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Property and Structure Optimization of Piezoelectric Materials
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Property and Structure Optimization of Piezoelectric Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 October 2023) | Viewed by 11869

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Sangwook Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Graduate School of Advanced Science Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
Interests: ferroelectricity; piezoelectricy; lead-free piezoelectric ceramics and crystals; crystal structure analysis; synchrotron X-ray diffraction
Dr. Ilkan Calisir

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor Assistant
Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, UK
Interests: lead-free piezoceramics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Piezoelectric materials have been widely used in a variety of applications, for example, as actuators, pressure sensors, and ultrasonic transducers. They are one of the key energy materials which can be used to carry out the conversion of mechanical energy to electric energy. Within this research field, the performance of lead-free piezoelectric material is one of the central issues. To increase the performance, it is necessary to acquire more fundamental insights into the microscopic origin of properties and the optimization of material on process, properties, and structure. In the future, developments in the piezoelectric materials field can be expected to be driven by the optimization of their properties and structure. In particular, the multifunctional properties and high performance resulting from controlling microstructure may enable new functionalities. This Special Issue aims to expand upon our understanding of piezoelectric materials, with insights based on new processes, theories about their properties, optimization of properties and structure, etc.

For this Special Issue, we invite our colleagues to submit original papers and review articles with accounts of the latest research involving (but not limited to) the following topics: 

  • Advanced electronic materials, including ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric materials.
  • Characterization of structure in materials.
  • Material design, new materials, and structure.
  • Physics, chemistry, material science for understanding properties.
  • Simulation and modeling for understanding structure-property relationships.

Prof. Dr. Sangwook Kim
Dr. Ilkan Calisir
Guest Editors

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • piezoelectrics
  • ferroelectrics
  • crystal structure
  • relaxor ferroelectrics
  • lead free
  • processing
  • characterization
  • modeling
  • piezoelectric energy harvesting and energy storage

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 11370 KiB  
Article
Solid State Processing of BCZT Piezoceramics Using Ultra Low Synthesis and Sintering Temperatures
by Marzia Mureddu, José F. Bartolomé, Sonia Lopez-Esteban, Maria Dore, Stefano Enzo, Álvaro García, Sebastiano Garroni and Lorena Pardo
Materials 2023, 16(3), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16030945 - 19 Jan 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
Lead-free (Ba0.92Ca0.08) (Ti0.95 Zr0.05) O3 (BCZT) ceramics were prepared by a solid-state route (SSR) using ultra-low synthesis (700 °C/30 min and 700 °C/2 h) and sintering temperatures (from 1150 °C to 1280 °C), due to [...] Read more.
Lead-free (Ba0.92Ca0.08) (Ti0.95 Zr0.05) O3 (BCZT) ceramics were prepared by a solid-state route (SSR) using ultra-low synthesis (700 °C/30 min and 700 °C/2 h) and sintering temperatures (from 1150 °C to 1280 °C), due to prior activation and homogenization by attrition milling of the starting high purity raw materials for 6 h before the synthesis and of the calcined powders for 3 h before the sintering. The comparison of the thermal analysis of the mixture of the starting raw materials and the same mixture after 6 h attrition milling allowed to evidence the mechanisms of activation, resulting in a significant decrease of the perovskite formation temperature (from 854 °C down to 582 °C). The secondary phases that limit the functional properties of the ceramic and their evolution with the sintering conditions were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which allowed the design of a two-step sintering method to eliminate them. A pure tetragonal BCZT perovskite phase (P4mm, c/a = 1.004) and homogeneous ceramic microstructure was obtained for synthesis at 700 °C for 2 h and sintering with the use of a two-step sintering treatment (900 °C for 3 h and 1280 °C for 6 h). The best electromechanical properties achieved were d33 = 455 pC/N, kp = 35%, Qm = 155. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Property and Structure Optimization of Piezoelectric Materials)
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13 pages, 6233 KiB  
Article
A Research on Delayed Thermal Depolarization, Electric Properties, and Stress in (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-Based Ceramic Composites
by Xingru Zhang, Yinan Xiao, Chao Yang, Yuandong Wu, Min Wen, Junke Jiao, Rui Li, Liyuan Sheng and Wenchang Tan
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093180 - 28 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
Depolarization behavior is one of the main shortcomings of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based ceramics. Considering the undesirable efficiency of traditional modification methods, in this paper a series of 0–3 type ceramic composites 0.85(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.11(Bi0.5 [...] Read more.
Depolarization behavior is one of the main shortcomings of (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-based ceramics. Considering the undesirable efficiency of traditional modification methods, in this paper a series of 0–3 type ceramic composites 0.85(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.11(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO3-0.04BaTiO3-x mol% ZnO (BNKT-BT-xZnO)) were synthesized by introducing ZnO nanoparticles. The results of the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) demonstrate that the majority of ZnO nanoparticles grow together to form enrichment regions, and the other Zn2+ ions diffuse into the matrix after sintering. With ZnO incorporated, the ferroelectric–ergodic relaxor transition temperature, TF-R, and depolarization temperature, Td, increase to above 120 °C and 110 °C, respectively. The research on temperature-dependent P–E loops verifies an attenuated ergodic degree induced by ZnO incorporation. For this reason, piezoelectric properties can be well-maintained below 110 °C. The electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was employed to investigate the stress effect. Orientation maps reveal the random orientation of all grains, excluding the impact of texture on depolarization. The local misorientation image shows that more pronounced strain appears near the boundaries, implying stress is more concentrated there. This phenomenon supports the hypothesis that potential stress suppresses depolarization. These results demonstrate that the depolarization behavior is significantly improved by the introduction of ZnO. The composites BNKT-BT-xZnO are promising candidates of lead-free ceramics for practical application in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Property and Structure Optimization of Piezoelectric Materials)
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Review

