallites is constructed on the AZ91D Mg alloy. The hydrophilicity of Mg substrate is effectively enhanced with the decrease in static contact angles after performing alkaline and hydrothermal treatments. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements reveal that the nanostructured Sr-HAC-coated specimens exhibit superior corrosion resistance than HAC and alkaline pre-treated Mg(OH)₂. Moreover, immersion tests demonstrate that Sr-HAC provides favorable long-term stability for the Mg alloy with decreasing concentration of released Mg²⁺ ions in the SBF and the reduced corrosion rate during the immersion length of 30 days. The cells cultured on Sr-HAC specimens exhibit higher viability than those on the alkaline-pre-treated Mg(OH)₂ and HAC specimens. The Sr-substituted HA coating with a nanostructured surface topography can help to stimulate the cell viability of osteoblastic cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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8 pages, 2257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bacterial Adherence Around Sutures of Different Material at Grafted Site: A Microbiological Analysis

by Lanka Mahesh, Varun Raj Kumar, Anshi Jain, Sagrika Shukla, Juan Manuel Aragoneses, José María Martínez González, Manuel Fernández-Domínguez and José Luis Calvo-Guirado

Materials 2019, 12(18), 2848; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12182848 - 4 Sep 2019

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4799

Abstract

Closure of the surgical incision has been the primary function of sutures since their introduction. However, whatever the type, they are known to carry bacteria, which can be a source of infection. Five types of surgical sutures, Gut, Silk, Vicryl, PTFE, and Polyamide, were selected and tested on their ability to carry aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and were rated on the basis of forming colony-forming units (CFUs). Aerobic bacteria grown around gut sutures showed minimum CFUs (≈30 × 10⁴/suture). Though very less anaerobic bacteria growth was seen among all tested suture materials, it was maximum around Vicryl and polyamide sutures. Every suture material is capable, albeit not equally, of holding bacterial biofilm formation, which can be a source of surgical site infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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15 pages, 3731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Implants with Anti-Biofilm Properties: A Pilot Study for Developing a New Sericin-Based Coating

by Paolo Ghensi, Elia Bettio, Devid Maniglio, Emiliana Bonomi, Federico Piccoli, Silvia Gross, Patrizio Caciagli, Nicola Segata, Giandomenico Nollo and Francesco Tessarolo

Materials 2019, 12(15), 2429; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152429 - 30 Jul 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3799

Abstract

Aim: several strategies have been tested in recent years to prevent bacterial colonization of dental implants. Sericin, one of the two main silk proteins, possesses relevant biological activities and also literature reports about its potential antibacterial properties, but results are discordant and not yet definitive. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different experimental protocols in order to obtain a sericin-based coating on medical grade titanium (Ti) able to reduce microbial adhesion to the dental implant surface. Materials and Methods: different strategies for covalent bonding of sericin to Ti were pursued throughout a multi-step procedure on Ti-6Al-4V disks. The surface of grade 5 Ti was initially immersed in NaOH solution to obtain the exposure of functional -OH groups. Two different silanization strategies were then tested using aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES). Eventually, the bonding between silanized Ti-6Al-4V and sericin was obtained with two different crosslinking processes: glutaraldehyde (GLU) or carbodiimide/N-Hydroxy-succinimide (EDC/NHS). Micro-morphological and compositional analyses were performed on the samples at each intermediate step to assess the most effective coating strategy able to optimize the silanization and bioconjugation processes. Microbiological tests on the coated Ti-6Al-4V disks were conducted in vitro using a standard biofilm producer strain of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) to quantify the inhibition of microbial biofilm formation (anti-biofilm efficacy) at 24 hours. Results: both silanization techniques resulted in a significant increase of silicon (Si) on the Ti-6Al-4V surfaces etched with NaOH. Differences were found between GLU and EDC/NHS bioconjugation strategies in terms of composition, surface micro-morphology and anti-biofilm efficacy. Ti-6Al-4V samples coated with GLU-bound sericin after silanization obtained via vapor phase deposition proved that this technique is the most convenient and effective coating strategy, resulting in a bacterial inhibition of about 53% in respect to the uncoated Ti-6Al-4V disks. Conclusions: The coating with glutaraldehyde-bound sericin after silanization in the vapor phase showed promising bacterial inhibition values with a significant reduction of S. aureus biofilm. Further studies including higher number of replicates and more peri-implant-relevant microorganisms are needed to evaluate the applicability of this experimental protocol to dental implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 3964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microgrooves and Microrugosities in Titanium Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation

by Sergio Alexandre Gehrke, José Henrique Cavalcanti de Lima, Fernando Rodriguez, José Luis Calvo-Guirado, Jaime Aramburú Júnior, Leticia Pérez-Díaz, Patricia Mazón, Juan Manuel Aragoneses and Piedad N. De Aza

