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Journals
Microorganisms
Special Issues
Updates on HBV Infection 2.0
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Updates on HBV Infection 2.0

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Virology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 22885

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Isabelle Chemin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
Interests: HBV variants; hepatocellular carcinoma
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Flor Helene Pujol

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular (CMBC), Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela
Interests: hepatitis viruses; HIV; SARS-CoV-2; influenza; emerging viruses; viral genomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is the continuation of our previous edition "Updates on HBV Infection".

Achieving the WHO diagnostic objectives by 2030 of treating 90% of people with chronic hepatitis B and treating 90% of eligible people to prevent the development of hepatocellular cancer will require a substantial scale-up of tests and treatments. The improvement of the cascade of care will require us to address and overcome the following main current obstacles: diagnosis of populations in different countries including low/middle income groups, the need for confirmation of viral load, the validation of affordable tests, and the stratification of liver disease before treatment. Other limiting factors include a lack of knowledge of infection in the community, stigma and fear of disclosure, distance from care sites, lack or cost of transportation, and long waiting times in health establishments. Therefore, this effort will include an educational valence for awareness on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and liver cancer in the targeted population, providing the use of a rapid diagnostic orientation test (TROD) with provision of a rapid test result, including confirmation of the viral load, an immediate DNA test following a TROD-positive result, use of non-invasive tests for stratification of liver disease, and viral detection and therefore quick start of treatment.

In this context, this Special Issue aims to decipher the barriers in terms of the prevention, the diagnosis, and access to treatment of patients with viral hepatitis; propose new biomarkers; and explore viral variability in order to help expand access to anti-viral treatments for HBV chronic carriers.

Dr. Isabelle Chemin
Prof. Dr. Flor H. Pujol
Guest Editors

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 182 KiB  
Editorial
Updates on Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection 2.0
by Isabelle Chemin and Flor Helene Pujol
Microorganisms 2023, 11(12), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11122874 - 27 Nov 2023
Viewed by 925
Abstract
Hepatitis B is a “silent epidemic” that is fifty to a hundred (50–100) times more infectious than HIV and is a potentially life-threatening liver infection [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

12 pages, 1909 KiB  
Article
Systemic Inflammatory Molecules Are Associated with Advanced Fibrosis in Patients from Brazil Infected with Hepatitis Delta Virus Genotype 3 (HDV-3)
by Mauricio Souza Campos, Juan Miguel Villalobos-Salcedo, Deusilene Souza Vieira Dallacqua, Caio Lopes Borges Andrade, Roberto José Meyer Nascimento, Songeli Menezes Freire, Raymundo Paraná and Maria Isabel Schinoni
Microorganisms 2023, 11(5), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051270 - 12 May 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1712
Abstract
Background and Aims: Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) genotype 3 is responsible for outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis in Northeastern South America. This study investigates if systemic inflammatory molecules are differentially expressed in patients with advanced fibrosis chronically infected with Hepatitis Delta virusgenotype 3(HDV-3). Methods: [...] Read more.
Background and Aims: Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) genotype 3 is responsible for outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis in Northeastern South America. This study investigates if systemic inflammatory molecules are differentially expressed in patients with advanced fibrosis chronically infected with Hepatitis Delta virusgenotype 3(HDV-3). Methods: Sixty-one patients from the north of Brazil coinfected with hepatitis B virus (HBV)/HDV-3 were analyzed. HDV quantification and genotyping were performed by semi-nested real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methodologies. Ninety-two systemic inflammatory molecules (SIMs) were measured by Proximity Extension Assay (PEA) technology. The Shapiro–Wilk, Student’s t-test, Mann–Whitney tests, and logistic regression analysis were used when appropriate. Results: The median age was 41 years, and all patients were HBeAg negative. Advanced fibrosis or cirrhosis was diagnosed by histological staging in 17 patients, while 44 presented with minimal or no fibrosis. Advanced necroinflammatory activity correlated positively with serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Established non-invasive fibrosis scores (APRI, FIB-4, and AST/ALT ratio) revealed low sensitivities and positive predictive values (PPVs) with an AUROC maximum of 0.586. Among the 92 SIMs analyzed, MCP.4, CCL19, EN.RAGE, SCF, and IL18 showed a positive correlation with fibrosis stage. A combined score including CCL19 and MCP.4 revealed a sensitivity of 81% and an odds ratio of 2.202 for advanced fibrosis. Conclusions: Standard non-invasive fibrosis scores showed poor performance in HDV-3 infection. We here suggest that the determination of CCL19 and MCP.4 may be used to identify patients with advanced fibrosis. Moreover, this study gives novel insights into the immunopathogenesis of HDV-3 infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)
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Review