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22 pages, 9819 KiB  
Review
Defect Dipole Behaviors on the Strain Performances of Bismuth Sodium Titanate-Based Lead-Free Piezoceramics
by Yiyi Wang, Pu Wang, Laijun Liu, Yuyin Wang, Yingying Zhao, Wenchao Tian, Xiao Liu, Fangyuan Zhu and Jing Shi
Materials 2023, 16(11), 4008; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16114008 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
Bismuth sodium titanate (BNT)-based, lead-free piezoelectric materials have been extensively studied due to their excellent strain characteristics and environmental friendliness. In BNTs, the large strain (S) usually requires a relatively large electric field (E) excitation, resulting in a low [...] Read more.
Bismuth sodium titanate (BNT)-based, lead-free piezoelectric materials have been extensively studied due to their excellent strain characteristics and environmental friendliness. In BNTs, the large strain (S) usually requires a relatively large electric field (E) excitation, resulting in a low inverse piezoelectric coefficient d33* (S/E). Moreover, the hysteresis and fatigue of strain in these materials have also been bottlenecks impeding the applications. The current common regulation method is chemical modification, which mainly focuses on forming a solid solution near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) by adjusting the phase transition temperature of the materials, such as BNT-BaTiO3, BNT-Bi0.5K0.5TiO3, etc., to obtain a large strain. Additionally, the strain regulation based on the defects introduced by the acceptor, donor, or equivalent dopant or the nonstoichiometry has proven effective, but its underlying mechanism is still ambiguous. In this paper, we review the generation of strain and then discuss it from the domain, volume, and boundary effect perspectives to understand the defect dipole behavior. The asymmetric effect caused by the coupling between defect dipole polarization and ferroelectric spontaneous polarization is expounded. Moreover, the defect effect on the conductive and fatigue properties of BNT-based solid solutions is described, which will affect the strain characteristics. The optimization approach is appropriately evaluated while there are still challenges in the full understanding of the defect dipoles and their strain output, in which further efforts are needed to achieve new breakthroughs in atomic-level insight. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Property and Structure Optimization of Piezoelectric Materials)
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26 pages, 22082 KiB  
Review
Lead-Free BiFeO3-Based Piezoelectrics: A Review of Controversial Issues and Current Research State
by Sangwook Kim, Hyunwook Nam and Ilkan Calisir
Materials 2022, 15(13), 4388; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15134388 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4138
Abstract
Lead-free electroceramics represent an emerging area of research that has the potential to enable new green advances in electronics. Research has mainly focused on the development of new piezoelectric materials for replacing lead containing oxides exhibiting superior electromechanical behavior. Lead-free BiFeO3-based [...] Read more.
Lead-free electroceramics represent an emerging area of research that has the potential to enable new green advances in electronics. Research has mainly focused on the development of new piezoelectric materials for replacing lead containing oxides exhibiting superior electromechanical behavior. Lead-free BiFeO3-based materials are not only the promising candidates to replace lead-based materials but also show intriguing properties which may inspire innovative material design for the next generation of lead-free piezoceramics. This review aims to highlight the current state of research and overlooked aspects in lead-free BiFeO3-based ceramics, which could be insightful in elucidating certain controversial issues. Current strategies to reduce high conductivity, influence of chemical heterogeneity on both functional properties and crystal structure, effective heat treatment procedures, and the role of pseudo-cubic structures on the enhancement of piezoelectric properties are subjects of highlighted within this review as they have a significant impact on the quality of BiFeO3-based lead-free piezoelectrics (but are often disregarded). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Property and Structure Optimization of Piezoelectric Materials)
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