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Influence of Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymer...
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Influence of Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymer Composites

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 8516

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Witold Żukowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
Interests: combustion; fluidization; pyrolysis; catalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Reducing the flammability of polymeric materials or making them nonflammable is of particular importance due to serious health and life hazards. Polymer materials under conditions of elevated temperature are subject to decomposition, which can lead to significant smoke and toxic compounds emission during their thermal decomposition, pyrolysis or combustion.

Different types of polymer material fillers can play an important role in protecting polymer materials from fire. They also contribute to reducing the flammability of these materials. Such substances can be clay, silica, boron compounds, microspheres, carbon nanotubes, graphene or polyhedral oligomeric silsekioxanes and many others.

The main point of this Special Issue concerns the issue of influence of fillers on thermal properties and flammability of polymer composites. Scientific papers or reviews presenting the latest developments in the field of polymers or flammability of polymer composites and methods of their delay are invited for submission to this Special Edition.

During thermal degradation or burning of polymers, gaseous components with varying toxicity are released. The fillers used in polymers, depending on their nature, can reduce or increase the toxicity of gaseous mixtures formed, in a manner independent of their effect on flammability. The results of tests on the toxicity of gaseous products arising in fire conditions are particularly of interest.

Prof. Witold Żukowski
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • flammability of polymer composites
  • polymer fillers
  • flame-retardant mechanism
  • thermal analysis
  • toxicity of gaseous compounds

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 2603 KiB  
Article
Heat-Resistant Polymer Composites Based on Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Mixed with Inorganic Polyoxides
by Alexander Shaulov, Frédéric Addiego, Carlos Eloy Federico, Elena Stegno, Andrei Grachev and Stanislav Patlazhan
Materials 2021, 14(4), 969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14040969 - 18 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2182
Abstract
This pilot study aimed at investigating an alternative to irradiation-crosslinking to increase the structural stability of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), by mixing this polymer matrix with polyoxides. The latter consisted of aluminum polyphosphate (AP) having a flow temperature near to that of ETFE to [...] Read more.
This pilot study aimed at investigating an alternative to irradiation-crosslinking to increase the structural stability of ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), by mixing this polymer matrix with polyoxides. The latter consisted of aluminum polyphosphate (AP) having a flow temperature near to that of ETFE to facilitate melt-mixing by extrusion, and rigid fillers of metakaolin (MK). It was found that the ETFE/AP/MK composite with the formulation 60/20/20 (wt %) exhibited the most relevant properties. Indeed, when comparing this composite with neat ETFE, the structural stability was improved until 120 °C, the onset temperature of degradation passed from 381.5 to 459.4 °C, the elastic modulus evolved from 0.4 GPa to 1.6 GPa, and the tensile strength increased from 23 to 27 MPa. The results were briefly discussed based on a potential interaction between the polyoxides and the polymer matrix and synergistic effect between the two polyoxides. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymer Composites)
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17 pages, 1355 KiB  
Article
Impact of Calcium Oxide on Hygienization and Self-Heating Prevention of Biologically Contaminated Polymer Materials
by Katarzyna Wolny-Koładka, Mateusz Malinowski and Witold Żukowski
Materials 2020, 13(18), 4012; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13184012 - 10 Sep 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2760
Abstract
During the storage of spent polymer materials derived from municipal solid waste, which contain biodegradable impurities, an intense growth of microorganisms takes place. The aerobic metabolism of microorganisms may cause these materials to combust spontaneously and to become a real epidemiological risk for [...] Read more.
During the storage of spent polymer materials derived from municipal solid waste, which contain biodegradable impurities, an intense growth of microorganisms takes place. The aerobic metabolism of microorganisms may cause these materials to combust spontaneously and to become a real epidemiological risk for humans. The aim of the research is to determine the optimal addition of calcium oxide (CaO), which effectively reduces the number of selected microorganism groups populating the analyzed materials, in which spent polymers represent a significant fraction: refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and an undersize fraction of municipal solid waste (UFMSW). The main novelty of the experiments is to assess the benefits of using the commonly available and cheap filler (CaO), to hygienize the material and to reduce the fire hazard arising from its storage. During the mixing of spent polymer materials with pulverized CaO (mass shares: 1, 2, and 5% CaO), temperature changes were monitored using thermography. Moisture content (MC), pH, respiration activity (AT4) and bacterial count were determined before and after the experiment. During the addition of CaO (especially when the content was at 5%) to the UFMSW, higher maximum temperatures were obtained than in the case of RDF analyses, which may be the result of a high percentage of the biodegradable fraction and higher MC of the UFMSW. In all cases the waste temperature did not increase again after 3 min. CaO used in the experiment effectively limited the number of microorganisms. The addition of 5% of CaO has showed the strongest antimicrobial properties, and it can be recommended for hygienization of the analyzed materials and for the reduction of the risk of self-heating during their storage in windrows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymer Composites)
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18 pages, 7729 KiB  
Article
Application of Earth Pigments in Cycloolefin Copolymer: Protection against Combustion and Accelerated Aging in the Full Sunlight Spectrum
by Bolesław Szadkowski, Małgorzata Kuśmierek, Przemysław Rybiński, Witold Żukowski and Anna Marzec
Materials 2020, 13(15), 3381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13153381 - 30 Jul 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2917
Abstract
In this paper, we assess various natural earth pigments as potential colorants and stabilizers for ethylene–norbornene copolymer composites. Several cycloolefin copolymer (COC) composites colored with 2 wt% of a selected pigment were prepared using a two-step mixing method. The aging resistance of the [...] Read more.
In this paper, we assess various natural earth pigments as potential colorants and stabilizers for ethylene–norbornene copolymer composites. Several cycloolefin copolymer (COC) composites colored with 2 wt% of a selected pigment were prepared using a two-step mixing method. The aging resistance of the polymer composites was investigated in terms of changes to their mechanical properties, following accelerated aging in the full sunlight spectrum (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 h). Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface energy measurements, and spectrophotometry were used to assess the color changes, surface defects, and morphology of the composites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study their thermal stability. The combustion characteristics of the prepared COC composites were evaluated based on the microcombustion calorimetry test (MCC). The application of earth pigments resulted in interesting color changes and a significant improvement in the aging resistance of the COC-filled samples, as evidenced by higher aging factor values and lower carbonyl index parameters compared to the reference (COC). The best results were observed for hematite (HM), gold ochre (GO), and red ochre (RO). In addition, the application of earth pigments, especially iron ochre (IO) and red ochre (RO), in COC contributed to a significant reduction in the heat release rate (HRR) values, indicating improved flame retardancy. This research opens the possibility of producing colorful COC composites with enhanced photostability and reduced flammability for use in polymer applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Influence of Fillers on Thermal Properties and Flammability of Polymer Composites)
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