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18 pages, 4377 KiB  
Review
Concealed for a Long Time on the Marches of Empires: Hepatitis B Virus Genotype I
by Agnès Marchio, Philavanh Sitbounlang, Eric Deharo, Phimpha Paboriboune and Pascal Pineau
Microorganisms 2023, 11(9), 2204; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092204 - 31 Aug 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1290
Abstract
Genotype I, the penultimate HBV genotype to date, was granted the status of a bona fide genotype only in the XXIst century after some hesitations. The reason for these hesitations was that genotype I is a complex recombinant virus formed with segments from [...] Read more.
Genotype I, the penultimate HBV genotype to date, was granted the status of a bona fide genotype only in the XXIst century after some hesitations. The reason for these hesitations was that genotype I is a complex recombinant virus formed with segments from three original genotypes, A, C, and G. It was estimated that genotype I is responsible for only an infinitesimal fraction (<1.0%) of the chronic HBV infection burden worldwide. Furthermore, most probably due to its recent discovery and rarity, the natural history of infection with genotype I is poorly known in comparison with those of genotypes B or C that predominate in their area of circulation. Overall, genotype I is a minor genotype infecting ethnic minorities. It is endemic to the Southeast Asian Massif or Eastern Zomia, a vast mountainous or hilly region of 2.5 million km2 spreading from Eastern India to China, inhabited by a little more than 100 million persons belonging primarily to ethnic minorities speaking various types of languages (Tibeto-Burman, Austroasiatic, and Tai-Kadai) who managed to escape the authority of central states during historical times. Genotype I consists of two subtypes: I1, present in China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam; and I2, encountered in India, Laos, and Vietnam. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)
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17 pages, 2028 KiB  
Review
The Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes E to J: The Overlooked Genotypes
by Rayana Maryse Toyé, Carmen Luisa Loureiro, Rossana Celeste Jaspe, Fabien Zoulim, Flor Helene Pujol and Isabelle Chemin
Microorganisms 2023, 11(8), 1908; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11081908 - 27 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2236
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E to J are understudied genotypes. Genotype E is found almost exclusively in West Africa. Genotypes F and H are found in America and are rare in other parts of the world. The distribution of genotype G is [...] Read more.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes E to J are understudied genotypes. Genotype E is found almost exclusively in West Africa. Genotypes F and H are found in America and are rare in other parts of the world. The distribution of genotype G is not completely known. Genotypes I and J are found in Asia and probably result from recombination events with other genotypes. The number of reported sequences for HBV genotypes E to J is small compared to other genotypes, which could impact phylogenetic and pairwise distance analyses. Genotype F is the most divergent of the HBV genotypes and is subdivided into six subgenotypes F1 to F6. Genotype E may be a recent genotype circulating almost exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa. Genotype J is a putative genotype originating from a single Japanese patient. The paucity of data from sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America is due to the under-representation of these regions in clinical and research cohorts. The purpose of this review is to highlight the need for further research on HBV genotypes E to J, which appear to be overlooked genotypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)
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20 pages, 1518 KiB  
Review
Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus—An Update
by Diana di Filippo Villa and Maria-Cristina Navas
Microorganisms 2023, 11(5), 1140; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051140 - 27 Apr 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 9674
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem in the world. Approximately 296 million people are chronically infected. In endemic areas, vertical transmission is a common route of transmission. There are several strategies for the prevention of HBV vertical transmission, [...] Read more.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem in the world. Approximately 296 million people are chronically infected. In endemic areas, vertical transmission is a common route of transmission. There are several strategies for the prevention of HBV vertical transmission, such as antiviral treatment during the third trimester of pregnancy and immunoprophylaxis to newborns that includes the administration of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and an HBV vaccine. Despite this, immunoprophylaxis failure can occur in up to 30% of infants born to HBeAg-positive mothers and/or with high viral load. Therefore, management and prevention of HBV vertical transmission is of paramount significance. In this article, we provided a review of the epidemiology, mechanisms of pathogenesis and risk factors of vertical transmission, as well as the strategies implemented to prevent the infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)
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14 pages, 1804 KiB  
Review
Hepatitis B Virus Genotype D: An Overview of Molecular Epidemiology, Evolutionary History, and Clinical Characteristics
by Thaís B. Sant’Anna and Natalia M. Araujo
Microorganisms 2023, 11(5), 1101; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11051101 - 22 Apr 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3508
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype D (HBV/D) is the most extensively distributed genotype worldwide with distinct molecular and epidemiological features. This report provides an up-to-date review on the history of HBV/D subgenotyping and misclassifications, along with large-scale analysis of over 1000 HBV/D [...] Read more.
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype D (HBV/D) is the most extensively distributed genotype worldwide with distinct molecular and epidemiological features. This report provides an up-to-date review on the history of HBV/D subgenotyping and misclassifications, along with large-scale analysis of over 1000 HBV/D complete genome sequences, with the aim of gaining a thorough understanding of the global prevalence and geographic distribution of HBV/D subgenotypes. We have additionally explored recent paleogenomic findings, which facilitated the detection of HBV/D genomes dating back to the late Iron Age and provided new perspectives on the origins of modern HBV/D strains. Finally, reports on distinct disease outcomes and responses to antiviral therapy among HBV/D subgenotypes are discussed, further highlighting the complexity of this genotype and the importance of HBV subgenotyping in the management and treatment of hepatitis B. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)
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13 pages, 314 KiB  
Review
Oxidative Stress in Chronic Hepatitis B—An Update
by Gabriela Loredana Popa and Mircea Ioan Popa
Microorganisms 2022, 10(7), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071265 - 21 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2447
Abstract
In recent years, the role of oxidative stress has been investigated in an increasing number of infections. There is a close link between the inflammation that accompanies infections and oxidative stress. Excessive reactive oxygen species induce harmful effects on cell components, including lipids, [...] Read more.
In recent years, the role of oxidative stress has been investigated in an increasing number of infections. There is a close link between the inflammation that accompanies infections and oxidative stress. Excessive reactive oxygen species induce harmful effects on cell components, including lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. A growing body of evidence attests to the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of viral liver infections, especially in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the data are limited, but important progress has been achieved in recent years. This review presents the latest advances pertaining to the role of the oxidative stress byproducts in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B, constituting a source of potential new markers for the evaluation and monitoring of patients with chronic hepatitis B. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on HBV Infection 2.0)
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