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Granite-Related Mineralization Systems

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A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Deposits".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2020) | Viewed by 43449

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Fernando Noronha

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Department of Geosciences, Environment and Spatial Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
Interests: ore deposits related to granite magmatism; hydrothermal fluids; tungsten hydrothermal mineralization; Li pegmatites; characterization of geological materials

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue will focus on recent advances in the metallogeny and mineralogy of the granite-related mineralization system. This specific system is typically associated with orogenic to late-orogenic magmatism, usually of ilmenite type. With regard to the granite-related mineralization system, we can include three major types of ore deposits: disseminated magmatic mineralization in granites themselves, hydrothermal deposits (veins and greisen type), and late-magmatic pegmatites (rare element pegmatites). Distinct types of granite can be generated by the melting of crustal material and/or resulting from the differentiation of basal or infracortical basic magmas.

The role of granites is determinant, not only as a source of metals but also as a source of magmatic fluids. In the case of granites related to orogenic metamorphism, the evidence points to the importance of the composition of the starting materials. In the case of granites, where the basal or infracrustal component is more important, they can act as channels of mineralizing solutions from a deeper origin, or the metallic elements can be derived from the granitic magma itself.

Granites are also important as heat sources capable of generating fluid circuits capable of mobilizing preconcentrations of ores from the host rocks, or to push the non-magmatic fluids (meteoric and metamorphic) involved in the mineralizing processes.

Prof. Dr. Fernando Noronha
Guest Editor

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Keywords

evaluation of intrusion ore potential
metal abundance in source magma
granite magma fertility
disseminated magmatic mineralization
hydrothermal veins
greisen
rare element pegmatites

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Research

29 pages, 10374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ore-Bearing Magmatic Systems with Complex Sn–Au–Ag Mineralization in the North-Eastern Verkhoyansk–Kolyma Orogenic Belt, Russia

by Vera A. Trunilina and Andrei V. Prokopiev

Minerals 2021, 11(3), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/min11030266 - 4 Mar 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2436

Abstract

This paper reports the results of a study of magmatic rocks with Sn–W–Au–Ag mineralization from the Kuranakh, Elikchan, and Istekh ore fields in the Northern batholith belt of the north-eastern Verkhoyansk–Kolyma orogenic belt in Eastern Russia. Using petrographic, mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic methods, we determined the mineral compositions, petrochemistry, and geochemistry of magmatic rocks, the P–T conditions of their generation and crystallization, and their geodynamic affinity. The studied magmatic rocks have common geochemical characteristics that likely reflect the influence of fluids supplied from a long-lived, deep-seated mantle source. The ore fields are characterized by Sn–W–Au–Ag–Pb polygenetic mineralization. The magmatic and metallogenic evolution comprised five stages for the formation of magmatic rocks and ores. During the first stage (Berriasian–Barremian), arc-related magmatic rocks formed in an active continental margin setting and were associated with Au–Ag mineralization. The second, third, and fourth stages (Aptian–Campanian) took place in a crustal extension and rift setting, and were accompanied by Au–Ag and Sn–W mineralization. During the fifth (post-magmatic) stage, Sn–Ag–Sb and Pb–Ag mineralization occurred. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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43 pages, 8617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Signature and Magnetic Fabric of Capinha Massif (Fundão, Central Portugal): Genesis, Emplacement and Relation with W–Sn Mineralizations

by Ana Gonçalves, Helena Sant’Ovaia and Fernando Noronha

Minerals 2020, 10(6), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060557 - 20 Jun 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3636

Abstract

The Fundão–Serra da Estrela–Capinha (FSEC) region is characterized by peraluminous to metaluminous Variscan granites intrusive in a complex and thick metasedimentary sequence. This work seeks to characterize the Capinha granite (CG), understand its spatial and genetic relationship with the host Peroviseu–Seia (PS), Belmonte–Covilhã (BC) and Fáguas granites, and evaluate its metallogenic potential. To achieve these goals, a multidisciplinary approach was undertaken, including field work and identification of the petrography and microstructures, whole rock geochemistry and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility. Four distinct and independent differentiation trends were identified in the granites, namely, PS, BC, Fráguas and CG. The PS and BC played a role as host rocks for the W and Sn mineralizations. The Fráguas granite is anomalous in Sn and spatially related to the Sn–Li mineralizations, while the CG is anomalous in W and spatially related to W–Sn mineralizations. The post-tectonic CG is a peraluminous ilmenite-type whose ascent and emplacement were tectonically controlled. The Capinha magma used the intersection between the 25° N and 155° N strike–slip crustal scale faults for passive ascent and emplacement during the late-Variscan extensional phases. The magnetic fabric was drawn using an asymmetric tongue-shaped laccolith for CG. CG experienced two brittle deformation stages that marked the maximum compressive rotation from NE–SW to NNW–SSE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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42 pages, 35266 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Relative Abundance and Compositional Variation of Silicates, Oxides and Phosphates in the W-Sn-Rich Lodes of the Panasqueira Mine (Portugal): Implications for the Ore-Forming Process

by António Mateus, Jorge Figueiras, Ivo Martins, Pedro C. Rodrigues and Filipe Pinto

