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Metals
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Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials
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Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials

A special issue of Metals (ISSN 2075-4701). This special issue belongs to the section "Powder Metallurgy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 29403

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Joan-Josep Suñol

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Guest Editor
Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
Interests: powder metallurgy; structural analysis; thermal analysis; mechanical alloying; nanocrystalline
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Mechanical alloying is a versatile process for the production of powders. The size and size distribution of the particles change as a result of continuous fracture – welding. It has been utilized in different areas of materials processing and applied to obtain different material systems: oxide dispersion strengthened materials, intermetallics, ceramics, composites, nanostructured materials, amorphous materials, mechanochemical reaction materials. The products obtained after MA process depends on several parameters as: geometric and dynamic parameters of mill design, the character of motion of milling bodies, the physical and mechanical characteristics of milling bodies, the characteristics of processed substances, a mass ratio of milling bodies to powder, temperature of the vial, milling atmosphere, selection of process control agents, the filling factor of the vial. Moreover, the experimental milling devices to perform the alloying process are very different: attritor, shaker mill, horizontal ball mill, planetary mill, ball mill controlled by magnetic force.

Prof. Dr. Joan Josep Sunol
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • Mechanical alloying
  • ball milling
  • process parameters
  • structural alloys
  • functional alloys
  • simulation
  • powder technology.

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 165 KiB  
Editorial
Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials
by Joan-Josep Suñol
Metals 2021, 11(5), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050798 - 14 May 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2242
Abstract
Mechanical alloying is a technique involving the production of alloys and compounds, which permits the development of metastable materials (with amorphous or nanocrystalline microstructure) or the obtention of solid solutions with extended solubility [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)