Materials 2019, 12(8), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081287 - 19 Apr 2019

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4065

Abstract

The physical characteristics of an implant surface can determine and/or facilitate osseointegration processes. In this sense, a new implant surface with microgrooves associated with plus double acid treatment to generate roughness was evaluated and compared in vitro and in vivo with a non-treated (smooth) and double acid surface treatment. Thirty disks and thirty-six conical implants manufactured from commercially pure titanium (grade IV) were prepared for this study. Three groups were determined, as described below: Group 1 (G1), where the samples were only machined; group 2 (G2), where the samples were machined and had their surface treated to generate roughness; and test group 3 (G3), where the samples were machined with microgrooves and the surface was treated to generate the roughness. For the in vitro analysis, the samples were submitted to scanning microscopy (SEM), surface profilometry, the atomic force microscope (MFA) and the surface energy test. For the in vivo analyses, thirty-six implants were placed in the tibia of 9 New Zealand rabbits in a randomized manner, after histological and histomorphometric analysis, to determine the level of contact between the bone and implant (BIC%) and the bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO%) inside of the threads. The data collected were statistically analyzed between groups (p < 0.05). The in vitro evaluations showed different roughness patterns between the groups, and the G3 group had the highest values. In vivo evaluations of the BIC% showed 50.45 ± 9.57% for the G1 group, 55.32 ± 10.31% for the G2 group and 68.65 ± 9.98% for the G3 group, with significant statistical difference between the groups (p < 0.0001). In the BAFO% values, the G1 group presented 54.97 ± 9.56%, the G2 group 59.09 ± 10.13% and the G3 group 70.12 ± 11.07%, with statistical difference between the groups (p < 0.001). The results obtained in the evaluations show that the surface with microgrooves stimulates the process of osseointegration, accelerating the healing process, increasing the contact between the bone and the implant and the area of new bone formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 8528 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Different Bone Filling Materials and Resorbable Membranes by Means of Micro-Tomography. A Preliminary Study in Rabbits

by Enrique Fernández-Bodereau, Guillermo Dedossi, Victor Ortega Asencio, Manuel Fernández-Domínguez, Sérgio Alexandre Gehrke, Juan Manuel Aragoneses and José Luis Calvo-Guirado

Materials 2019, 12(8), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12081197 - 12 Apr 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3581

Abstract

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the behavior of different membranes and bone filling materials used to fill critical defects in rabbit calvaria. Four defects were prepared in the cranial calvaria of female rabbits. They were randomly divided into three subgroups according to the type of barrier membrane to be used. Four animals carried cross-linked bovine collagen membranes (Mem-Lok, Bio-Horizons, Birmingham, AL, USA)), four human fascia lata membranes (Tissue, Inbiomed SA, Córdoba, Argentina) and four human chorioamniotic membranes (Tissue. Inbiomed SA, Córdoba, Argentina). The defects were filled with the deproteinized bovine bone particulate BioOss® (GeistlichPharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland), with particulate human hydroxyapatite MinerOss® (Bio-Horizons, Birmingham, AL, USA), with particulate dental material (Tissue Bank Foundation, Inbiomed S.A., Córdoba, Argentina), and the last one was left without the addition of filler material. In the first group of four specimens, a resorbable cross-linked bovine collagen membrane was placed over the skull and defects, without additional fixing. In the second group, a human fascia lata membrane was placed, without additional fixing. In the third group, a human chorioamniotic membrane was placed, without additional fixing. The animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks. The highest percentages of relative radiological density (average) were recorded considering the amnio-chorionic membranes (83.63%) followed by collagen (81.44%) and finally the fascia lata membranes (80.63%), but the differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The sites grafted with a decellularized tooth (96.83%) and BioOss (88.42%), recorded the highest percentages of radiological density but did not differ significantly from each other (subset 2). The three membranes used did not show statistical differences between them, in any of the two time periods used. There were statistical differences between the filling materials evidencing the presence of a large quantity of calcified material in the defects treated with particulate tooth and deproteinized bovine bone and while smaller amounts of calcified material were registered in the case of defects treated with human hydroxyapatite and those that were not treated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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13 pages, 4143 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomechanical and Histological Analysis of Titanium (Machined and Treated Surface) Versus Zirconia Implant Materials: An In Vivo Animal Study

by Sergio Alexandre Gehrke, Juan Carlos Prados-Frutos, María Prados-Privado, José Luis Calvo-Guirado, Jaime Aramburú Júnior, Leticia Pérez-Díaz, Patricia Mazón, Juan Manuel Aragoneses and Piedad N. De Aza