Minerals 2020, 10(6), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10060551 - 19 Jun 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4653

Abstract

Panasqueira is a world-class W-Sn-Cu lode-type deposit located in Portugal. It consists of a dense swarm of subhorizontal quartz lodes criss-crossed by several ENE–WSW and N–S fault zones, bordering Late Variscan granite and hosted in Late Ediacaran—Early Cambrian metasediments. The relative abundance and compositional variation (assessed with EPMA) of the main silicates, oxides and phosphates forming the quartz lodes and their margins were examined, aiming to explore: (i) mineral and geochemical zonation at the mine scale; and (ii) some conclusions on the chemical nature of prevalent fluid inflows and T-conditions of mineral deposition. Quartz lodes nearby or far from the known greisen-granite cupola display significant differences, reflecting multiple fluid influxes of somewhat distinct composition related to various opening and closing events extending for several My, ranging from an early “oxide–silicate stage” (OSS) to a “main sulfide stage” (MSS), and further on to a post-ore carbonate stage (POCS); however, a rejuvenation event occurred after MSS. The onset of OSS was placed at ca. 299 ± 5 Ma and the rejuvenation event at ca. 292 Ma. The OSS was confined to ≈500 ≤ T ≤ 320 °C, following rutile and tourmaline growth under ≈640 ≤ T ≤ 540 °C (depending on aSiO₂). The rejuvenation event (≈440–450 °C) preceded a late chlorite growth (≈250–270 °C) and the progression towards POCS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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21 pages, 4083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tourmaline as a Recorder of Ore-Forming Processes in the Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be Deposit, Sichuan Province, China: Evidence from the Chemical Composition of Tourmaline

by Xinxiang Zhu, Markus B. Raschke and Yan Liu

Minerals 2020, 10(5), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050438 - 14 May 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4839

Abstract

The Xuebaoding W-Sn-Be deposit located in the Songpan-Ganze Orogenic Belt (Sichuan Province, China) is a hydrothermal deposit with less developed pegmatite stage. The deposit is famous for the coarse-grained crystals of beryl, scheelite, cassiterite, apatite, fluorite, muscovite, and others. The orebody is spatially associated with the Pankou and Pukouling granites hosted in Triassic marbles and schists. The highly fractionated granites are peraluminous, Li-Rb-Cs-rich, and related to W-Sn-Be mineralization. The mineralization can chiefly be classified based on the wallrock and mineral assemblages as muscovite and beryl in granite (Zone I), then beryl, cassiterite and muscovite at the transition from granite to triassic strata (Zone II), and the main mineralized veins composed of an assemblage of beryl, cassiterite, scheelite, fluorite, and apatite hosted in metasedimentary rock units of marble and schist (Zone III). Due to the stability of tourmaline over a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions, its compositional variability can reflect the evolution of the ore-forming fluids. Tourmaline is an important gangue mineral in the Xuebaoding deposit and occurs in the late-magmatic to early-hydrothermal stage, and can thus be used as a proxy for the fluid evolution. Three types of tourmalines can be distinguished: tourmaline disseminations within the granite (type I), tourmaline clusters at the margin of the granite (type II), and tourmalines occurring in the mineralized veins (type III). Based on their chemical composition, both type I and II tourmalines belong to the alkali group and to the dravite-schorl solid solution. Type III tourmaline which is higher in X-site vacancy corresponds to foitite and schorl. It is proposed that the weakly zoned type I tourmalines result from an immiscible boron-rich aqueous fluid in the latest stage of granite crystallization, that the type II tourmalines showing skeletal texture directly formed from the undercooled melts, and that type III tourmalines occurring in the mineralized veins formed directly from the magmatic hydrothermal fluids. Both type I and type II tourmalines show similar compositional variations reflecting the highly fractionated Pankou and Pukouling granites. The higher Ca, Mg, and Fe contents of type III tourmaline are buffered by the composition of the metasedimentary host rocks. The decreasing Na content (<0.8 atoms per formula unit (apfu)) and increasing Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ ratios of all tourmaline samples suggest that they precipitated from oxidized, low-salinity fluids. The decreasing trend of Al content from type I (5.60–6.36 apfu) and type II (6.01–6.43 apfu) to type III (5.58–5.87 apfu) tourmalines, and associated decrease in Na, may be caused by the crystallization of albite and muscovite. The combined petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of the three types of tourmalines thus reflect the late-magmatic to early-hydrothermal evolution of the ore-forming fluids, and could be used as a geochemical fingerprint for prospecting W-Sn-Be mineralization in the Xuebaoding district. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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16 pages, 4709 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Occurrence and Composition of Columbite-(Fe) In the Reduced A-Type Desemborque Pluton, Graciosa Province (S-SE Brazil)