Research

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14 pages, 3045 KiB  
Article
Fe-X-B-Cu (X = Nb, NiZr) Alloys Produced by Mechanical Alloying: Influence of Milling Device
by Albert Carrillo, Joan Saurina, Lluisa Escoda and Joan-Josep Suñol
Metals 2021, 11(3), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11030379 - 25 Feb 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
In this work, we analyze the influence of the milling device in the microstructural evolution of two Fe-X-B-Cu (X = Nb, NiZr) alloys produced by mechanical alloying (MA). The two milling devices are a planetary mil (P7) and a shaker mill (SPEX 8000). [...] Read more.
In this work, we analyze the influence of the milling device in the microstructural evolution of two Fe-X-B-Cu (X = Nb, NiZr) alloys produced by mechanical alloying (MA). The two milling devices are a planetary mil (P7) and a shaker mill (SPEX 8000). Microstructural analysis by X-ray diffraction detects the formation of a Fe rich solid solution. In the Fe-Nb-B-Cu alloy produced in the shaker mill also appears a Nb(B) minor phase, whereas in the Fe-NiZr-B-Cu alloy produced in the planetary mill, a minor disordered phase is formed. The comparative study regarding the energy transferred per unit of time in both devices determines that the shaker mill is more energetic. This fact explains that in the Fe-Nb-B-Cu alloy, Nb has not been introduced in the main Fe rich phase, whereas in the Fe-NiZr-B-Cu alloy milled in the shaker mill was formed the highly disordered phase. With regard to thermal analysis, the values of the apparent activation energies of the main crystallization process (above 200 kJ/mol) correspond to the crystalline growth of the nanocrystalline Fe rich phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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16 pages, 2986 KiB  
Article
Structure-Phase Transformations in the Course of Solid-State Mechanical Alloying of High-Nitrogen Chromium-Manganese Steels
by Kirill Lyashkov, Valery Shabashov, Andrey Zamatovskii, Kirill Kozlov, Natalya Kataeva, Evgenii Novikov and Yurii Ustyugov
Metals 2021, 11(2), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11020301 - 9 Feb 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2289
Abstract
The solid-state mechanical alloying (MA) of high-nitrogen chromium-manganese austenite steel—MA in a planetary ball mill, —was studied by methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the capacity of a material for the alloying we used mixtures of the binary Fe–Mn [...] Read more.
The solid-state mechanical alloying (MA) of high-nitrogen chromium-manganese austenite steel—MA in a planetary ball mill, —was studied by methods of Mössbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the capacity of a material for the alloying we used mixtures of the binary Fe–Mn and Fe–Cr alloys with the nitrides CrN (Cr2N) and Mn2N. It is shown that ball milling of the mixtures has led to the occurrence of the α → γ transitions being accompanied by the (i) formation of the solid solutions supersaturated with nitrogen and by (ii) their decomposition with the formation of secondary nitrides. The austenite formed by the ball milling and subsequent annealing at 700–800 °C, was a submicrocrystalline one that contained secondary nano-sized crystalline CrN (Cr2N) nitrides. It has been established that using the nitride Mn2N as nitrogen-containing addition is more preferable for the formation and stabilization of austenite—in the course of the MA and subsequent annealing—because of the formation of the concentration-inhomogeneous regions of γ phase enriched with austenite-forming low-mobile manganese. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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16 pages, 3023 KiB  
Article
Effects of the Addition of Fe, Co on the Azo Dye Degradation Ability of Mn-Al Mechanically Alloyed Powders
by Wael Ben Mbarek, Joan Saurina, Lluisa Escoda, Eloi Pineda, Mohamed Khitouni and Joan-Josep Suñol
Metals 2020, 10(12), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10121578 - 25 Nov 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2445
Abstract
Azo compounds are used in the textile and leather industry. A significant step during the azo dyes treatment of water is the degradation by breaking the N=N bonds. This break produces the decolorization of water. In this research work, 10% atomic of Fe [...] Read more.
Azo compounds are used in the textile and leather industry. A significant step during the azo dyes treatment of water is the degradation by breaking the N=N bonds. This break produces the decolorization of water. In this research work, 10% atomic of Fe or Co was added to produce ternary Mn-Al-rich, nanostructured, mechanically alloyed powders in order to improve the decolorization of Reactive Black 5 solutions and to check Fe and Co addition’s influence. The microstructure was followed by X-ray diffraction, the morphology and composition by electronic microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) microanalysis. The dye degradation was monitored with ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrophotometry. After degradation, the remaining organic compound was checked by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the functional groups of the powdered alloys by infrared spectroscopy. Fe addition to Mn-Al displayed faster kinetics and a higher efficiency than the Co addition. The Mn-Al-Fe solution (0.25 g/100 mL) was fully decolorized in 5 min. On the other side, Mn-Al-Co powders were able to successfully decolorize the dyed solution in 10 min under the same conditions. Thus, nanocrystalline Fe-doped Mn-Al alloys are good candidates for use in the decolorization process, in comparison with Co-doped and other intermetallic particles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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13 pages, 7684 KiB  
Article
A Novel Non-Equiatomic (W35Ta35Mo15Nb15)95Ni5 Refractory High Entropy Alloy with High Density Fabricated by Powder Metallurgical Process
by Bohua Duan, Yingrui Yu, Xinli Liu, Dezhi Wang and Zhuangzhi Wu
Metals 2020, 10(11), 1436; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10111436 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2683
Abstract
A non-equiatomic refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA), (W35Ta35Mo15Nb15)95Ni5 with high density of 14.55 g/cm3 was fabricated by powder metallurgical process of mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The mechanical [...] Read more.
A non-equiatomic refractory high entropy alloy (RHEA), (W35Ta35Mo15Nb15)95Ni5 with high density of 14.55 g/cm3 was fabricated by powder metallurgical process of mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The mechanical alloying behavior of the metallic powders was studied systematically, and the microstructure and phase composition for both the powders and alloys were analyzed. Results show that the crystal consists of the primary solid solution and marginal oxide inclusion (Nb5.7Ni4Ta2.3O2). In addition, the maximum strength, yield strength and fracture strain are, 2562 MPa, 2128 MPa, 8.16%, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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9 pages, 2845 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Amorphization and Recrystallization of Mn-Co(Fe)-Ge(Si) Compositions
by Antonio Vidal-Crespo, Jhon J. Ipus, Javier S. Blázquez and Alejandro Conde
Metals 2019, 9(5), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9050534 - 8 May 2019
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2821
Abstract
Mechanical alloying using a planetary ball mill allowed us to obtain two homogeneous systems formed by units with nanometer size and MnCo0.8Fe0.2Ge1−xSix stoichiometry (x = 0 and 0.5). The phase evolution of the systems [...] Read more.
Mechanical alloying using a planetary ball mill allowed us to obtain two homogeneous systems formed by units with nanometer size and MnCo0.8Fe0.2Ge1−xSix stoichiometry (x = 0 and 0.5). The phase evolution of the systems with the milling time was analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Thermal stability of the final products was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Room temperature 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to follow the changes in the Fe environments. A paramagnetic Co-based amorphous phase developed in both alloys as milling progressed. However, while the presence of Si stabilized the Mn-type phase, mechanical recrystallization was observed in a Si-free composition leading to the formation of a MnCo(Fe)Ge intermetallic (Pnma space group) with a crystal size of 7 ± 1 nm. Mössbauer results indicate that Fe atoms migrate from the initial bcc phase to the amorphous and intermetallic phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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9 pages, 3532 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Compressive Behavior of Al–Y2O3 Nanocomposites Prepared by Microwave-Assisted Mechanical Alloying
by Manohar Reddy Mattli, R. A. Shakoor, Penchal Reddy Matli and Adel Mohamed Amer Mohamed
Metals 2019, 9(4), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/met9040414 - 5 Apr 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4173
Abstract
In this study, Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites were synthesized via mechanical alloying and microwave-assisted sintering. The effect of different levels of yttrium oxide on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites were investigated. The density of the [...] Read more.
In this study, Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites were synthesized via mechanical alloying and microwave-assisted sintering. The effect of different levels of yttrium oxide on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites were investigated. The density of the Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites increased with increasing Y2O3 volume fraction in the aluminum matrix, while the porosity decreased. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the nanocomposites showed the homogeneous distribution of the Y2O3 nanoparticles in the aluminum matrix. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of yttria particles in the Al matrix. The mechanical properties of the Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites increased as the addition of yttria reached to 1.5 vol. % and thereafter decreased. The microhardness first increased from 38 Hv to 81 Hv, and then decreased to 74 ± 4 Hv for 1.5 vol. % yttria. The Al–1.5 vol. % Y2O3 nanocomposite exhibited the best ultimate compressive strength and yielded a strength of 359 ± 7 and 111 ± 5 MPa, respectively. The Al–Y2O3 nanocomposites showed higher hardness, yield strength, and compressive strength than the microwave-assisted mechanically alloyed pure Al. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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Review

