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Iron-Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences
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Iron-Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 June 2024) | Viewed by 5679

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Chao Duan

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
Interests: iron-oxide-apatite deposit; Fe skarn deposit; iron oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposit; ore formation process; in situ analysis
Dr. Wei Li

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Interests: skarn deposits; intrusion-related and orogenic gold deposits

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Iron-oxide-apatite and Fe skarn deposits are both very important for their iron resources. They have many features in common, such as magma hydrothermally derived fluids and geological settings. However, they have different wall rocks, a factor which could result in a significant difference in mineral assemblages and ore-forming processes. To advance the genetic understanding of these two types of Fe deposits, we have established this Special Issue, entitled “Iron-Oxide-Apatite and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences”. Contributions should focus on deposit geology, ore-forming process, mineralogy, geochemistry, and the linkage between IOA and Fe skarn deposits. New analytical methods and experimental studies are also welcome.

Dr. Chao Duan
Dr. Wei Li
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • ion-oxide-apatite deposit
  • Fe skarn deposit
  • ore-forming process
  • in situ analysis

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 6498 KiB  
Article
Phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology for Guodian Skarn Fe Deposit in Qihe–Yucheng District, Luxi Block, North China Craton: A Link between Craton Destruction and Fe Mineralization
by Qiwei Feng, Mingbo Gao, Chao Fu, Siyuan Li, Yadong Li, Jilei Gao, Ming Ma, Zhaozhong Wang, Yidan Zhu, Binglu Wu, Zhuang Duan and Zhicai Dang
Minerals 2024, 14(7), 690; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14070690 - 1 Jul 2024
Viewed by 786
Abstract
The Guodian Fe deposit is representative of the newly discovered Qihe–Yucheng high-grade Fe skarn ore cluster, Luxi Block, eastern North China Craton (NCC). The age of the Pandian Fe deposit remains elusive, which hinders the understanding of its metallogenic tectonic background. Phlogopites are [...] Read more.
The Guodian Fe deposit is representative of the newly discovered Qihe–Yucheng high-grade Fe skarn ore cluster, Luxi Block, eastern North China Craton (NCC). The age of the Pandian Fe deposit remains elusive, which hinders the understanding of its metallogenic tectonic background. Phlogopites are recognized in syn-ore stages, and they are closely associated with magnetite in the Guodian skarn Fe deposit. Here, we carried out 40Ar/39Ar dating of phlogopite, which can place a tight constraint on the timing of Guodian iron mineralization and shed light on the geodynamic framework under which the Guodian Fe deposit formed. Ore-related phlogopite 40Ar/39Ar dating yielded 40Ar/39Ar plateau ages of 131.6 ± 1.7 Ma at 890–1400 °C, with the corresponding isochron age being 131.1 ± 2.6 Ma. These two ages are consistent within the error, indicating that they can represent the formation age of the Guodian iron deposit. The mineralization age overlaps the zircon U-Pb age of 124.4 Ma for ore-related Pandian pluton. This age consistency confirms that the iron skarn mineralization is temporally and likely genetically related to Pandian diorite. The present results, coupled with existing isotopic age data, indicate the Guodian skarn Fe deposit formed contemporaneously with large-scale skarn iron mineralization over the Luxi Block in the Late Mesozoic. The available data demonstrated that the eastern NCC was “destructed” in the Late Mesozoic, as marked by voluminous igneous rocks, faulted-basin formation, high crustal heat flow, and widespread metamorphic core complexes in the eastern part of the NCC. It is thus suggested that the Guodian Fe skarn deposits, together with other deposits of similar ages in the Luxi Block and even in the eastern NCC, were products of this craton destruction. Lithospheric extension and extensive magmatism related to the craton destruction may have provided sufficient heat energy, fluid, chlorine, and Fe for the formation of the Fe deposit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron-Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences)