by Astrid Siachoque, Rodolfo Garcia and Silvio R.F. Vlach

Minerals 2020, 10(5), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050411 - 4 May 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 6931

Abstract

Columbite-(Fe) is a post-magmatic accessory mineral occurring within syenogranites and greisens from the Desemborque Pluton. The petrographic (SEM) and geochemical (EPMA and LA-ICPMS) examination of this mineral shows two distinct textural types within both the rocks, named columbite-1 and columbite-2. The columbite-1 type is characterized by zoned crystals with two stages of crystallization: i) An early Nb-rich cores with low Ta/(Ta + Nb) and Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios (0.02–0.08 and 0.17 to 0.21 apfu, respectively), and ii) a later Ta-rich rims with higher Ta/(Ta + Nb) ratios (0.11–0.26) and similar Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios (from 0.14 to 0.22) relative to the former cores. On the other hand, the columbite-2 type is defined by irregular crystals with patchy textures and very low Ta/(Ta + Nb) ratios (0.008–0.038) and moderate Mn/(Mn + Fe) ratios between 0.20 and 0.38. Trace element compositions of all columbite-(Fe) crystals are relatively enriched in HREEs and HFSEs; however, the columbite-2 presents higher abundances of REEs, Y, Th, U, Pb, Sc, and Sn relative to the columbite-1. This study highlights a unique hydrothermal origin for both the columbite types, but the textural relations of the columbite-2 crystals indicated that its formation is related to fluid-induced alterations of post-magmatic fluorite and/or cassiterite crystals at the final stage of the post-magmatic evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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25 pages, 6522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochronological, Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf Isotopic Studies of the A-type Granites and Adakitic Granodiorites in Western Junggar: Petrogenesis and Tectonic Implications

by Jia Lu, Chen Zhang and Dongdong Liu

Minerals 2020, 10(5), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10050397 - 29 Apr 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

Late Carboniferous magmatism in the Western Junggar region of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) provides a critical geological record of regional tectonic and geodynamic history. In this study, we determined the zircon U-Pb isotopic compositions, bulk-rock Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions, and major and trace element geochemistry of two granitic bodies in the Western Junggar, with the aim of constraining their emplacement ages, magmatic origin, and geodynamic significance. Radiometric ages indicate that the plutons were emplaced during the Late Carboniferous (322–307 Ma). Plutons in the North Karamay region are characterized by high Sr content (347–362 ppm) and low Y content (15.3–16.7 ppm), yielding relatively high Sr/Y ratios (20.8–23.7). They show consistent Yb (1.68–1.85 ppm), Cr (16–19 ppm), Co (7.5–8.1 ppm) and Ni (5.9–6.6 ppm) content, similar to that of modern adakites. The Hongshan plutons are characterized by high SiO₂ (69.95–74.66 wt%), Na₂O (3.26–3.64 wt%), and K₂O (4.84–5.16 wt%) content, low Al₂O₃ (12.02–12.84 wt%;) and MgO (0.13–0 18 wt%) content, and low Mg^# values (0.16–0.22). This group shows a clear geochemical affinity with A-type granites. All of the studied granitoids have positive εNd(t) (+4.89 to +7.21) and εHf(t) (+7.70 to +13.00) values, with young T_DM(Nd) 806–526 Ma) and T_DM(Hf) (656–383 Ma) ages, indicating a substantial addition of juvenile material. The adakitic granodiorites in the North Karamay region were likely generated via partial melting of thickened lower crust, while the A-type granites in the Hongshan area may have been derived from the melting of lower-middle crust in an intra-oceanic arc, which consists mainly of oceanic crust. The emplacement of these granitoids represents a regional magmatic “flare up”, which can be explained by the rollback of a subducting slab. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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26 pages, 11735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Changes from Endogranitic Magmatic to Magmatic-Hydrothermal Mineralization: The Zaaiplaats Tin Granites, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa

by Leonidas Vonopartis, Paul Nex, Judith Kinnaird and Laurence Robb

Minerals 2020, 10(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040379 - 23 Apr 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5223

