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Medicina
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Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments
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Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Ophthalmology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 8311

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Joshua Ong

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
Interests: ophthalmology; artificial intelligence; space medicine; optical coherence tomography; machine learning
Dr. Jay Chhablani

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
UPMC Eye Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Interests: retinal imaging; central serous chorioretinopathy; optic disc pit
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The retina plays a critical role in vision and quality of life. Preserving the retina in aging and disease is of the utmost importance. Within the past decade, therapies and imaging techniques for retinal diseases have emerged. Advances in imaging, including various optical coherence tomography (OCT) techniques, OCT angiography, multi confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (MCSLO), and adaptive optics, have revolutionized how we can detect and understand retinal disease presentation. Various therapies that have revolutionized retinal disease management have also been introduced, such as multiple anti-VEGF intravitreal injection therapies for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Research has also focused on various treatments, including gene therapy, complement component targeting, episcleral brachytherapy, subthreshold micropulse laser, and port delivery systems.

We are pleased to invite you to submit your work for a new Special Issue entitled “Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments”. We welcome the submission of original research articles or reviews that discuss the recent advances in understanding the clinical presentation of retinal disease and/or the novel treatments that have emerged for these diseases.

Dr. Joshua Ong
Dr. Jay Chhablani
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • retina
  • clinical presentation
  • age-related macular degeneration
  • choroid
  • chorioretinal disease
  • optical coherence tomography
  • novel therapies

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in Imaging-Based Machine Learning and Therapeutic Technology in the Management of Retinal Diseases
by Joshua Ong and Jay Chhablani
Medicina 2024, 60(11), 1794; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60111794 - 1 Nov 2024
Viewed by 494
Abstract
Retinal conditions like age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), and retinal vein occlusion can drastically affect a patient’s quality of life [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments)

Research

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9 pages, 1213 KiB  
Article
Choroidal and Choriocapillaris Changes after Photodynamic Therapy and Subthreshold Micropulse Laser Treatment for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
by Maria Ludovica Ruggeri, Marta Di Nicola, Marzia Passamonti, Carolina Lorenzi, Alberto Quarta, Rodolfo Mastropasqua and Lisa Toto
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101674 - 12 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 580
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze choroidal and choriocapillaris structural and functional changes in eyes affected by Central serous chorioretinopathy after Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Subthreshold Micropulse laser (SML) treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty-two eyes [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The aim of the present study is to analyze choroidal and choriocapillaris structural and functional changes in eyes affected by Central serous chorioretinopathy after Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Subthreshold Micropulse laser (SML) treatment. Materials and Methods: Forty-two eyes of forty-two patients were analyzed in this observational study. Twenty-four patients underwent SML treatment, whereas eighteen patients were treated with PDT. Examinations were performed at baseline and after 3 months of treatment. Main outcome measures were: Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), pigment epithelial detachment (PED) presence and maximum height (PEDMH), and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) measured by means of Spectralis HRA + OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and choriocapillaris flow voids (CCFV) measured on Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) platform PLEX Elite 9000 device (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA). Results: Changes in BCVA were registered in both groups over time (p < 0.001). Structural changes in terms of reduced CMT and PED presence were noted in the two groups at follow-up (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). Structural and functional choroidal changes were found in the two groups with reduced CCT and CVI over time (p = 0.004 and p = 0.007, respectively), with significant differences between the two groups for CVI parameter (p = 0.001). CCFV increased over time in the PDT group and decreased in the SML group. Conclusions: PDT and SML are effective approaches in CSC eyes and are able to improve structural and functional parameters over time. Choroidal and choriocapillaris parameters are promising biomarkers able to monitor disease course, showing greater impact of PDT on choroid-choriocapillaris complex over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments)
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11 pages, 579 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
by Enrico Borrelli, Sonia Serafino, Federico Ricardi, Andrea Coletto, Giovanni Neri, Chiara Olivieri, Lorena Ulla, Claudio Foti, Paola Marolo, Mario Damiano Toro, Francesco Bandello and Michele Reibaldi
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 990; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060990 - 17 Jun 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1424
Abstract
Background and objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial condition that can lead to permanent vision loss once it progresses to the neovascular exudative stage. This review aims to summarize the use of deep learning in neovascular AMD. Materials [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial condition that can lead to permanent vision loss once it progresses to the neovascular exudative stage. This review aims to summarize the use of deep learning in neovascular AMD. Materials and Methods: Pubmed search. Results: Deep learning has demonstrated effectiveness in analyzing structural OCT images in patients with neovascular AMD. This review outlines the role of deep learning in identifying and measuring biomarkers linked to an elevated risk of transitioning to the neovascular form of AMD. Additionally, deep learning techniques can quantify critical OCT features associated with neovascular AMD, which have prognostic implications for these patients. Incorporating deep learning into the assessment of neovascular AMD eyes holds promise for enhancing clinical management strategies for affected individuals. Conclusion: Several studies have demonstrated effectiveness of deep learning in assessing neovascular AMD patients and this has a promising role in the assessment of these patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments)
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Review