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20 pages, 27396 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Granitic Magma and Mineralization in the Darongxi Skarn W Deposit, Xiangzhong District, South China: Constrained by Zircon and Apatite
by Lei Cai, Wei Li, Guiqing Xie and Fangyuan Yin
Minerals 2024, 14(3), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14030280 - 7 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1326
Abstract
The Xiangzhong district is the largest low-temperature W-Au-Sb metallogenic area in the world. The Darongxi skarn W deposit in the north of the Xiangzhong district is closely related to biotite monzonite granite, muscovite monzonite granite, and felsophyre, but the nature of granitic magma [...] Read more.
The Xiangzhong district is the largest low-temperature W-Au-Sb metallogenic area in the world. The Darongxi skarn W deposit in the north of the Xiangzhong district is closely related to biotite monzonite granite, muscovite monzonite granite, and felsophyre, but the nature of granitic magma and its relationship with mineralization is relatively weak. In this paper, U-Pb dating, Lu-Hf isotope, the in situ composition of zircon, and the apatite of biotite monzonite granite, muscovite monzonite granite, and felsophyre in the Darongxi mining area are systematically studied, and the formation age, magma property and source, and their relationship with mineralization are discussed. The values of zircon U-Pb age and the εHf(t) of biotite monzonite granite are 222.2 ± 0.54 Ma and −2.9~−6.4, respectively. The values of zircon U-Pb age and the εHf(t) of muscovite monzonite granite are 220.8 ± 0.58 Ma and −2.7 to −8.1, respectively. The values of zircon U-Pb age and the εHf(t) of felsophyre are 222.3 ± 2.20 Ma and −2.2~−5.4, respectively. Magmatic apatite grains from biotite monzonite granite and muscovite monzonite granite show distinctive core–rim and oscillatory zoning textures in CL images, and demonstrate a bright yellow in colorful CL images. The magmatic apatite has a total rare earth concentration (3766~4627 ppm), exhibiting right-inclined nomorlized rare earth element patterns and obvious negative Eu anomalies. The geochemical data of magmatic zircon and apatite indicate that magma sources are responsible for these intrusions in the Darongxi mining area, mainly derived from the partial melting of the Mesoproterozoic crust, which is rich in W; the magma is rich in F and poor in Cl (F = 2.4~3.3 wt%, Cl = 0.0024~0.0502 wt%). The oxygen fugacity of magmatic zircon (ΔFMQAVG = −4.02~−0.26), the high negative Eu anomaly (δEu = 0.06~0.12) and the low positive Ce anomaly (δCe = 1.09~1.13) of magmatic apatite, and the occurrence of ilmenite all indicate that the redox condition of magma from the Darongxi mining area is reduced. The reduced F-rich crust-source granitic rock and W-rich source provide favorable conditions for the mineralization of the Darongxi reduced skarn W deposit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron-Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences)
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19 pages, 10995 KiB  
Article
Iron–Titanium Oxide–Apatite–Sulfide–Sulfate Microinclusions in Gabbro and Adakite from the Russian Far East Indicate Possible Magmatic Links to Iron Oxide–Apatite and Iron Oxide–Copper–Gold Deposits
by Pavel Kepezhinskas, Nikolai Berdnikov, Valeria Krutikova and Nadezhda Kozhemyako
Minerals 2024, 14(2), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14020188 - 11 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1388
Abstract
Mesozoic gabbro from the Stanovoy convergent margin and adakitic dacite lava from the Pliocene–Quaternary Bakening volcano in Kamchatka contain iron–titanium oxide–apatite–sulfide–sulfate (ITOASS) microinclusions along with abundant isolated iron–titanium minerals, sulfides and halides of base and precious metals. Iron–titanium minerals include magnetite, ilmenite and [...] Read more.
Mesozoic gabbro from the Stanovoy convergent margin and adakitic dacite lava from the Pliocene–Quaternary Bakening volcano in Kamchatka contain iron–titanium oxide–apatite–sulfide–sulfate (ITOASS) microinclusions along with abundant isolated iron–titanium minerals, sulfides and halides of base and precious metals. Iron–titanium minerals include magnetite, ilmenite and rutile; sulfides include chalcopyrite, pyrite and pyrrhotite; sulfates are represented by barite; and halides are predominantly composed of copper and silver chlorides. Apatite in both gabbro and adakitic dacite frequently contains elevated chlorine concentrations (up to 1.7 wt.