Abstract

The stanniferous granites of the Zaaiplaats Tin Field are part of the A-Type Lebowa Granite Suite, within the greater Bushveld Igneous Complex of northeast South Africa. The tin field comprises three granites: (1) the Nebo, a leucocratic, equigranular biotite granite; (2) The brick-red hypidiomorphic Bobbejaankop granite, which is extensively microclinized with chloritized biotite and characteristic synneusis-textured quartz; and (3) The variably altered roof facies of the Bobbejaankop granite known as the Lease microgranite. The Bobbejaankop and Lease granites were both extensively mined for cassiterite until 1989. The cassiterite is hosted in disseminations, miarolitic cavities, and within large hydrothermal, tourmalinized, and greisenized pipes and lenticular ore-bodies. An extensive petrological and whole-rock XRF and ICP-MS geochemical study, has provided new insight into the magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization processes in these granites. Trace elements and Rayleigh Fractionation modelling suggest the sequential fractionation of the Nebo granite magma to be the origin of the Bobbejaankop granite. Incompatible elemental ratios, such as Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta, record the influence of internally derived, F-rich, hydrothermal fluid accumulation within the roof of the Bobbejaankop granite. Thus, the Lease granite resulted from alteration of the partially crystallized Bobbejaankop granite, subsequent to fluid saturation, and the accumulation of a magmatic-hydrothermal, volatile-rich fluid in the granite cupola. The ratio of Nb/Ta, proved effective in distinguishing the magmatic and magmatic-hydrothermal transition within the Bobbejaankop granite. Elemental ratios reveal the differences between pre- and post-fluid saturation in the mineralizing regimes within the same pluton. Thus highlighting the effect that the location and degree of hydrothermal alteration have had on the distribution of endogranitic tin mineralization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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15 pages, 3950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sulfide S and Pb Isotopic Constraint on the Genesis of Diyanqinamu Mo-Pb-Zn Polymetallic Deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

by Hairui Sun, Zhilong Huang, Zhicheng Lü, Xiaofei Yu and Yongsheng Li

Minerals 2020, 10(4), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10040304 - 28 Mar 2020

Viewed by 2667

Abstract

The Great Hinggan Range (GHR) hosts many large Mo deposits and vein-type Pb-Zn deposits and is one of the most important polymetallic metallogenic belts in China. Although Mo and Pb-Zn deposits are locally closely related in space in the GHR, it is disputed whether the Mo and Pb-Zn deposits have a genetic relationship. The Diyanqinamu Mo deposit located at the middle part of the northern GHR is a Late Jurassic large porphyry Mo deposit and closely adjacent by vein-type Pb-Zn deposit. In this work, we discussed the relationship between Mo and Pb-Zn deposits in Diyanqinamu mine based on the data of S and Pb isotopic geochemistry and geological information. In this mine, the Mo deposit is concentrated in the southern area with a distance of 500 m to the vein Pb-Zn deposit. The δ³⁴S_CDT values of the galena and sphalerite from the Mo deposit range from +1.73‰ to +7.29‰ with average of +5.04‰. By contrast, δ³⁴S_CDT values of the galena and sphalerite from the Pb-Zn deposit, ranging from +2.38‰ to +5.46‰ with average of +4.04‰, is similar to that of the Mo deposit. The formation temperatures of the Pb-Zn deposit calculated based on the sulfur isotope balance fractionation between sphalerite and co-existed galena range from 220 °C to 315 °C (average 247 °C), which is lower than that of the Mo mineralization (292–510°C). Pb isotopic results show that the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values of the Pb-Zn deposit range from 18.326–18.364, 15.541–15.589, and 38.054–38.214, respectively, which are slightly higher than those of the Mo deposit ranging from 18.287–18.331, 15.532–15.569, and 38.034–38.139, respectively. In the ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb˗²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb diagram, sulfides sampled from the Mo and Pb-Zn deposits overlapped with each other and formed a linear distribution, indicating that they are derived from a mixed metal source with more external contribution to the Pb-Zn mineralization. This mixed signal is further confirmed by the geologic facts that the host rocks of the vein-type Pb-Zn deposit have abnormally high contents of Pb, Zn, and Ag, and experienced strong hydrothermal alteration. Combined with the ore geology, mineral assemblage, and isotopic geochemistry of the two types of mineralization, we propose that the Mo and Pb-Zn deposits in the Diyanqinamu mine represent different faces of the same porphyry system. This Mo-Pb-Zn metallogenic system would provide important clues on further prospecting of Mo and Pb-Zn resources in the GHR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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23 pages, 8890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Magma Mixing in Generating Granodioritic Intrusions Related to Cu–W Mineralization: A Case Study from Qiaomaishan Deposit, Eastern China

by Huasheng Qi, Sanming Lu, Xiaoyong Yang, Jianghong Deng, Yuzhang Zhou, Lili Zhao, Jianshe Li and Insung Lee