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31 pages, 3022 KiB  
Review
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD): Pathophysiology, Drug Targeting Approaches, and Recent Developments in Nanotherapeutics
by Mahendra Singh, Riyakshi Negi, Alka, Ramachandran Vinayagam, Sang Gu Kang and Prashant Shukla
Medicina 2024, 60(10), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60101647 - 8 Oct 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
The most prevalent reason for vision impairment in aging inhabitants is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a posterior ocular disease with a poor understanding of the anatomic, genetic, and pathophysiological progression of the disease. Recently, new insights exploring the role of atrophic changes in [...] Read more.
The most prevalent reason for vision impairment in aging inhabitants is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a posterior ocular disease with a poor understanding of the anatomic, genetic, and pathophysiological progression of the disease. Recently, new insights exploring the role of atrophic changes in the retinal pigment epithelium, extracellular drusen deposits, lysosomal lipofuscin, and various genes have been investigated in the progression of AMD. Hence, this review explores the incidence and risk factors for AMD, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, the complement system, and the involvement of bioactive lipids and their role in angiogenesis. In addition to intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy and other therapeutic interventions such as oral kinase inhibitors, photodynamic, gene, and antioxidant therapy, as well as their benefits and drawbacks as AMD treatment options, strategic drug delivery methods, including drug delivery routes with a focus on intravitreal pharmacokinetics, are investigated. Further, the recent advancements in nanoformulations such as polymeric and lipid nanocarriers, liposomes, etc., intended for ocular drug delivery with pros and cons are too summarized. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to give new researchers an understanding of AMD pathophysiology, with an emphasis on angiogenesis, inflammation, the function of bioactive lipids, and therapy options. Additionally, drug delivery options that focus on the development of drug delivery system(s) via several routes of delivery can aid in the advancement of therapeutic choices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments)
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30 pages, 4181 KiB  
Review
The Complement System as a Therapeutic Target in Retinal Disease
by Joshua Ong, Arman Zarnegar, Amrish Selvam, Matthew Driban and Jay Chhablani
Medicina 2024, 60(6), 945; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60060945 - 5 Jun 2024
Viewed by 1880
Abstract
The complement cascade is a vital system in the human body’s defense against pathogens. During the natural aging process, it has been observed that this system is imperative for ensuring the integrity and homeostasis of the retina. While this system is critical for [...] Read more.
The complement cascade is a vital system in the human body’s defense against pathogens. During the natural aging process, it has been observed that this system is imperative for ensuring the integrity and homeostasis of the retina. While this system is critical for proper host defense and retinal integrity, it has also been found that dysregulation of this system may lead to certain retinal pathologies, including geographic atrophy and diabetic retinopathy. Targeting components of the complement system for retinal diseases has been an area of interest, and in vivo, ex vivo, and clinical trials have been conducted in this area. Following clinical trials, medications targeting the complement system for retinal disease have also become available. In this manuscript, we discuss the pathophysiology of complement dysfunction in the retina and specific pathologies. We then describe the results of cellular, animal, and clinical studies targeting the complement system for retinal diseases. We then provide an overview of complement inhibitors that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for geographic atrophy. The complement system in retinal diseases continues to serve as an emerging therapeutic target, and further research in this field will provide additional insights into the mechanisms and considerations for treatment of retinal pathologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments)
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15 pages, 1105 KiB  
Review
Microbial Dynamics in Ophthalmic Health: Exploring the Interplay between Human Microbiota and Glaucoma Pathogenesis
by Joicye Hernández-Zulueta, Andres J. Bolaños-Chang, Francisco J. Santa Cruz-Pavlovich, América D. Valero Rodríguez, Alejandro Lizárraga Madrigal, Ximena I. Del Rio-Murillo, José Navarro-Partida and Alejandro Gonzalez-De la Rosa
Medicina 2024, 60(4), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60040592 - 3 Apr 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1616
Abstract
The human microbiome has a crucial role in the homeostasis and health of the host. These microorganisms along with their genes are involved in various processes, among these are neurological signaling, the maturation of the immune system, and the inhibition of opportunistic pathogens. [...] Read more.
The human microbiome has a crucial role in the homeostasis and health of the host. These microorganisms along with their genes are involved in various processes, among these are neurological signaling, the maturation of the immune system, and the inhibition of opportunistic pathogens. In this sense, it has been shown that a healthy ocular microbiota acts as a barrier against the entry of pathogens, contributing to the prevention of infections. In recent years, a relationship has been suggested between microbiota dysbiosis and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In patients with glaucoma, it has been observed that the microbiota of the ocular surface, intraocular cavity, oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ from those observed in healthy patients, which may suggest a role in pathology development, although the evidence remains limited. The mechanisms involved in the relationship of the human microbiome and this neurodegenerative disease remain largely unknown. For this reason, the present review aims to show a broad overview of the influence of the structure and composition of the human oral and gut microbiota and relate its dysbiosis to neurodegenerative diseases, especially glaucoma. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases: Clinical Presentation and Novel Treatments)
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