%). Mineral thermobarometry suggests that the ITOASS microinclusions and associated Fe-Ti minerals and sulfides crystallized from subduction-related metal-rich melts in mid-crustal magmatic conduits at depths of 10 to 20 km below the surface under almost neutral redox conditions (from the unit below to the unit above the QFM buffer). The ITOASS microinclusions in gabbro and adakite from the Russian Far East provide possible magmatic links to iron oxide–apatite (IOA) and iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG) deposits and offer valuable insights into the early magmatic (pre-metasomatic) evolution of the IOA and ICOG mineralized systems in paleo-subduction- and collision-related geodynamic environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron-Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences)
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21 pages, 18602 KiB  
Article
Genesis of the Yi’nan Tongjing Gold–Copper Skarn Deposit, Luxi District, North China Craton: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and H–O Isotopes
by Wenyan Cai, Xiao Liu, Zhaolu Zhang, Jilei Gao, Ming Lei, Qingyi Cui, Ming Ma, Yadong Li and Yingxin Song
Minerals 2023, 13(10), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13101348 - 23 Oct 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1426
Abstract
The Luxi district presents an exceptional research area for the investigation of the significant role played by magma exsolution fluids in the mineralization process of Au–Cu deposits. A particularly noteworthy occurrence within this region is the Yi’nan Tongjing Au–Cu skarn deposit, situated in [...] Read more.
The Luxi district presents an exceptional research area for the investigation of the significant role played by magma exsolution fluids in the mineralization process of Au–Cu deposits. A particularly noteworthy occurrence within this region is the Yi’nan Tongjing Au–Cu skarn deposit, situated in the central-southern part of the Luxi district. This deposit primarily occurs in the contact zone between the early Cretaceous Tongjing complex and the Proterozoic to Cambrian sequences. The ore formation process observed in this deposit can be categorized into three distinct stages: (I) thermal metamorphism, (II) prograde alteration, and (III) retrograde alteration. The retrograde alteration stage is further divided into four sub-stages: late skarn (III-1), oxide (III-2), sulfide (III-3), and late quartz-calcite (III-4). It is primarily during the III-3 sub-stage that gold mineralization occurs. Petrographic analysis has identified three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) within garnet, quartz, and calcite grains. These include liquid-rich two-phase aqueous FIs, vapor-rich two-phase aqueous FIs, and halite-bearing multi-phase FIs. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions from stages II, III-3, and III-4 range between 430–457 °C, 341–406 °C, and 166–215 °C (first to third quartiles), respectively. The garnet samples from stage II exhibit hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions (δ18OH2O = 6.8‰ and δD = −73‰) that are indicative of a typical magma source. However, the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of sub-stages III-1, III-2, and III-3 (δ18OH2O = 7.32‰ to 9.74‰; δD = −107‰ to −81.9‰) fall below the magma water box while the hydrogen and oxygen isotope values of III-4 (δ18OH2O = −5.3‰ to −0.9‰ and δD = −103.8‰ to −67‰) tend to move towards the meteoric water line. Furthermore, the ore-forming fluid displays characteristics of a mixture between the crustal and mantle fluids. The Tongjing complex occurred along a weakened fault zone, initiating a process of thermal metamorphism upon contact with the wall rock. This thermal metamorphism resulted in the formation of diverse assemblages, including hornfels, reaction skarns, and skarnoids. Subsequently, the upward movement of ore-forming fluids triggered exsolution which led to the establishment of a high-temperature, medium-salinity NaCl–H2O system with a single phase at depths ranging from 1–3 km. This marked the formation of the prograde alteration stage. Afterward, the ore-forming fluid underwent water–rock interactions and the admixture of meteoric water at a depth of 1–2 km. These processes facilitated phase separation, commonly referred to as boiling, resulting in the transformation of the ore-forming fluid into higher salinity fluids and lower-density gases. This evolutionary transition ultimately induced the precipitation and liberation of gold and copper from the fluid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iron-Oxide-Apatite Deposits and Fe Skarn Deposits: Genesis, Similarities, and Differences)
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