Minerals 2020, 10(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10020171 - 14 Feb 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3960

Abstract

The newly exploited Qiaomaishan Cu−W deposit, located in the Xuancheng ore district in the MLYRB, is a middle-sized Cu–W skarn-type polymetallic deposit. As Cu–W mineralization is a rare and uncommon type in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Belt (MLYRB), few studies have been carried out, and the geochemical characteristics and petrogenesis of Qiaomaishan intrusive rocks related to Cu–W mineralization are not well documented. We studied two types of ore-bearing intrusive rocks in the Qiaomaishan region, i.e., pure granodiorite porphyry and granodiorite porphyry with mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs). Age characterization using zircon LA–ICP–MS showed that they were formed almost simultaneously, around 134.9 to 135.1 Ma. Granodiorite porphyries are high Mg# adakites, characterized by high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous features that are enriched in LILEs (e.g., Sr and Ba) and LREEs, but depleted in HFSEs (e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) and HREEs. Moreover, they have enriched Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions (with whole-rock (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i ratios (0.706666−0.706714), negative ε_Nd(t) values of −9.1 to −8.6, negative zircon ε_Hf(t) values of −12.2 to −6.7, and two-stage Hf model ages (T_DM2) between 1.5 and 2.0 Ga). However, compared to host rocks, the granodiorite porphyry with MMEs shows variable geochemical compositions, e.g., high Mg#, Cr, Ni, and V contents and enriched with LILEs. In addition, they have more depleted I_Sr, ε_Nd(t), and ε_Hf(t) values (0.706025 to 0.706269, −6.4 to −7.4, and −10.6 to −5.7, respectively), overlapping with regions of Early Cretaceous mafic rocks derived from enriched lithospheric mantle in the MLYRB. Coupled with significant disequilibrium textures and geochemical features of host rocks and MMEs, we propose that those rocks have resulted from mixing the felsic lower crust-derived magma and the mafic magma generated from the enriched mantle. The mixed magmas subsequently rose to shallow crust to form the ore-bearing rocks and facilitate Cu–W mineralization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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25 pages, 8730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geochemical Study of Cretaceous Magmatic Rocks and Related Ores of the Hucunnan Cu–Mo Deposit: Implications for Petrogenesis and Poly-Metal Mineralization in the Tongling Ore-Cluster Region

by Ke Shi, Xiaoyong Yang, Jianguo Du, Jingya Cao, Qiu Wan and Yang Cai

Minerals 2020, 10(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/min10020107 - 26 Jan 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3510

Abstract

The Hucunnan porphyry- and skarn-type Cu–Mo deposit is located in the south of the central Shizishan ore field of the Tongling ore-cluster region. The intrusive Hucunnan granodiorite, outcropping in this deposit, has adakitic geochemical features, and its magma is proposed to have originated from partial melting of the oceanic crust mixed with mantle-derived materials. The porphyry-type orebody is hosted in the granodiorite, whereas the skarn-type orebody occurs in the contact zones of intrusions and country rocks. The δ³⁴S values of pyrite from the skarn orebodies ranged from +3.9 to +4.7‰ (avg. +4.3‰, n = 6), while those of the porphyry orebodies ranged from +5.1 to +6.2‰ (avg. +5.6‰, n = 4). ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of the pyrites from the skarn orebodies were 38.04–38.45 (avg. 38.26), 15.55–15.66 (avg. 15.59), and 18.16–18.54 (avg. 18.44), respectively (n = 6). The pyrites in the porphyry orebodies had ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios of 38.24–38.36, 15.51–15.662, and 18.10–18.41, respectively (avg. 38.32, 15.58, 18.22; n = 4), respectively. The metallogenic model ages from Re–Os isotopic dating were 138.7 ± 1.9 and 140.0 ± 2.8 Ma, respectively. Geochemical data indicate that the ore-forming fluids in the skarn stage are characterized by high temperature, low acidity, and high oxygen fugacity, and the ore-forming materials were mainly from magma and partly from stratum, proving that the skarn orebody has more stratum materials than the porphyry orebody. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Granite-Related Mineralization Systems)

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