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11 pages, 1794 KiB  
Review
Mechanical Alloying of Elemental Powders into Nanocrystalline (NC) Fe-Cr Alloys: Remarkable Oxidation Resistance of NC Alloys
by R. K. Singh Raman
Metals 2021, 11(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/met11050695 - 23 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2222
Abstract
Mechanical alloying is among the few cost effective techniques for synthesizing nanocrystalline alloy powders. This article reviews mechanical alloying or ball-milling of (NC) powders of Fe-Cr alloys of different compositions, and the remarkable oxidation resistance of the NC alloy. The article also reviews [...] Read more.
Mechanical alloying is among the few cost effective techniques for synthesizing nanocrystalline alloy powders. This article reviews mechanical alloying or ball-milling of (NC) powders of Fe-Cr alloys of different compositions, and the remarkable oxidation resistance of the NC alloy. The article also reviews challenges in thermal processing of the mechanically alloyed powders (such as compaction into monolithic mass) and means to overcome the challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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26 pages, 10294 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Review on Hydrogen Absorption Behaviour of Metal Alloys Prepared through Mechanical Alloying
by Thabang Ronny Somo, Thabiso Carol Maponya, Moegamat Wafeeq Davids, Mpitloane Joseph Hato, Mykhaylo Volodymyrovich Lototskyy and Kwena Desmond Modibane
Metals 2020, 10(5), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/met10050562 - 26 Apr 2020
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7098
Abstract
Hydride-forming alloys are currently considered reliable and suitable hydrogen storage materials because of their relatively high volumetric densities, and reversible H2 absorption/desorption kinetics, with high storage capacity. Nonetheless, their practical use is obstructed by several factors, including deterioration and slow hydrogen absorption/desorption [...] Read more.
Hydride-forming alloys are currently considered reliable and suitable hydrogen storage materials because of their relatively high volumetric densities, and reversible H2 absorption/desorption kinetics, with high storage capacity. Nonetheless, their practical use is obstructed by several factors, including deterioration and slow hydrogen absorption/desorption kinetics resulting from the surface chemical action of gas impurities. Lately, common strategies, such as spark plasma sintering, mechanical alloying, melt spinning, surface modification and alloying with other elements have been exploited, in order to overcome kinetic barriers. Through these techniques, improvements in hydriding kinetics has been achieved, however, it is still far from that required in practical application. In this review, we provide a critical overview on the effect of mechanical alloying of various metal hydrides (MHs), ranging from binary hydrides (CaH2, MgH2, etc) to ternary hydrides (examples being Ti-Mn-N and Ca-La-Mg-based systems), that are used in solid-state hydrogen storage, while we also deliver comparative study on how the aforementioned alloy preparation techniques affect H2 absorption/desorption kinetics of different MHs. Comparisons have been made on the resultant material phases attained by mechanical alloying with those of melt spinning and spark plasma sintering techniques. The reaction mechanism, surface modification techniques and hydrogen storage properties of these various MHs were discussed in detail. We also discussed the remaining challenges and proposed some suggestions to the emerging research of MHs. Based on the findings obtained in this review, the combination of two or more compatible techniques, e.g., synthesis of metal alloy materials through mechanical alloying followed by surface modification (metal deposition, metal-metal co-deposition or fluorination), may provide better hydriding kinetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Alloying: Processing and Materials)
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