Materials 2019, 12(6), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060856 - 14 Mar 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3822

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to perform an in vivo histological comparative evaluation of bone formation around titanium (machined and treated surface) and zirconia implants. For the present study were used 50 commercially pure titanium implants grade IV, being that 25 implants with a machined surface (TiM group), 25 implants with a treated surface (TiT group) and, 25 implants were manufactured in pure zirconia (Zr group). The implants (n = 20 per group) were installed in the tibia of 10 rabbits. The implants distribution was randomized (n = 3 implants per tibia). Five implants of each group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and an optical laser profilometer for surface roughness characterization. Six weeks after the implantation, 10 implants for each group were removed in counter-torque for analysis of maximum torque value. The remaining samples were processed, included in historesin and cut to obtain non-decalcified slides for histomorphological analyses and histomorphometric measurement of the percentage of bone-implant contact (BIC%). Comparisons were made between the groups using a 5% level of significance (p < 0.05) to assess statistical differences. The results of removal torque values (mean ± standard deviation) showed for the TiM group 15.9 ± 4.18 N cm, for TiT group 27.9 ± 5.15 N cm and for Zr group 11.5 ± 2.92 N cm, with significant statistical difference between the groups (p < 0.0001). However, the BIC% presented similar values for all groups (35.4 ± 4.54 for TiM group, 37.8 ± 4.84 for TiT group and 34.0 ± 6.82 for Zr group), with no statistical differences (p = 0.2171). Within the limitations of the present study, the findings suggest that the quality of the new bone tissue formed around the titanium implants present a superior density (maturation) in comparison to the zirconia implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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14 pages, 5385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Assessment of the Functional Dynamics of Titanium with Surface Coating of Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

by José Henrique de Lima Cavalcanti, Patrícia C. Matos, Cresus Vinícius Depes de Gouvêa, Waldimir Carvalho, José Luis Calvo-Guirado, Juan Manuel Aragoneses, Letícia Pérez-Díaz and Sergio Alexandre Gehrke

Materials 2019, 12(5), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12050840 - 12 Mar 2019

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3850

Abstract

Manipulation of implant surface characteristics constitutes a promising strategy for improving cell growth and tissue response on a variety of materials with different surface topographies. Mesenchymal progenitor cells with a capacity to respond to titanium surface stimuli and differentiate into osteoblasts were used to perform comparative tests between two different implant topographies, including their functional interaction with pre-osteoblasts directly seeded onto the implants. Functional analysis of nanostructured implant surfaces was performed by in vitro assay analysis. The machined surface of titanium implants (mach group) was used as a control and compared with a nanoparticle HA activated surface implant (nano group), developed by the deposition of pure crystalline hydroxyapatite. Cell culture on the nano group surface resulted in higher cell adhesion and cultured osteoblast viability compared with the mach group. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images revealed a stable interaction, indicated by the presence of focal cell adhesion formation. These results together with positive mineralization assays showed the nano group to be an excellent scaffold for bone-implant integration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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18 pages, 3220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of Two Bovine Bone Blocks (Sintered and Non-Sintered) Used for Bone Grafts: Physico-Chemical Characterization and In Vitro Bioactivity and Cellular Analysis

by Sergio Alexandre Gehrke, Patricia Mazón, Leticia Pérez-Díaz, José Luis Calvo-Guirado, Pablo Velásquez, Juan Manuel Aragoneses, Manuel Fernández-Domínguez and Piedad N. De Aza

Materials 2019, 12(3), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12030452 - 1 Feb 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3300

Abstract

In this work, the physicochemical properties and in vitro bioactivity and cellular viability of two commercially available bovine bone blocks (allografts materials) with different fabrication processes (sintered and not) used for bone reconstruction were evaluated in order to study the effect of the microstructure in the in vitro behavior. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, mechanical resistance of blocks, mercury porosimetry analysis, in vitro bioactivity, and cell viability and proliferation were performed to compare the characteristics of both allograft materials against a synthetic calcium phosphate block used as a negative control. The herein presented results revealed a very dense structure of the low-porosity bovine bone blocks, which conferred the materials’ high resistance. Moreover, relatively low gas, fluid intrusion, and cell adhesion were observed in both the tested materials. The structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of both ceramic blocks (sintered and not) were similar. Finally, the bioactivity, biodegradability, and also the viability and proliferation of the cells was directly related to the physicochemical properties of the scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Implants and the Biocompatibility of Biodegradable Biomaterials)

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